Assessing the Impact of US Housing. Retrofits. Building Carbon Emissions. Building Energy Use. buildingscience.com

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1 ! 2008! Retrofits Commercial Institutional Assessing the Impact of US Housing Background:! Total Housing Units in 2001 (millions): Single-Family Homes 73.7 Apartments (all buildings) 26.5 Mobile Homes million units 1 John Straube, Ph.D., P.Eng Corp & University of Waterloo! Total Residential Primary Energy Use in 2001: 7,200,462 million Btu ! Consulting! 1. Energy Information Administration, Residential Energy Consumption Survey, 2001 data: /emeu/recs 2. EIA, Annual Energy Review, 2001 data: 2! Building Energy Use Building Carbon Emissions Primary Energy Consumption by Sector, 2001 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Consumption by Sector, 2001 Transportation 27% Transportation 32% Industrial 34% Residential 21% Industrial 30% Residential 20% Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review, 2001 data: Commercial 18% Source: EIA, Annual Energy Review, 2001 data: Commercial 18% Buildings,Energy, Environment No. 3/84! 3! Buildings,Energy, Environment No. 4/84! 4! 1!

2 Existing Housing Stock Existing Housing Stock Source: US Census Bureau, Annual Housing Survey: /housing/ahs/ahs.html 5! Source: US Census Bureau, Annual Housing Survey: /housing/ahs/ahs.html 6! Existing Housing Stock How Old and New Houses Use Energy Source: US Census Bureau, Annual Housing Survey: /housing/ahs/ahs.html 7! Source: US Census Bureau, Annual Housing Survey: /housing/ahs/ahs.html 8! 2!

3 Commercial Buildings Title! Universities, Schools! Shops! Warehouse conversions! Points! Significant energy consumers 9! 10! The Whole Building Approach! Performance Issues driving Retrofit:! Comfort! Health! Durability! Operating Costs! Energy Efficiency! Points Expansion of space 11! 12! 3!

4 Integrated Design Process Overview Integrated Design Process Overview Successful energy efficient retrofit project requires effective management which includes: 1.!Bring consultants on board at beginning structural, mechanical, electrical, building envelope, energy simulator etc. 2.!Determine scope of work Failures? Mould? IAQ? Code requirements? 3.!Perform full building audit invasive investigation of problem areas to minimize assumptions. 4.!Manage Client expectations, audit may introduce scope creep. 5.! Suggest prime consultant be present at all audits. 6.! Follow-up review meeting with client with all consultants present. 7.! Commissioning Lighting &! Power! Heating &! Cooling! Orientation &! Configuration! Envelope! Design! Site Design! Material! Selection! 13! Ventilation! 14! Choices Mechanical Retrofit! Changing mechanical systems is least invasive! often near end of life (20 yrs)! 10% eff improvement = 10% operating savings = easy! Lighting and ventilation! Many buildings have too many inefficient lights that are on for too long! Most buildings have too much ventilation with too little control! Can be major savings (30-50%)! MUST have clear idea of enclosure upgrades before deciding on mechanical!! After enclosure upgrade! Much smaller and quieter systems can be chosen! Air-based can be replaced with hydronic! Steam-based can be replaced hotwater! Low-temperature (more efficient) systems can be used! For high ventilation load add HRV! Schools, meeting rooms, etc! Variable speed fans and CO 2 controls! Convert CAV to VAV 15! 16! 4!

5 Enclosure Retrofit Retrofit Strategy! Important target for many buildings! Airtightness! Windows! Insulation! Roof! Walls! Basement! Slabs! Prioritize by Ease and Impact! Eg a 125 ft x 50 ft storey mill building! 12 ft flr to flr, 9 ft basement 40% window Component Area (ft2) U= 1 / R Loss Btu/hr/F Roof = 1/R Wall = 1/R Windows = 1/ Air Leakage 0.3 ACH@ service Basement 3150 Dbl R (2*R3) 525 Slab 6250 Triple (3*1.5) ! 18! Moisture Balance Wetting 19! 20! 5!

6 Drying Basements! Easy to retrofit and improve from the interior! Ceiling height is the big restriction for slab solutions 21! 22!.com Joseph Lstiburek Repair & Retrofit 23! 23!.com Joseph Lstiburek Repair & Retrofit 24! 24! 6!

