Southern Pine Use Guide strength treatability beauty

Transcription

1 Southern Pine Use Guide strength treatability beauty

2 WOOD: THE RIGHT CHOICE No other material can match wood s unique combination of benefits, including strength, affordability, ease of use, and environmental superiority. Wood-frame construction has a 100-year track record for safety and dependability. That s why some nine out of 10 homes today are built with wood. Building codes require all materials to provide the same degree of protection even for extreme events such as earthquakes and hurricanes. Wood-frame construction is as safe, sturdy and dependable as any other building material. Wood is the best insulator against heat and cold, which makes it the most energyefficient material that can help keep energy bills in check. Unlike steel and concrete, wood doesn t conduct heat and cold. Wood is 00 times less heatconductive than steel, so homes built with wood studs take less energy to heat and cool. Wood is the most affordable building material. The economy of wood construction is one of the many reasons why woodframe construction has remained the preferred method for residential use. Wood is easy to use and widely available. Its practicality and workability make construction simple and efficient for use in residential or commercial applications, including multistory projects. As the world s only renewable building material, wood can be recycled and regenerated. What s more, trees provide benefits to the environment while they grow, taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. Wood contributes far fewer greenhouse gases during the manufacturing process than its non-renewable counterparts, steel and concrete. Although wood products make up 7% of all raw materials made in the United States, the share of energy consumed by wood products during production is only % of all manufactured materials. SOURCE: Why Wood is Good, Wood Promotion Network SFPA is a nonprofit trade association that has represented manufacturers of Southern Pine lumber since Indiana Ave Kenner, LA /-6 Fax 50/-6612 info@southernpine.com Contents Page Why Southern Pine? 2 Product and Descriptions Standard Sizes 7 Seasoning Requirements 8 American Softwood Lumber Standard 8 Reinspection Availability 8 Reference Design Values 9 Adjustment s 12 Span Tables 1 Specialty Products & Applications 15 Pressure-Treated Lumber 16 AWPA Use Category System 18 Fire Endurance, Sound Transmission 19 Proper Lumber Storage 20 Specification Guidelines 21 Additional Resources Back Cover The (SFPA) does not test lumber or establish design values. The purpose of the Use Guide is to collect and organize data available from other sources for the convenience of builders, engineers, architects and other professionals. The Southern Pine design values contained herein are taken from the Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber, 2002 Edition, published by the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau, and the adjustment factors are taken from the National Design Specification (NDS ) for Wood Construction, 2005 Edition, published by the American Wood Council. Neither the, nor its members, warrant that the data from such sources on which the recommended uses of Southern Pine lumber contained herein are based is correct, and disclaim responsibility for injury or damage resulting from the use of such design values. The conditions under which lumber is used in construction may vary widely, as does the quality of workmanship and construction methods. Neither the Southern Forest Products Association, nor its members, have knowledge of the quality of the workmanship or construction methods used on any construction project, and, accordingly, do not warrant the design or performance of the lumber in completed structures. 1 Copyright All rights reserved.

3 WHY SOUTHERN PINE? Southern Pine lumber has been popular since Colonial times for a wide variety of applications. Favorable growing conditions, wise forest management, and efficient manufacturing ensure a continuous supply of high-quality Southern Pine products for future generations. Southern Pine consists of four main species shortleaf, longleaf, loblolly, and slash and is the preferred choice for today s design/build professionals. Here are a few of the inherent advantages of Southern Pine: Cost Savings Wood products are still the most cost-effective building material on the market today. Southern Pine is competitively priced because of abundant timber supply, manufacturing expertise, and established market preference. Design/build professionals have the option to choose strong Southern Pine grades that can reduce the amount of lumber required. Best Treatability Southern Pine has long been the preferred species for pressure treatment because of its unique cellular structure that permits deep, uniform penetration of preservatives. Some 85% of all pressure-treated wood produced in the U.S. is Southern Pine. Highest Density Southern Pine has the highest specific gravity of all common structural lumber species, providing superior fastener-holding power and load-bearing capacity. SPECIFIC GRAVITY BY SPECIES NOTE: New design values for 2 to thick, 2 to wide Southern Pine, No.2 Dense and lower grades, become effective June 1, Visit for details. Dependable Strength and Stiffness Southern Pine lumber is produced in a variety of visual and machine grades to provide a wide range of strength and stiffness properties. Design values for Southern Pine are comparable to other commonly used wood species. Natural Beauty Southern Pine offers a distinct grain pattern and an appealing golden color. Because of this natural beauty, exposed Southern Pine provides architectural appeal. Widespread Availability Southern Pine is an abundant and renewable resource, growing in vast band across the Southern United States from East Texas to Virginia. And because active forest management results in healthy tree growth, Southern forests contribute significant environmental benefits, such as improved air and water quality, soil stabilization, shade, and diverse wildlife habitat. These forests are also in close proximity to hundreds of Southern Pine lumber manufacturing facilities, offering convenient availability of building materials. Dimensional Stability Southern Pine dimension lumber 2 and less in thickness must be dried to a maximum moisture content of 19%. This minimizes shrinkage associated with green lumber and provides long-term stability. Proven Quality Southern Pine lumber is graded in accordance with the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber. Green Building Material Choosing domestic Southern Pine a product grown in the U.S. is not only a good environmental choice but also an opportunity to support local economies. Copyright All rights reserved. 2

4 SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS Based on SPIB Grading Rules See for Product Locator Product Characteristics and Typical Uses Dimension Lumber: 2 to thick, 2 and wider See Table 1 for design values *Dense Select Structural Select Structural *Select Structural NonDense *No.1 Dense No.1 *No.1 NonDense *No.2 Dense No.2 *No.2 NonDense No. Stud *Construction (2 to wide only) *Standard (2 to wide only) *Utility (2 to wide only) Design values are not assigned Economy High quality, limited in characteristics that affect strength or stiffness. Recommended for uses where high strength, stiffness and good appearance are desired. Recommended for construction where high strength, stiffness and good appearance are desired. Recommended for most general construction uses where moderately high design values are required. Allows well-spaced knots of any quality. Recommended for general construction purposes where appearance is not a controlling factor. Many pieces included in this grade would qualify as No.2 except for a single limiting characteristic. Suitable for stud uses including use in load-bearing walls. Composite of No. strength and No.1 edge characteristics for a better nailing surface. Recommended for general framing purposes. Good appearance, but graded primarily for strength and serviceability. Recommended for same purposes as Construction grade. Characteristics are limited to provide good strength and excellent serviceability. Recommended where a combination of economical construction and good strength is desired. Used for such purposes as studding, blocking, plates, bracing and rafters. Design values only apply to utility lumber that is wide. Usable lengths suitable for bracing, blocking, bulkheading and other general utility purposes where strength and appearance are not a consideration. Prime Dimension: 2 to thick, 2 to 12 wide See Table 1 for design values No.1 Prime No.2 Prime Recommended where appearance and strength are a consideration. based on No.1 Dimension Lumber except wane and other characteristics that affect appearance are limited. Recommended where appearance and strength are a consideration. based on No. 2 Dimension Lumber except wane and other characteristics that affect appearance are limited. *Timbers: 5 x 5 and larger See Table 2 for design values Dense Select Structural Select Structural No.1 Dense No.1 No.2 Dense No.2 Design values are not assigned No. Recommended where high strength, stiffness and good appearance are desired. Recommended for general construction uses. Similar in appearance to No.1 Dimension Lumber. Recommended for general construction uses. Similar in appearance to No.2 Dimension Lumber. Non-stress rated, but economical for general utility purposes such as bracing, blocking, bulkheading, etc. *Most mills do not manufacture all products and make all grade separations. Those products and grades not manufactured by most mills are noted with an asterisk. Copyright All rights reserved.

5 SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS (CONT D) Based on SPIB Grading Rules See for Product Locator Product Characteristics and Typical Uses *Mechanically d Lumber Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber: 2 and less in thickness, 2 and wider See Table or SPIB Grading Rules for design values 750f 1.E thru 000f 2.E Machine Stress Rated (MSR) lumber is evaluated by mechanical stress rating equipment. MSR lumber is distinguished from visually stress graded lumber in that each piece is non-destructively tested. MSR lumber is also required to meet certain visual grading requirements. *Mechanically d Lumber Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL): 2 and less in thickness, 2 and wider See Table or SPIB Grading Rules for design values M 5 thru M 2 Well-manufactured material evaluated by calibrated mechanical grading equipment which measures certain properties and sorts the lumber into various strength classifications. Machine Evaluated Lumber is also required to meet certain visual requirements. *E-rated Structural Laminations: 2 and less in thickness, 2 and wider Design Values by qualification E--grades Suitable for use as individual laminations for structural glued laminated timbers. This lumber has been non-destructively evaluated by an American Lumber Standard Committee approved machine. *Glued Lumber: " and less in thickness, widths vary by product See Table 1 for design values See Dimension Lumber s End-glued, face-glued, and edge-glued Southern Pine in glued assemblies, including stress-rated grades of finger-jointed 2" Dimension Lumber. *Scaffold Plank: 2 and thick, 8 and wider See Table for design values Dense Industrial 72 Scaffold Plank Dense Industrial 65 Scaffold Plank All Scaffold Plank design values are calculated using ASTM Standards D25 and D2555. These values are modified using procedures shown in Calculating Apparent Reliability of Wood Scaffold Planks, as published by the Journal on Structural Safety, 2 (198) 7-57, and updated in 199. MSR Scaffold Plank: 200f 2.0E MSR Scaffold Plank: 2200f 1.8E Dressed to standard dry size prior to machine stress rating, and visually graded to assure that characteristics affecting strength are no more serious than the limiting characteristics for each grade. MSR Scaffold Plank is available 2 -thick only. *Stadium : 2 thick, to 12 wide See Table 1 for design values No.1 Dense Stadium No.1 Stadium For outdoor seating. Free of pitch pockets, pitch streaks and medium pitch on one wide face, but otherwise conforms to No.1 Dense or No.1 Dimension Lumber. *Seawall s: 2 to thick, 6 to 1 wide See Table 1 for design values Any grade of Dimension Lumber One wide face and both adjacent narrow faces must be free of pith and/or heartwood. Application of the product requires pressure treatment by an approved treating process and preservative for marine usage. *Most mills do not manufacture all products and make all grade separations. Those products and grades not manufactured by most mills are noted with an asterisk. Copyright All rights reserved.

6 SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS Based on SPIB Grading Rules See for Product Locator Product Characteristics and Typical Uses *Marine s: 1 to 20 thick, 2 to 20 wide See Tables 1 and 2 for design values Any grade of Dimension Lumber or Timbers All four longitudinal faces must be free of pith and/or heartwood. Application of the product requires pressure treatment by an approved treating process and preservative for marine usage. *Decking, Heavy Roofing and Heavy Shiplap: 2 to thick, 2 and wider See SPIB Grading Rules for design values Dense Standard Decking Dense Select Decking Select Decking Dense Commercial Decking Commercial Decking A superior decking grade, suitable for plank floor where face serves as finish floor. Has a better appearance than No.1 Dense Dimension Lumber because of additional restrictions on firm red heart, pith, knots and wane. An excellent decking grade that can be used face side down for roof decking or face side up for floor decking. An economical roof decking which conforms to No.2 Dimension Lumber characteristics. Boards: 1 to 1-1 /2 thick, 2 and wider See Table 1 for design values Industrial 55 Industrial 5 Industrial 26 Design values are not assigned No.1 No.2 No. No. d as per No.1 Dimension Lumber. d as per No.2 Dimension Lumber. d as per No. Dimension Lumber. High quality with good appearance characteristics. Generally sound and tight-knotted. Largest hole permitted is 1/16. Superior product suitable for a wide range of uses including shelving, boxing, crating, and form lumber. Good-quality sheathing, fencing, shelving and other general purpose uses. Good, serviceable sheathing; usable for many economical applications without waste. Admits pieces below a No. grade which can be used without waste, or which contain less than 25% waste by cutting. *Industrial Lumber: 2 and thicker, 2 and wider See SPIB Special Product Rules for design values Industrial 86 Industrial 72 Industrial 65 Appearance is same as B&B Finish for thicknesses of and less and widths 12 and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 86 Structural Lumber except for dense grain requirement. Appearance is same as C Finish for thicknesses of and less and widths 12 and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 72 Structural Lumber except for dense grain requirement. Appearance is same as D Finish for thicknesses of and less and widths 12 and less. Larger sizes conform to Dense Structural 65 Structural Lumber except for dense grain requirement. *Most mills do not manufacture all products and make all grade separations. Those products and grades not manufactured by most mills are noted with an asterisk. 5 Copyright All rights reserved.

7 SOUTHERN PINE PRODUCT AND GRADE DESCRIPTIONS (CONT D) Based on SPIB Grading Rules See for Product Locator Product Characteristics and Typical Uses *Structural Lumber: 2 and thicker, 2 and wider See SPIB Special Product Rules for design values Dense Structural 86 Dense Structural 72 Dense Structural 65 Premier structural grades. Provides good appearance with some of the highest design values available in any softwood species. Radius Edge Decking: 1-1 / thick, to 6 wide Maximum recommended support spacing is 2 on center (16 on center for Imported Southern Pine) Premium Standard High-quality product, recommended where smallest knots are desired and appearance is of utmost importance. Excellent for painting or staining. Slightly less restrictive than premium grade. A very good product to use where a more rustic appearance is desired. Excellent for painting or staining. Finish: /8 to thick, 2 and wider Design values are not assigned *B&B C C&Btr D Highest recognized grade of Finish. Generally clear, although a limited number of pin knots are permitted. Finest quality for natural or stain finish. Excellent for painting or natural finish where requirements are less exacting. Reasonably clear, but permits limited number of surface checks and small tight knots. Combination of B&B and C grades; satisfies requirements for highquality finish. Economical, serviceable grade for natural or painted finish. Flooring, Drop Siding, Paneling, Ceiling and Partition, OG Batts, Bevel Siding, Miscellaneous Millwork Design values are not assigned *B&B, C C&Btr, D No.1 No.2 No. See Finish grades for face side; reverse side wane limitations are lower. No.1 Drop Siding is graded as No.1 Boards; No.1 Flooring and Paneling not provided under SPIB Grading Rules as a separate grade, but if specified, will be designated and graded as D. d as No.2 Boards. High utility value where appearance is not a factor. Suitable for economical use as sheathing or lathing. Moulding Design values are not assigned B&B, C C&Btr, D Recommended for moulding and millwork applications. *Most mills do not manufacture all products and make all grade separations. Those products and grades not manufactured by most mills are noted with an asterisk. Copyright All rights reserved. 6

8 STANDARD SIZES OF SOUTHERN PINE Based on SPIB Grading Rules Thickness Width Dimension Lumber dressed, SS 1 Nominal inches 2 2-1/2-1/2 Dressed Dry Green inches mm inches mm 1-1/ /2-1/ /16 2-9/16-1/16-9/ Nominal inches Dressed Dry Green inches mm inches mm 1-1/2 2-1/2-1/2-1/2 5-1/2 7-1/ 9-1/ 11-1/ 1-1/ 15-1/ 17-1/ 19-1/ /16-9/16-5/8 5-5/8 7-1/2 9-1/2 11-1/2 1-1/2 15-1/2 17-1/2 19-1/ (1) Dimension Lumber 2 thick and less than 1 wide is required to be dry with a moisture content of 19% or less. Heavy Dimension Lumber (2x1 and wider, 2-1/2 thick by all widths, and x and larger) and Timbers are not required to be dry unless specified. Thicknesses apply to their corresponding widths as squares and wider, except a thickness of 1-9/16 applies to nominal 2 in widths of 1 and wider if dressed green. (In 2 Dimension, widths over 12 are not customary stock sizes, so 2x1 and wider sizes are usually produced only on special order.) Timbers dressed, SS 1 5 & thicker 1/2 off 1/2 off nominal nominal 5 & wider 1/2 off 1/2 off nominal nominal Boards dressed, SS, dry Finish dressed, dry Radius Edge Decking dressed, SS, dry Nominal Dressed Nominal Dressed inches inches mm inches inches mm 1 1-1/ 1-1/2 /8 1/2 5/8 / 1 1-1/ 1-1/2 1-/ 2 2-1/2-1/2 / / 5/16 7/16 9/16 5/8 / 1 1-1/ 1-/8 1-1/ /2-1/ / over /2 2-1/2-1/2-1/2 5-1/2 6-1/2 7-1/ 8-1/ 9-1/ 10-1/ 11-1/ / off nominal 1-1/2 2-1/2-1/2-1/2 5-1/2 6-1/2 7-1/ 8-1/ 9-1/ 10-1/ 11-1/ 1-1/ 15-1/ -1/2-1/2 5-1/ mm off nominal Nominal Dressed Nominal Dressed inches inches mm inches inches mm Nominal Dressed Nominal Dressed inches inches mm inches inches mm (2) Boards less than the minimum dressed thickness for 1 nominal but which are 5/8 or greater thickness dry may be regarded as American Standard Lumber, but such Boards shall be marked to show the size and condition of seasoning at the time of dressing. They shall also be distinguished from 1 Boards on invoices and certificates. 7 Copyright All rights reserved.