7 .com Joseph Lstiburek Repair & Retrofit 25! 25! 26! 27! 28! 28! 7!

8 29! 30! Low-Slope Roofs Sloped Wood Roofs! Add insulation on top of membrane! Add min R20! Usually require re-roofing and structural repair! Deal with moisture, then add insulation! If possible, keep ventilated attic! Inspect ceiling plane, plug all holes with caulking and foam! Consider 1 of spray foam air barrier! Blow in minimum R60 cellulose.! If cathedral, insulate AND airtighten! Insulation on exterior is a benefit! airtighten 31! 32! 8!

9 33! 34! 35! 36! 9!

10 Window Thermal Flanking Beware heat flow around window frame Outside Inside 7 C at corner Outside Inside Common paths : Curtainwall Remove and replace When at or near end of life Upgrade IGU / spandrel insulation Often leaves large thermal bridges! Confirm structural connection conditions Upgrade pressure plate fiberglass insulating PP provides thermal break Insulate spandrels from inside Always airseal, esp. spandrels Thermal Flanking Flanking Reduced 37! 38! Common paths : Precast Problems: thermal bridging, lack of airtightness, poor insulation Confirm structural connections are sound Clean and re-seal joints for rain control Add drainage if possible Airseal spray or rigid foam, sealant, drywall Insulate (combine with airsealing) rigid board, spray foam, mineral fiber if careful beware floor and roof thermal penetrations Overclad is possible and high performance! interior Title 39! 40! 10!

11 ! Points Title Brick Veneer/Steel Studs Mostly Contain R12/R20 batt Thermal bridging nightmare Insulate on interior Leaves slabs as bridge Overclad 41! 42! Overclad Options A wide range of aesthetics! Drained EIFS! Drained & Ventilated metal sheets, panels, fiber cement! Horizontal Lap Siding 43! 44! 11!

12 45! 46! EIFS Application Drained EIFS: nice but not always needed 47! 48! 12!

13 49! 50! 51! 52! 13!

14 53! 54! 55! 56! 14!

15 Courtesy of EuroFox 57! 58! 59! 60! 15!

16 61! 62! John Straube! Load Bearing Solid Masonry Solid Masonry: Interior Retrofit!! Large stock of desirable buildings! Downtown! Attractive! Good bones! Flexible Program! Most want to keep brick exterior 63! 64! 16!

17 Solid masonry! Drained ventilated cladding (no risk) Require airtight parge 65! 66! Moisture Balance Wetting 67! 68! 17!

18 Drying Interior Insulation 69! 70! Risks! Freeze-thaw! Salt and Osmosis! Rot of embedded wood! Damage to interior finish Freeze-thaw For a damaging F-T cycle one needs A temperature drop below about -5 C / 20 F Nearly saturated moisture content Porous, brittle material For brick, degree of saturation of 0.80 to 0.95 Insulating reduces masonry temperature Therefore keep MC below 80% of saturation during cold weather 71! 72! 18!

19 73! 74! Insulation R-value & vapor permeance depend on: 1.! Exterior climate (temp / drying) 2.! Interior humidity levels 3.! Rain exposure Harvard Blackstone Bld Bruner Cott Architects! 75! 76! 19!

20 77! 78! 79! 80! 20!

21 81! 82! Bruner Cott Architects! 83! 84! 21!

22 Conclusions Interior Insulation Retrofits of Load-bearing Masonry are possible Accept that masonry gets much colder Great care required to enhance drying as much as possible, reduce wetting more than drying is reduced 85! 86! 87! 88! 22!

23 89! 90! Building Science Repair & Retrofit 91! 91! 92! Joseph Lstiburek Repair & Retrofit 92! 23!

24 .com Repair & Retrofit 93! 93! 2008 Repair & Retrofit 94! 94! 2008 Repair & Retrofit 95! 95! 2006 Joseph Lstiburek Repair & Retrofit 96! 96! 24!

25 Building Science 2006 Joseph Lstiburek Repair & Retrofit 97! 97! Building Science 2006 Joseph Lstiburek Repair & Retrofit 98! 98! Building Science 2006 Joseph Lstiburek Repair & Retrofit 99! 99! Building Science 2006 Joseph Lstiburek Repair & Retrofit 100! 100! 25!

26 Joseph Lstiburek Repair & Retrofit 101! 101! 26!

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