9 SOUTHERN PINE SEASONING REQUIREMENTS * Southern Pine grading rules restrict moisture content of lumber 2 and less in thickness to a maximum of 19%. If specified as KD, KD19, dry or air-dried the maximum is 19%. If specified as KD15 (kiln-dried) or MC15 the maximum is 15%. Material identified by a certified grade mark is evidence that Southern Pine has been properly seasoned. Moisture content restrictions apply at time of shipment, as well as time of dressing if dressed lumber is involved, and at time of delivery to buyer unless shipped exposed to the weather. Items (Nominal thickness) D and Better s 1 and 1-1/ 1-1/2, 1-/ and 2 Over 2, but not over Over Paneling Boards 1 Dimension 1, 2 Decking Timbers 2 Moisture Content Limit Kiln-Dried Max. 12% on 90% of pieces 15% on remainder 15% 15% 18% 12% 19% 19% 19% 20% Dry 15% 18% 19% 20% 12% 19% 19% 19% 2% Based on SPIB Grading Rules *Lumber dressed at a moisture content within the limits of these rules is sufficiently stabilized for most uses, but limited size changes will occur from shrinkage or expansion if the moisture content is further reduced or increased after dressing. The normal shrinkage allowance is 1% reduction in size for each -point reduction in percentage of moisture content and same tolerance for any expansion. (1) KD15 or MC15 may be specified if desired. (2) Moisture content provisions must be specified for material 2-1/2 and thicker because seasoning is not mandatory for these sizes. () All thicknesses of roof decking should be specified at 15% maximum moisture content. AMERICAN SOFTWOOD LUMBER STANDARD The American Softwood Lumber Standard PS 20, of the U.S. Department of Commerce relates lumber size to moisture content. Separate size schedules for green and dry lumber assure that both products will approximate the same size in service. All bills and invoices are required to show actual net sizes of lumber. Strength and stiffness values for Southern Pine products in current SPIB rules have been approved by the Board of Review of the American Lumber Standard Committee. PS 20 provides for a National Grading Rule (NGR) for Dimension Lumber with simplified grade names and sizes to assure uniformity, efficiency and economy in the use of dimension lumber. The NGR is incorporated in the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber, published by the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau. Dimension lumber sizes and grades are: Structural Light Framing: 2 to thick, 2 to wide Select Structural, No.1, No.2, No. Select Structural, No.1 and No.2 grades also include Dense and NonDense options. Light Framing: 2 to thick, 2 to wide Construction, Standard, Utility Studs: 2 to thick, 2 and wider Stud Structural Joists & Planks: 2 to thick, 5 and wider Select Structural, No.1, No.2, No. Select Structural, No.1 and No.2 grades also include Dense and NonDense options. NGR applies to dimension lumber and excludes items such as crossarms, factory and shop lumber, finish (selects), foundation lumber, industrial clears, ladder stock, laminating stock, railroad stock, rough lumber, scaffold planks, ship decking and plank stock, stadium plank, worked lumber, and special product rules for items such as radius edge decking, and prime & merchantable dimension. SOUTHERN PINE REINSPECTION AVAILABILITY In absence of special agreement between buyer and seller, the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber provide that the purchase, sale or shipment of lumber designated by grades described in these rules must be construed as involving agreement to abide by all applicable provisions of the rules, including submission to inspection of any lumber under complaint as to size, grade or tally. For complete reinspection information contact: Southern Pine Inspection Bureau PO Box 10915, Pensacola, FL /-2611 FAX 850/ spib@spib.org Timber Products Inspection, Inc. 161 Sigman Rd., Conyers, GA / FAX 770/ info@tpinspection.com Renewable Resource Associates, Inc. 860 Johnson Ferry Road, #10-19 Atlanta, GA /528-7 Fax: 678/ lon@rrainc.net Copyright All rights reserved. 8

10 SOUTHERN PINE REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES Table 1 Dimension Lumber 2 to thick, 2 and wider Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC 19%) 1 See Tables A-1 thru A- for Adjustment s Based on SPIB Grading Rules and AWC National Design Specification Values in pounds per square inch (psi) Size 2 to thick, 2 to wide Includes: 2x2 2x 2x x x x NOTE: New design values for 2 to thick, 2 to wide Southern Pine, No.2 Dense and lower grades, become effective June 1, Visit for details. Dense Select Structural.. Select Structural NonDense Select Struc... No.1 Dense No No.1 NonDense No.2 Dense No No.2 NonDense No. and Stud Construction Standard Utility Single Member Uses Bending F b Repetitive Member Uses Tension Parallel F t Shear Parallel F v Compression Perpendicular F c Compression Parallel F c E 1,900,000 1,00,000 1,00,000 1,500,000 1,00,000 1,00,000 Modulus of Elasticity 5 E min 690,000,000, , , , , ,000 70,000 70,000 2 to thick, 5 to 6 wide Includes: 2x5 2x6 x5 x6 x5 x6 Dense Select Structural.. Select Structural NonDense Select Struc... No.1 Dense No No.1 NonDense No.2 Dense No No.2 NonDense No. and Stud ,900,000 1,00,000 1,00, ,000,000, , , , ,000 2 to thick, 8 wide Includes: 2x8 x8 x8 Dense Select Structural.. Select Structural NonDense Select Struc... No.1 Dense No No.1 NonDense No.2 Dense No No.2 NonDense No. and Stud ,900,000 1,00,000 1,00, ,000,000, , , , ,000 (1) Moisture designations KD, KD19, KD15, S-DRY, MC15 and MC19 all have identical design values. (2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 2 on center, are not less than three [] in number, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member, C r = 1.15, has been included in the listed Repetitive Member Use design values. () For Utility, the F b, F t and F c values apply to wide lumber only. () For lumber thick and 8 or wider, multiply the F b value by C F = 1.1. (5) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. E min represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on pure bending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations. 9 Copyright All rights reserved.

11 SOUTHERN PINE REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES Table 1 Dimension Lumber 2 to thick, 2 and wider Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC 19%) 1 See Tables A-1 thru A- for Adjustment s Based on SPIB Grading Rules and AWC National Design Specification Values in pounds per square inch (psi) Size Bending F b Single Repetitive Member Uses Member Uses 2 Tension Parallel F t Shear Parallel F v Compression Perpendicular F c Compression Parallel F c Modulus of Elasticity 5 E E min 2 to thick, 10 wide Includes: 2x10 x10 x10 Dense Select Structural.. Select Structural NonDense Select Struc... No.1 Dense No No.1 NonDense No.2 Dense No No.2 NonDense No. and Stud ,900,000 1,00,000 1,00, ,000,000, , , , ,000 2 to thick, 12 wide Includes: 2x12 x12 x12 Dense Select Structural.. Select Structural NonDense Select Struc... No.1 Dense No No.1 NonDense No.2 Dense No No.2 NonDense No. and Stud ,900,000 1,00,000 1,00, ,000,000, , , , ,000 (1) Moisture designations KD, KD19, KD15, S-DRY, MC15 and MC19 all have identical design values. (2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 2 on center, are not less than three [] in number, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member, C r = 1.15, has been included in the listed Repetitive Member Use design values. () For lumber thick and 8 or wider, multiply the F b value by C F = 1.1. () For lumber wider than 12, multiply these 12 width values by C F =.90 for F b, F t, and F c values. (5) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. E min represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on pure bending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations. Table 2 Timbers 5 x 5 and larger Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry or Wet Service See Tables A-1 and A- for Adjustment s Size Bending F 1 b Tension Parallel F t Shear Parallel F v Compression Perpendicular F c Compression Parallel F c E Modulus of Elasticity 2 E min Single Member Uses 5 x 5 and larger Dense Select Structural Select Structural No.1 Dense No No.2 Dense No ,500,000 1,500,000 1,00,000 1,200, , , , ,000 70,000 0,000 (1) When the depth, d, of a timber exceeds 12, the tabulated bending design value, F b, shall be multiplied by the following size factor: C F = ( 12 ) 1/9 where d is the actual depth of the member. d (2) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. E min represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on pure bending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations. Copyright All rights reserved. 10

12 SOUTHERN PINE REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES Table Mechanically d Lumber 2 thick or less, 2 and wider Based on Normal Load Duration and Dry Service (MC 19%) See Tables A-1 thru A- for Adjustment s Based on SPIB Grading Rules and AWC National Design Specification Values in pounds per square inch (psi) Designation 1 Single Member Uses Bending F b Repetitive Member Uses 2 Tension Parallel F t Shear Parallel F v Compression Perpendicular F c Compression Parallel F c E Modulus of Elasticity 5 E min Machine Stress Rated (MSR) Lumber 1650f 1.5E ,500, , f 1.6E , f 1.7E 2100f 1.8E , , f 1.9E ,900, , f 2.0E ,000,000 1,020, f 2.1E ,100,000 1,070, f 2.2E ,200,000 1,120, f 2.E ,00,000 1,170,000 Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL) M 12 M 1 M 2 M 26 M 29 M 0 M ,000,000 1,900, , ,000 80,000 90, , , ,000 (1) The most commonly produced Mechanically d Lumber grades are given here. See the SPIB Grading Rules for a complete listing of all MSR and MEL grades. (2) Repetitive member uses apply to joists, truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking or similar members which are in contact or spaced not more than 2 on center, are not less than three [] in number, and are joined by floor, roof or other load distributing elements adequate to support the design load. The Repetitive Member, C r = 1.15, has been included in the listed Repetitive Member Use design values. () When a grade is qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the allowable horizontal shear and compression perpendicular-to-grain design values may be higher. See the SPIB Grading Rules for more details. () When not qualified by test and quality controlled for specific gravity, the grademark for mechanically graded lumber grades with a psi modulus of elasticity design value shall include a specific gravity value of.55, a horizontal shear value of psi, and a compression perpendicular-to-grain value of psi. (5) Modulus of Elasticity, E is an estimate of the average for the species and grade of material. E min represents an approximate 5% lower exclusion value on pure bending modulus of elasticity, plus a 1.66 factor of safety, and is used for beam and column stability calculations. Table Scaffold Plank 1 2 and thick, 8 and wider Size Bending F b Flatwise Use Only Modulus of Elasticity E 2 thick, 8 and wider Dense Industrial 72 Scaffold Plank Dense Industrial 65 Scaffold Plank MC 19% 2 thick, 8 and wider MC>19% Dense Industrial 72 Scaffold Plank Dense Industrial 65 Scaffold Plank (1) Scaffold plank design values are for flatwise use only. They were calculated using ASTM D25 and D2555 standards and modified using procedures shown in Calculating Apparent Reliability of Wood Scaffold Planks, as published by the Journal on Structural Safety, 2 (198) 7-57, and updated in 199. (2) For exposed conditions of use (where the moisture content in service may exceed 19%) the values shall be multiplied by: 0.85 for F b and 0.90 for E. 11 Copyright All rights reserved.

13 SOUTHERN PINE ADJUSTMENT FACTORS Based on SPIB Grading Rules and AWC National Design Specification Reference design values are based on normal load duration and dry service conditions. Because the strength of wood varies with conditions under which it is used, these design values should only be applied in conjunction with appropriate design and service recommendations from the National Design Specification (NDS ) for Wood Construction published by the American Wood Council. The latest connection design information is also provided in the NDS. Reference design values (F b F t F v F c F c E E min ) in Tables 1 thru shall be multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors to determine adjusted design values (F b F t F v F c F c E E min ). Table A-1 is excerpted from the NDS and summarizes the applicability of adjustment factors for solid-sawn lumber. Table A-1 Applicability of Adjustment s for Sawn Lumber Adjusted Design Value Reference Design Value Load Duration ASD only Wet Service Temperature Beam Stability Size Flat Use ASD and LRFD Incising Repetitive Member Column Stability Buckling Stiffness Area Format Conversion Resistance Time Effect F b = F b C D C M C t C L C F C fu C i C r K F φ b λ F t = F t C D C M C t C F C i K F φ t λ F v = F v C D C M C t C i K F φ v λ F c = F c C M C t C i C b K F φ c λ F c = F c C D C M C t C F C i C P K F φ c λ Bearing LRFD only E = E C M C t C i E min = E min C M C t C i C T K F φ s ASD Allowable Stress Design; LRFD Load and Resistance Design Tables A-2 thru A- highlight the most common adjustment factors as they apply to Southern Pine. In addition, Table 1 and 2 footnotes provide information about the Size, C F, while Tables 1 and include the Repetitive Member, C r, in the tabulated Repetitive Member Use bending design values. For complete information on adjustment factors, see the NDS. Table A-2 Wet Service, C M For lumber 2 to thick When dimension lumber is used under conditions where the moisture content of the wood in service will exceed 19% for an extended time period, reference design values shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service factors to the right. F b F t F v F c F c Applies to all values E 0.9 (1) When F b 1150 psi, C M = 1.0 (2) When F c 750 psi, C M = 1.0 E min 0.9 Table A- Load Duration, C D For all solid wood products Allowable Stress Design Only Wood has the property of carrying substantially greater maximum loads for short durations than for long durations of loading. Reference design values apply to normal load duration, meaning a load that fully stresses a member to its allowable design value by the application of the full design load for a cumulative duration of approximately ten years. When the cumulative duration of the full maximum load does not exceed the specified time period, all reference design values (except F c, E, and E min ) shall be multiplied by the appropriate load duration factor. Frequently used load duration factors are provided to the right. Load Duration (Typical Design Loads) Permanent (dead load) Ten years (occupancy live load) Two months (snow load) Seven days (construction load) Ten minutes (wind/earthquake load) Impact 1 (impact load) Applies to F b,f t, F v, and F c values Does not apply to F c, E, and E min values C D (1) Load duration factors greater than 1.6 shall not apply to structural members pressure treated with waterborne preservatives, or fire-retardant chemicals. The impact load duration factor shall not apply to connections. Table A- Flat Use, C fu For lumber 2 to thick Reference bending design values, F b, are based on edgewise use (load applied to narrow face). When dimension lumber is used flatwise (load applied to wide face), F b shall also be multiplied by the flat use factors to the right. Flat Use s, C fu Width (depth) Thickness (breadth) 2 & 2 & & wider Applies to F b values only 12 Copyright All rights reserved.

14 SOUTHERN PINE SPAN TABLES ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN Maximum spans given in feet and inches Inside to inside of bearings Tables 5 thru 11 are abbreviated span tables for the most commonly available grades of Southern Pine lumber. For other grades, loading conditions and spacings, refer to the SFPA publication Maximum Spans for Southern Pine Joists and Rafters. These spans are based on AWC s Span Tables for Joists & Rafters and Wood Structural Design Data, plus the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber. Except for Table 8, they are intended for use in covered structures or where the moisture content in use does not exceed 19 percent for an extended period of time. Table 5 Floor Joists Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 60 (live load only). Strength based on 0, 0, or 50 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center) 2 x 6 2 x 8 2 x 10 No.1 No.2 No. Table 6 Ceiling Joists Drywall Ceiling Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 20 (live load only). Strength based on 10 or 20 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 5 or 10 psf dead load. No.1 No.2 No. Table 7 Floor Joists Heavy Live Loads Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center) Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 60 (live load only). Strength based on 75 or 100 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. No.1 No.2 No. Live Load 0 psf 0 psf 50 psf 0 psf 0 psf 50 psf 0 psf 0 psf 50 psf Live Load 10 psf 20 psf 10 psf 20 psf 10 psf 20 psf Live Load 75 psf 100 psf 75 psf 100 psf 75 psf 100 psf x x Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center) x x x x 10 2 x x * The listed maximum span has been limited to 26-0 based on material availability. Check sources of supply for lumber longer than Copyright All rights reserved.

15 SOUTHERN PINE SPAN TABLES ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN Table 8 Wet-Service Floor Joists Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 60 (live load only). Strength based on 0, 60, or 100 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. No.1 No.2 No. 2 x 6 Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center) Maximum spans given in feet and inches Inside to inside of bearings Table 9 Rafters Drywall or No Finished Ceiling Construction Load (CD = 1.25) 1 Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 20 or 180 (live load only). Strength based on 20 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. No.1 No.2 No. Live Load 0 psf 60 psf 100 psf 0 psf 60 psf 100 psf 0 psf 60 psf 100 psf Deflection x x Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center) 2 x x x x x Table 10 Rafters Drywall Ceiling Snow Load (CD = 1.15) 1 Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 20 (live load only). Strength based on 0 or 0 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. No.1 No.2 No. Live Load 0 psf 0 psf 0 psf 0 psf 0 psf 0 psf 2 x Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center) 2 x x x Table 11 Rafters No Finished Ceiling Snow Load (CD = 1.15) 1 Design Criteria: Deflection limited to span in inches divided by 180 (live load only). Strength based on 0 or 0 pounds per square foot (psf) live load, plus 10 psf dead load. No.1 No.2 No. Live Load 0 psf 0 psf 0 psf 0 psf 0 psf 0 psf 2 x Size (inches) and Spacing (inches on center) 2 x x * The listed maximum span has been limited to 26-0 based on material availability. Check sources of supply for lumber longer than 20. (1) C D = load duration factor for Allowable Stress Design. See page 12 for additional information on adjustment factors. Copyright All rights reserved. 1

16 SPECIALTY PRODUCTS & APPLICATIONS Due to its inherent strength, treatability and beauty, Southern Pine is the ideal choice for a wide range of specialty products and construction applications. For more information about these topics, visit the Specialty Products and Applications sections of, or refer to the specific SFPA publications referenced below. For sources of supply for Southern Pine lumber products, refer to the Product Locator at. Flooring Properly installed and maintained, Southern Pine flooring meets the challenges of the most demanding applications. Available in a wide variety of sizes and grades, Southern Pine flooring is an attractive and durable addition to homes, schools, churches, sports venues, and commercial buildings. Pressure-treated Southern Pine porch flooring provides decades of termite and decay-resistant service. Refer to A Guide to Southern Pine Flooring. Interior Patterns Many designers choose Southern Pine to lend warmth and charm to the interior environment. Southern Pine beaded ceiling, paneling, wainscoting, and partition is widely available. Refer to Southern Pine Patterns. Siding Nothing beats the look of real wood siding. Southern Pine siding is available in a variety of patterns and can be pressure treated for even greater resistance to termites and decay. Refer to Southern Pine Siding. Millwork Stock and Furniture Southern Pine has superior qualities for machining, fastener-holding and finishing that makes it suitable for use in a wide range of trim and industrial applications. Many manufacturers of mouldings, stepping, ladder stock, and door and window components rely on Southern Pine finish-grade material. Its strength and density makes it a premium choice for solid and upholstered furniture. Material Handling Kiln-dried Southern Pine, heat treated and marked HT, exceeds international phytosanitary requirements for wood packaging. HT Southern Pine is ideal for pallets, crates, skids, boxes, cable reels, and specialty packaging. For more information about international phytosanitary requirements, refer to. Finger-Jointed Studs Finger-jointed studs are ideal for single- and multi-family homes, as well as commercial construction. Southern Pine finger-jointed studs are straight and dimensionally stable because they are manufactured from short pieces of kilndried lumber. They are accepted for use by the building codes and are considered as interchangeable with solid-sawn dimension lumber of the same size, grade, and species. Finger-jointed studs are grademarked as HRA (Heat Resistant Adhesives) or Non-HRA. HRA grademarked finger-jointed studs should be used for wall assemblies that require a fire resistance rating under the building codes. Typical examples include separations between living units in multi-story or multi-family structures, and common walls in commercial buildings. Trusses The open web configuration of metal plate connected wood trusses leaves plenty of room for plumbing, electrical, and mechanical runs. Other truss advantages include design flexibility, long spans, and speed of construction. Southern Pine s high density and range of strength and stiffness properties make it the preferred lumber species for structural building components, including trusses. Component manufacturers have the option to choose strong Southern Pine grades that can reduce the amount of raw materials used in each truss. Raised Floor Systems American homes have been built on raised wood floor systems since Colonial times. Depending on the geographic region, a raised floor system may also be called a crawlspace, raised wood platform floor, or raised floor foundation. Regardless of the name, the aesthetic, economic, and practical reasons for building a raised home still apply today. By design, a raised floor system elevates the living space off the ground, isolating it from moisture and pests. Elevating a structure reduces flood insurance premiums and can even prevent flood damage. Visit RaisedFloorLiving.com or refer to Raised Wood Floor Foundations. Outdoor Decks Decks extend the living space of the home and offer many different design choices from simple, compact structures to elaborate multi-level decks with benches, planters, and railings. Southern Pine is the preferred species of choice for decks because of its inherent strength and ease of treatability, along with its visual appeal. Visit SouthernPineDecks.com or refer to Southern Pine Decks and Porches. Marine, Bridge, and Highway Construction Southern Pine is available in large sizes and heavy treatments, making it ideal for marine, bridge, and highway construction. American Wood Protection Association standards require different retention levels for treated material intended for freshwater, saltwater, or saltwater splash exposures. Refer to Aquatic & Wetland Structures. Post-Frame Construction Post-frame buildings are economical, easy to construct, and code-complying. They also offer excellent performance under high-wind and seismic loads. These advantages explain their continued popularity in rural buildings and their expansion into commercial and residential markets. Southern Pine s superior treatability and dependable strength makes it a popular choice for post-frame builders. Permanent Wood Foundations The Permanent Wood Foundation (PWF) is an innovative building system for crawlspace, split-level, or full-basement foundations. Refer to Permanent Wood Foundations: Design & Construction Guide. 15 Copyright All rights reserved.

17 PRESSURE-TREATED LUMBER Pressure treatment with preservatives protects wood exposed to high-moisture conditions and potential deterioration. When properly treated and installed for their intended use, pressure-treated wood products can be expected to last for many decades. Southern Pine s ease of treatability has made it the preferred species when pressure treatment with wood preservatives is required. The unique cellular structure of Southern Pine permits deep, uniform penetration of preservatives, rendering the wood useless as a food source for fungi, termites and micro-organisms. This section of the Use Guide provides an overview to Southern Pine preservatively treated lumber. For more complete information, refer to Pressure-Treated Southern Pine. Types of Wood Preservatives Pressure-treated Southern Pine lumber products are available in a range of treatment options. There are three broad classes of wood preservatives for pressure treatment: Waterborne preservatives serve a wide variety of uses, including residential, commercial, marine, agricultural, recreational, and industrial applications. Oilborne preservatives are used primarily for applications such as utility poles, piling, posts, glulam beams, and timbers. Creosote preservatives, including creosote/coal tar mixtures, protect railroad ties, marine pilings, and utility poles. New Preservatives Serve Consumer Uses Pressure-treated wood products intended for residential and recreational (consumer) applications are now manufactured with a new generation of advanced waterborne preservatives. These preservatives provide the same long-term resistance to termite attack, but contain no components considered hazardous under Environmental Protection Agency regulations. Examples of typical applications for advanced waterborne preservatives and CCA are shown to the upper right. Advanced waterborne preservatives are available in both copper-based and noncopper-based formulations. Example preservatives and their approved end-use service conditions are listed below in Table 12. ADVANCED WATERBORNE PRESERVATIVES Examples of typical consumer applications for pressure-treated Southern Pine using advanced waterborne preservatives include: Benches Boardwalks Fences Freshwater Marine Piling Gazebos Hand Railings Access Ramps Wood Foundations Lattice Landscape Accents Planters Outdoor Decks Outdoor Furniture Pedestrian Bridges Play Structures Pergolas Porches Stadium Seats CHROMATED COPPER ARSENATE Examples of non-consumer applications for CCA-treated Southern Pine include: Lumber and Timber for Salt Water Marine Use Piles and Poles Wood for Highway Construction Shakes and Shingles Poles, Piles and Plywood Used on Farms Lumber and Plywood for Permanent Wood Foundations Round Poles and Posts Used in Building Construction Sawn Crossarms Structural Glued-Laminated Members Structural Composite Lumber Sawn Timber to Support Residential and Commercial Structures Preservative Retention Levels Treated wood must meet minimum requirements for preservative penetration and retention for use in a particular service condition. Penetration refers to the depth a preservative must permeate into the wood fiber during the pressure-treating process. Retention levels refer to the amount of preservative that remains in the wood after the pressure-treating process is complete. Retentions are expressed in pounds of preservative per cubic foot of wood fiber; the higher the number, the harsher the condition to which the wood may be exposed. Code Acceptance and Standards Wood preservatives are accepted for building code compliance either by reference to American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) standards or through the product evaluation process of the International Code Council (ICC) Evaluation Service. Acceptance of a preservative into the AWPA Book of Standards, or by ICC evaluation, ensures that properly treated wood products perform satisfactorily for their intended service condition. Table 12 Waterborne Preservatives Approved for Southern Pine in Consumer Uses Service Condition Waterborne, Non-Copper Waterborne, Copper-Based Interior, Dry or Damp Exterior, Above Ground DCOI + Imidacloprid (EL2) DOT & Polymer Binder Inorganic Boron (SBX) Propiconazole-Tebuconazole-Imidacloprid (PTI) DCOI + Imidacloprid (EL2) DOT & Polymer Binder Propiconazole-Tebuconazole-Imidacloprid (PTI) Copper Azole (CA-B, CA-C, µca-c, MCA) Copper HDO (CX-A) Copper Naphthenate (CuN-W) Copper Quat (ACQ, MCQ) Copper Azole (CA-B, CA-C, µca-c, MCA) Copper HDO (CX-A) Copper Naphthenate (CuN-W) Copper Quat (ACQ, MCQ) Ground Contact or Fresh Water Copper Azole (CA-B, CA-C, µca-c, MCA) Copper Naphthenate (CuN-W) Copper Quat (ACQ, MCQ) 16 Copyright All rights reserved.

18 Building Code Requirements Pressure-treated Southern Pine is recognized by building codes and regulatory agencies for use in construction. Specific code requirements for pressure-treated wood are detailed in your local building code. Generally, building codes require preservative-treated or naturally durable wood for protection against decay and termites in the following applications: Wood in contact with the ground or fresh water Wood used above ground in contact with concrete or masonry Wood used above ground where specified distances from exposed earth are not met Wood providing structural support and exposed to the weather Wood floor framing in geographical areas where hazard of termite damage is known to be very heavy, unless provided with approved methods of termite protection. Building codes also require pressure-treated lumber to have a moisture content of 19% or less when used for a framing application where it will be covered or enclosed. Lumber treated with waterborne preservatives has a very high moisture content when removed from the treatment cylinder, so specify kiln dried after treatment (KDAT) or air dried (ADAT or Dry) on the quality mark. Wood end-cut, notched, or bored at the jobsite must be field treated with copper naphthenate having a minimum 2% metallic solution. Design Values for Pressure-Treated Applications Reference design values for Southern Pine lumber are tabulated in the Design Values for Wood Construction Supplement of the National Design Specification (NDS) published by the American Wood Council. Reference design values for untreated lumber also apply to lumber pressuretreated by an approved process and preservative. Reference design values are based on normal load duration and dry service conditions; they must be multiplied by applicable adjustment factors to determine adjusted design values. Adjustment factors for untreated lumber also apply to pressure-treated lumber with one exception in Allowable Stress Design applications allowing an increase with the Load Duration, C D, that factor cannot exceed 1.6 for structural members pressure-treated with waterborne preservatives. As an example, common adjustment factors to consider when sizing pressure-treated joists for an exterior application include: Wet Service, C M A reduction required for lumber used under conditions where the moisture content of the wood in service will exceed 19% for an extended period of time, such as for uncovered outdoor decks regularly exposed directly to rain or other sources of moisture. Members that are protected from the weather by roofs or other means but are occasionally subjected to windblown moisture, such as for covered porches, are generally considered dry applications. Repetitive Member, Cr An increase allowed when at least three joists are in contact or spaced not more than 2 on center and are joined by a load distributing element such as decking. Incising, Ci A reduction required for difficult-totreat species that must be incised to meet AWPA treating standards. This reduction does not apply to Southern Pine because of its ease of treatability. and Quality Marks To protect the buyer and consumer, the industry has developed a system requiring ink-stamped grade marking of each piece of lumber under adequate quality control measures. This assures delivery of the grade specified for its intended use. Lumber grading and marking is monitored and inspected by agencies accredited by the American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC). A valid agency grade mark on Southern Pine lumber indicates the product meets structural and appearance requirements established for that grade. In addition, all treated Southern Pine should be identified with an inspection agency quality mark (either plastic end tag or ink stamp) conforming to building code standards. For the quality mark to be valid after treatment, the lumber must adhere to the grade requirements and the moisture content of the grade represented by the mark. It is recommended that the buyer specify pressure-treated wood bearing ink-stamped quality marks and/or plastic end tags denoting the material was produced under supervision of an independent inspection agency accredited by the ALSC. Use of such marks by the producer provides assurance that the preservative retention and penetration complies with AWPA and/or building code specifications, and that the preservative used is approved by the Environmental Protection Agency and treated in compliance with federal law. Use of treated wood that does not bear an approved agency quality mark will not meet requirements of the International Code Council (ICC). Fasteners & Connectors Properly treated Southern Pine will last several decades, so the use of proper fasteners and connectors is very important. The potential for corrosion of hardware in contact with treated wood occurs when metals in the preservative (such as copper) are different from the metals in the hardware (the iron in steel, or aluminum). In a wet environment, these dissimilar metals create a small electrical current that triggers a chemical reaction resulting in galvanic corrosion. To select proper hardware, the specifier should first consider the end-use application and exposure conditions. In damp or wet exposure, hardware in contact with pressure-treated wood must be corrosion resistant. Hardware includes fasteners (e.g. nails, screws, and bolts) and all connectors (e.g. joist hangers, straps, hinges, post anchors, and truss plates). Regardless of exposure condition, fasteners and connectors should be specified in compliance with the hardware manufacturer s recommendations and the building codes for their intended use. For more specific fastener and connector requirements for use with treated Southern Pine, refer to Pressure-Treated Southern Pine. Handling & Storage Pressure-treated wood is safe and environmentally friendly when properly treated, handled, and installed. Many of the same safety rules for using untreated wood also apply to the safe use of treated wood. Treated lumber should be stacked and stored in the same manner as untreated wood. Refer to Pressure- Treated Southern Pine. 17 Copyright All rights reserved.

19 AWPA USE CATEGORY SYSTEM The AWPA Use Category System (UCS) establishes major exposure conditions that wood products are subjected to in service. The UCS helps users identify the exposure condition for specific products and end-use environments (Table 1), and then specify the acceptable preservatives and retention levels for that application. Specify the following items (see example to right): Step 1 Use Category (Table 1) Step 2 General Commodity Classification and Specification Section in the AWPA Book of Standards Step Specific Commodity Classification Step Species, Preservatives, and Retention Levels Step 5 Special Requirements (such as pre- or post-treatment preparations, including conditioning and drying such as Kiln Dried After Treatment, KDAT) For more complete treated specification information, refer to Pressure-Treated Southern Pine or AWPA Book of Standards. SPECIFICATION EXAMPLE Treated sawn-lumber joists supporting an outdoor deck Step 1 Use Category: UCB (from Table 1: Exterior Construction, Above Ground, Uncoated or poor water run-off Service Conditions. Typical Applications include deck joists.) Step 2 General Commodity Classification and Specification section in the AWPA Book of Standards Sawn Products A Step Specific Commodity Classification: Joists (Commodity Joists, Use Building Construction, Exposure Above Ground, Exterior) Step Species: Southern Pine Preservatives and retention levels: Alkaline Copper Quat (ACQ), to.25 pcf or Copper Azole (CA-B) to.10 pcf (Above Ground, Exterior) Step 5 Special Requirements: None Table 1 Service Conditions for Use Category Designations Use Category Service Conditions Use Environment Common Agents of Deterioration Typical Applications UC1 Interior construction Above ground Dry Continuously protected from weather or other sources of moisture Insects only Interior construction and furnishings UC2 Interior construction Above ground Damp Protected from weather, but may be subject to sources of moisture Decay fungi and insects Interior construction UCA Exterior construction Above ground Coated and rapid water run-off Exposed to all weather cycles, not exposed to prolonged wetting Decay fungi and insects Coated millwork, siding and trim UCB Exterior construction Above ground Uncoated or poor water run-off Exposed to all weather cycles, including prolonged wetting Decay fungi and insects Decking, deck joists, railings, fence pickets, uncoated millwork UCA Ground contact or fresh water Non-critical components Exposed to all weather cycles, normal exposure conditions Decay fungi and insects Fence, deck, and guardrail posts, crossties and utility poles (low decay areas) UCB Ground contact or fresh water Critical components or difficult replacement Exposed to all weather cycles, high decay potential, includes salt water splash Decay fungi and insects with increased potential for biodeterioration Permanent wood foundations, building poles, horticultural posts, crossties and utility poles (high decay areas) UCC Ground contact or fresh water Critical structural components Exposed to all weather cycles, severe environments, extreme decay potential Decay fungi and insects with extreme potential for biodeterioration Land and fresh water piling, foundation piling, crossties and utility poles (severe decay areas) UC5A Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zone Northern waters Continuous marine exposure (salt water) Salt water organisms Piling, bulkheads, bracing UC5B Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zone NJ to GA, south of SanFran Continuous marine exposure (salt water) Salt water organisms, including creosote tolerant, Limnoria tripunctata Piling, bulkheads, bracing UC5C Salt or brackish water and adjacent mud zone South of GA, Gulf Coast, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico Continuous marine exposure (salt water) Salt water organisms, including Martesia, Sphaeroma Piling, bulkheads, bracing UCFA Fire protection as required by codes Above ground Interior construction Continuously protected from weather or other sources of moisture Fire Roof sheathing, roof trusses, studs, joists, paneling UCFB Fire protection as required by codes Above ground Exterior construction Subject to wetting Fire Vertical exterior walls, inclined roof surfaces or other construction which allows water to quickly drain NOTE: Table 1 copyright AWPA, Book of Standards, 2008 Edition, Section 2, Service Conditions for Use Category Designations. Copyright All rights reserved. 18

20 FIRE ENDURANCE, SOUND TRANSMISSION Figure 1 Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: 1/2 type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to 2x10 wood joists 16 o.c. Figure 2 Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: 1/2 proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to resilient furring channels with 1 Type S drywall screws 12 o.c. Resilient channels applied 2 o.c. at right angles to 2x10 wood joists 16 o.c. with 6d common nail. Figure Wood Floor, Wood Joists, Gypsum Wallboard: Base layer 5/8 proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to 2x10 wood joists 16 o.c. Face layer 5/8 proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to resilient furring channels with 1 Type S drywall screws 12 o.c. Resilient furring channel spaced 2 o.c. and nailed at right angles to joists and through base layer. Figure Direct application of gypsum. 1-Hour-Rated, STC 5-9, FC 510 Resilient channels and insulation. 1-Hour-Rated, STC 55-59, FC 5105 Resilient channels between gypsum layers. 2-Hour-Rated, FC 572. Dimension lumber joists and rafters have a long history of solid fire endurance performance. The first fire endurance assemblies developed for wood-frame structures were performed using dimension lumber structural members. Further evidence of this exists in the codes where calculating fire endurance assemblies is allowed. Times are assigned for the contribution of wood-frame construction in fire assembly calculation sections (i.e. Section and Table (2) of the 2009 International Building Code). Wood floor and roof joists, 16 on center, have a time of 10 minutes assigned to them. For additional information, refer to Component Additive Method (CAM) for Calculating and Demonstrating Assembly Fire Endurance, Design for Code Acceptance No., from the American Wood Council at awc.org. Properly designing a building for fire safety means faithfully executing building code regulations. This means breaking up a building into fire-resistant compartments. With compartments and an efficient protection system in place, fires can be localized and suppressed easily. To prevent fire from spreading from one compartment to the next, the codes require finished assemblies be built to withstand full fire exposure without major damage and, at the same time, act as barriers to heat transfer. Standard fire tests measure the fire endurance performance of a variety of structural assemblies and boundary conditions that make up compartments. ASTM Standard E 119 sets forth the conditions of the test and the interpretation of the results. Test results are measured in terms of the assembly s ability to withstand a severe fire for a period of time. Performance times are measured in hours: 1-hour rated; 2-hour rated; etc. The codes reference these hourly requirements for various building construction types and occupancies. The major sources for dimension lumber fire-endurance assemblies are the Fire Resistance Design Manual published by the Gypsum Association, the Fire Resistance Directory published by the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL), and Section 720 and Table 720.1() of the 2009 International Building Code. The major source for metal plate connected truss fire-endurance assemblies is found at sbcindustry.com. There are numerous fire-endurance assemblies detailed in these sources. These assemblies include different options, such as the direct application of gypsum, or the use of resilient channels, insulation or suspended ceilings. They range in performance from 5 minutes to 2 hours. The most common dimension lumber and truss fire-endurance assemblies are detailed in Figures 1 5 to the left. Direct application of two layers of gypsum. 1-Hour-Rated, FC 5512 Gypsum Board, Parallel Chord Wood Trusses: Ceiling Two layers of 1/2 type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied perpendicular to trusses. Base layer end joints staggered 2 and all face layer joints offset 2 from the joints of the base layer. Trusses chord and web members are fabricated from 2 x lumber with 20 gauge steel connector plates that have a minimum tooth length of 5/16. Trusses are spaced a maximum of 2 o.c. and have a minimum depth of 12. Figure 5 FC 5515 UL L558 Single gypsum layer on resilient channels. 1-Hour-Rated. Wood Trusses, Gypsum Wallboard: 5/8 proprietary type X gypsum wallboard or veneer base applied at right angles to steel furring channel with 1 Type S drywall screws 12 o.c. Furring channels 2 o.c. secured with steel wire 8 o.c. perpendicular to parallel chord wood trusses 2 o.c. with a minimum depth of 12. (1) Dock & Harbor Authority, London, England, What About Fire?, American Institute of Timber Construction, 1972, p.. Wood has out-performed non-combustible materials in direct comparison fire tests. As illustrated above, a 2x timber tie maintained more of its original strength under higher temperatures and for a longer period of time than did aluminum alloy or mild steel. This is because of wood s 19 Copyright All rights reserved.

21 unique charring properties, which actually protect it from fire. As such, wood can be an excellent performer under fire conditions, contrary to misguided concerns over its combustibility. Sound Transmission Sound transmission ratings are closely aligned with fire endurance ratings for assemblies. This is because flame penetration and sound penetration follow similar paths of least resistance. Sound striking a wall or ceiling surface is transmitted through the air in the wall or ceiling cavity. It then strikes the opposite wall surface, causing it to vibrate and transmit the sound into the adjoining room. Sound also is transmitted through any openings going into the room, such as air ducts, electrical outlets, window openings, and doors. This is airborne sound transmission. The Sound Transmission Class (STC) method of rating airborne sounds evaluates the comfortability of a particular living space. The higher the STC, the better the airborne noise control performance of the structure. An STC of 50 or above is generally considered a good airborne noise control rating. The following table describes the privacy from each STC rating: STC Rating Flame Spread Flame spread ratings are often confused with fire endurance ratings. Flame spread is solely a measure of the surface burning characteristics of a material. A low flame spread material will not necessarily improve the performance of a fire endurance assembly. Flame spread requirements are typically used by the code for interior finish materials. Different maximum flame spread rates are permitted depending upon the building occupancy, location of the material in the building, and the presence of sprinklers. Generally, the building code flame spread classifications are: Class I or A II or B Privacy Afforded Normal speech easily understood Normal speech audible but not intelligible Loud speech audible and fairly understandable Loud speech barely audible but not intelligible Loud speech barely audible Shouting barely audible Shouting not audible Flame Spread Range Locations Enclosed vertical exits Exit access corridors Other rooms and areas III or C Most tested wood products, including Southern Pine, have a Flame Spread Index of 200, making them acceptable under current building codes for a wide range of interior finish uses. Commerically available fire retardant treatments for wood and panel products can reduce the Flame Spread Index to 25 or less. Refer to Flame Spread Performance of Wood Products, Design for Code Acceptance No.1, from the American Wood Council at awc.org. PROPER LUMBER STORAGE Proper seasoning and storage provide optimal dimensional stability of lumber in service. To minimize shrinkage, SPIB Grading Rules require dimension lumber 2 or less in thickness be kiln-dried or seasoned to a moisture content not exceeding 19%. This will result in an average moisture content of about 15% at the time of manufacture. Additional conditioning will take place when lumber is stored and used as it adjusts to the moisture content of its end-use environment. For interior items, such as flooring, millwork and furniture, the end-use moisture content will average between 6% in the dry Southwestern U.S. and 11% in the humid U.S. Gulf South. For exterior items, such as framing, siding and sheathing, the end-use moisture content will average 12% in most areas of the U.S., with a range from 7% to 1%. Proper receiving, unloading, storage, handling, installation and bracing of lumber after delivery will help maintain material quality during construction and service life. Follow these simple rules to help ensure proper storage and product performance at the job site: Inspect lumber upon delivery for proper grade-marking and moisture content, plus other conditions that may require attention, such as mold. Unload lumber in a dry place not in wet or muddy areas. Elevate lumber on stringers to prevent absorption of ground moisture and to allow air circulation. Do not store lumber in direct contact with the ground. Cover lumber stored in an open area with a material that will give protection from the elements. Polyethylene or similar non-porous materials act as a vapor barrier, so it is important to allow ventilation around the material to prevent condensation on the underside of the covering. Enclose framing lumber under roof as soon as possible. Store exterior patterns (e.g. siding, porch flooring) in a covered outdoor area. Store interior items such as flooring, millwork and cabinets in the enclosed conditioned area where installation will occur. There is additional protection when lumber comes in paper-wrapped packages or has been treated with a weatherprotective coating. However, availability is limited and weather-protective coatings are generally effective for only about three to six months. Damage to the paper during transportation can reduce its effectiveness, and protection is lost when paper wrappings are removed. For additional information, refer to Managing Moisture and Mold. Smoke Developed Index A Smoke Developed Index was also measured for various wood products. This Index has a value of 100 for Red Oak. None of the products tested exceeded 50, a limiting value commonly used in building code regulations. Copyright All rights reserved. 20

22 SPECIFICATION GUIDELINES These guidelines are intended to assist in specifying the most economical and efficient use of Southern Pine lumber products. They should also help minimize misunderstandings between specifier and supplier. Product availability and economy varies by market area. Becoming familiar with the products available in your area will allow you to more easily obtain materials to satisfy your demands. For information on Southern Pine products, applications, and suppliers, visit. Identification and Quality Control Each piece of lumber should be grademarked by an agency accredited by the American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC), and manufactured in accordance with Product Standard PS 20 published by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Typical Southern Pine Lumber Marks (ink stamp) Quality Southern Pine lumber is graded in accordance with the grading rules of the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB). SPIB, Timber Products Inspection, Inc., Renewable Resource Associates, Inc. (RRA) and other organizations* are accredited to inspect and grade mark Southern Pine lumber 5 in accordance with SPIB grading rules. 9 8 *NOTE: Other agencies are accredited by ALSC to inspect and grade all or selected Southern Pine products according to SPIB Grading Rules, including: California Lumber Inspection Service (CLIS); Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association (NELMA); West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB); and Western Wood Products Association (WWPA). Product Classification Products should be identified by manufactured categories such as Dimension, Structural Light Framing, Decking, Boards, Timbers, etc. Products in categories such as Finish, Flooring, Ceiling, and Siding, etc., should include the pattern name and number assigned by the ruleswriting agency. This will correctly identify the product and ensure that it conforms to standard. Select from the product and grade descriptions on pages - 6. Size and Length of Pieces Products included in lumber standards, such as Dimension Lumber, should be specified by nominal sizes for thickness and width, and by standard lengths which are 8 to 20 in two-foot increments. Products with patterns and special orders should include the desired net, dry size, plus the dimensioned profile pattern for less common items. Standard sizes are listed on page Inspection Service: Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) Inspection Service: Timber Products Inspection, Inc. (TP) Inspection Service: Renewable Resource Associates, Inc. (RRA) Lumber Mill Identification Number Lumber Species (optional) Logo denoting a member mill of Southern Forest Products Association (SFPA) Moisture Content (MC): Kiln-dried (KD) to a maximum of 19% Heat Treated and Strength of Material Standard grades for each product class should be specified after considering all grades appropriate for the intended use and strength requirements. For structural applications, include the required reference design values along with the grade that represents those design values. s and reference design values are listed on pages Moisture Content Specify desired moisture content (percent) based on requirements for the product, grade and intended use. Most product classes and grades of Southern Pine have specific moisture requirements. Seasoning requirements and options are listed on page 8. Surface Texture Surfacing requirements should be specified. Lumber is commonly ordered SS (smooth surfaced on all four sides), or rough sawn. Other examples include: S1S2E (surfaced one side and two edges); or S2S&CM (surfaced two sides and center matched on edges with centered tongue and groove). Variances from SS will cause a change from the standard dressed size, so the effect on desired net dry size should be considered. Refer to the SPIB Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber for more information on surfacing designations and net product sizes. Transportation and Storage All lumber in transit, storage and handling areas should be protected from moisture, weather and contaminants. Coatings, wrappings or coverings should allow circulation and not trap moisture. Proper storage methods are explained on page 20. Preservative Treatment When pressure-treated lumber is required, it should be treated according to appropriate American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) Standards. Quality control for treating should be done by an approved inspection agency. Each piece of lumber should be identified with a quality mark or end tag bearing the name of the inspection agency, applicable AWPA Standard, use exposure, preservative used, retention level, treating company and year of treatment. Jobsite fabrication cuts and borings should be field treated with copper naphthenate having a minimum 2% metallic solution in accordance with AWPA Standard M. Products, preservatives, uses and standards are described on pages Typical Quality Mark for Treated Lumber (plastic end tag or ink stamp) GROUND CONTACT KDAT 8 CCA ABC TREATING CO. 7 ANYTOWN, USA 2x6, 12 9 ALSC inspection agency mark AWPA Use Category Year of treatment, if required Preservative used for treatment Preservative retention Exposure category Treating company and location DRY or KDAT, if applicable Length and/or class 6 AWPA UC 21 Copyright All rights reserved.

23 LUMBER SPECIFICATION EXAMPLES 1 Use Product Classification Size inches nominal Length feet Species Moisture Content Based on SPIB Grading Rules and AWPA Standards Surface Texture AWPA Use Category Treatment & Retention Sill Plate 2 Dimension Lbr 2 x x 12, 1, 16 SP No. KD19 SS UC2 SBX.17 pcf KDAT or Structural (Above Ground, Light Framing Interior Damp) Sill Beam 2 Timbers 6 x 8 x 16 SP No.2 SS UC2 ACQ.25 pcf or (Above Ground, CA-B.10 pcf Interior Damp) Solid-Sawn Dimension Lbr 2 x x 92-5/8 SP Stud KD19 SS UC1 SBX.17 pcf KDAT Stud or Studs PET (Above Ground, Interior Dry) Finger-Jointed Glued Lumber 2 x x 10-5/8 SP No.2 KD19 SS Stud (Stud Use Only) PET HRA PWF 2 Dimension Lbr 2 x 6 x 10 SP No.2 KD19 SS UCB CCA.60 pcf KDAT Stud or Structural (Ground Contact, Joists & Planks Critical) Roof Rafter Dimension Lbr 2 x 6 x 8-20 SP MSR KD19 SS UC1 SBX.17 pcf KDAT or Structural 200f-2.0E (Above Ground, Joists & Planks Interior Dry) Floor Joist Dimension Lbr 2 x 10 x 6-16 SP MEL KD19 SS UC1 SBX.28 pcf KDAT or Structural M-29 (Above Ground, (Formosan Joists & Planks Interior Dry) Termites) Outdoor Deck Dimension Lbr 2 x 8 x 12 SP No.2 SS UCB ACQ.25 pcf or Joist or Structural (Above Ground, CA-B.10pcf Joists & Planks Exterior) Outdoor Deck Radius Edge 5/ x 6 x 12 SP Premium SS UCB ACQ.15 pcf or Decking Decking R.E.D. Eased (Above Ground, CA-B.08 pcf Edges Exterior) Water Repellant) Post-Frame Timbers 6 x 6 x 16 SP No.1 S-GRN (25%) SS UCB ACQ.50 pcf or Building Post 2 (Ground Contact, CA-B.25 pcf Critical) Highway Timbers 6 x 8 x 16 SP No.2 SS UCB CCA.50 pcf Guardrail Post 2 (Ground Contact, Critical) Fence Post 2 Dimension Lbr x x 8 SP No.2 SS UCA ACQ.0 pcf or or Structural ( Ground Contact, CA-B.21 pcf Light Framing Non-critical) Heavy Timber Decking x 6 R/L SP Select KD15 S2S&CM UC1 SBX.17 pcf KDAT Decking Decking -EV1S (Above Ground, Interior Dry) Marine Heavy Dimension Lbr x 6 x 12 SP No.1 SS UC5C CCA 2.5 pcf Bulkhead 2 or Structural Seawall (Salt Water, Joists & Planks Gulf Coast) Flooring Flooring 1 x -1/8 x 8, 10, 12 SP D KD (12%) S2S&SM (Net Dry) (Flat Grain) Porch Flooring 1 x x 12 SP D Dry (15%) S2S&SM UCB ACQ.25 pcf KDAT Flooring (Above Ground, or Exterior) CA-B.10 pcf KDAT Siding Drop Siding 1 x 6 x 10 SP No.2 KD15 Pattern UCA ACQ.25 pcf KDAT #116 (Above Ground, or Exterior, Coated) CA-B.10 pcf KDAT Fascia Finish 1 x 6 x 12 SP C&Btr KD 15 SS UCA ACQ.25 pcf KDAT (Above Ground, or Exterior, Coated) CA-B.10 pcf KDAT Ceiling Ceiling and 5/8 x x 8 SP D KD (12%) S2S&CM Partition -EV1S Paneling Paneling 1 x 5-1/8 x 10 SP C&Btr KD (12%) Pattern UCFA Fire Retartant for (Net Dry) #SPP 62 (Above Ground, Fire Protection Interior) Flame Spread Class A Trim Moulding 1 x x 8 SP D KD (12%) SS 1 Abbreviations: ACQ Alkaline Copper Quat; AWPA American Wood Protection Association; C&Btr grade C and better; CA-B Copper Azole Type-B; CCA Chromated Copper Arsenate; DNS Dense; HRA Heat Resistant Adhesive; KD Kiln-Dried; KDAT Kiln-Dried After Treatment; Lbr Lumber; MEL Machine Evaluated Lumber; MSR Machine Stress Rated; PET Precision End Trim; PWF Permanent Wood Foundation; R/L Random Lengths; R.E.D. Radius Edge Decking; S-GRN surface green; S1S2E surfaced one side and two edges; S2S&CM-EV1S surfaced two sides and center matched with edge V on one side; S2S&SM surfaced two sides and standard matched; SS surfaced four sides; SBX Inorganic Boron; SP Southern Pine (could also be SYP for Southern Yellow Pine); SPIB Southern Pine Inspection Bureau; SPP Standard Patterns of Paneling; UC Use Category; 2 Preservative treatment code required; Preservative treatment recommended 22 Copyright All rights reserved.

24 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES The offers a wide variety of helpful publications for design-build professionals. The titles listed below are available online in PDF. Visit to download. Southern Pine Maximum Spans for Joists & Rafters (#202) span tables, design criteria Southern Pine Headers & Beams (#207) size selection and allowable load tables for Southern Pine lumber and glued laminated timber Raised Wood Floor Foundations (#11) foundation types, construction details, floor framing spans, cost-saving strategies Managing Moisture & Mold (#907) basic facts, tips for moisture control, cleaning instructions Pressure-Treated Southern Pine (#00) preservative types, standards, specifications, applications Southern Pine Decks & Porches (#05) product selection, construction guidelines, maintenance Aquatic & Wetland Structures (#22) product selection, design details for marine, walkways and light vehicular bridge construction Southern Pine Flooring (#705) product description, installation, finishing, maintenance Online Continuing Education Professionals earn CEUs online at /eclassroom Participants earn a one-hour continuing education credit for each unit. Online PRODUCT LOCATOR Sourcing Southern Pine products? Visit the online Product Locator at to find local dealers, distributors, and producers. SOUTHERN PINE the versatile building material 2900 INDIANA AVE. KENNER, LA /-6 FAX 50/-6612 info@southernpine.com SouthernPineDecks.com RaisedFloorLiving.com SFPA #