SOLID WASTE ENGINEERING COORDINATOR CE485. V. Wesley Sherman. P.E. State of Michigan DEQ. Waste and Hazardous Materials Division

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1 CE485 olid & Haz Waste Management Rm 2243 Engineering Building 4 Feb (Wed) 2004 V. Wesley Sherman. P.E. State of Michigan DEQ Waste and Hazardous Materials Division Storage Tank and Solid Waste Section SOLID WASTE ENGINEERING COORDINATOR OCTOBER 9,

2 Environmental Regulations Of Solid & Haz. Waste Landfills: We've Come a Long Way Baby! TODAYS TOPICS Waste Regulations Timeline Personal background Landfill Design and Requirements Liner / Leachate Collection System Landfill Gas Production and Management Final Cover / Final Use Stupid Things that increase Regulation Recent and Current Legislation Time Line SOLID WASTE REGULATIONS TIMELINE Time Line 1/77 1/79 1/80 7/81 1/82 1/83 4/87 12/87 1/92 10/ / Effective date 641 Rules GQD Part 115 Rules JAN 79 JAN 82 OCT 93 OCTOBER 9,

3 SOLID WASTE REGULATIONS TIMELINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DUMPS Act /79 Act 87 SOLID WASTE REGULATIONS TIMELINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DUMPS Act 641 GQD DEQ NOV /79 1/82 10/ 93 Act Rules 115 Rules Landfill Construction: What are the improvements to protect the environment? OCTOBER 9,

4 I. R. Halling Campony. Ltd. Whee Bee Landfil, Ink. OCTOBER 9,

5 What ya gonna do? YOU ARE WHO YOU ARE and KNOW WHAT YOU KNOW and WHERE TO GET ANSWERS Time Line VWS TIMELINE Time Line 6 Yr. Lagoons 21 Yr. Landfills 1/77 1/79 1/80 7/81 1/82 1/83 4/87 12/87 1/92 10/93 1/01 1/04 GQD JAN 83 6 Yr. Lagoons VWS TIMELINE Time Line 21 Yr. Landfills October 28, 2008 Bye - Bye 1/79 1/80 7/81 1/82 1/83 4/87 12/87 1/92 10/ /01 GQD JAN 83 OCTOBER 9,

6 Solid Waste: 1. garbage, 2. rubbish, 3. ashes, 4. incinerator ash, 5. incinerator residue, 6. street cleanings, 7. municipal and industrial sludges, 8. solid commercial and solid industrial waste, and 9. animal waste other than organic waste generated in the production of livestock and poultry. County Solid Waste Management Plan 10 YEAR CAPACITY Solid Waste Disposal Area must be in the County Plan to receive a Construction Permit. Solid Waste Disposal Area "Disposal area" means 1 or more of the following at a location as defined by the boundary identified in its construction permit or engineering plans approved by the department: (a) A solid waste transfer facility. (b) Incinerator. (c) Sanitary landfill. (d) Processing plant. i. NOTE: Composting facilities exceeding 500 cubic yards shall be licensed as processing plants. (e) Other solid waste handling or disposal facility utilized in the disposal of solid waste. OCTOBER 9,

7 Solid Waste Disposal Area (a) A solid waste transfer facility. (b) Incinerator. (c) Sanitary landfill. (d) Processing plant. (e) Other solid waste handling or disposal facility utilized in the disposal of solid waste. (f) Composting Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator "Municipal solid waste incinerator" means an incinerator that is owned or operated by any person, and meets all of the following requirements: (a) The incinerator receives solid waste from off site and burns only household waste from single and multiple dwellings, hotels, motels, and other residential sources, or this household waste together with solid waste from commercial, institutional, municipal, county, or industrial sources that, if disposed of, would not be required to be placed in a disposal facility licensed under part 111. (d) Is not an industrial furnace as defined in 40 C.F.R (e) The incinerator is not an incinerator that receives and burns only medical waste or only waste produced at 1 or more hospitals. "Municipal solid waste incinerator ash" means the substances remaining after combustion in a municipal solid waste incinerator. Composting "Composting" means the process by which biological decomposition of yard clippings or compostable material is carried out under controlled aerobic conditions and which stabilizes the organic fraction into a material that can easily and safely be stored, handled, and used in an environmentally acceptable manner. The presence of insignificant anaerobic zones within the composting material will not cause the process to be classified as other than composting. OCTOBER 9,

8 COMPOST WORKGROUP Tied with land application (Caused Delays) Spent 2.5 years in workgroup Felt no support to go forward May take up again in fall after the Inert Workgroup concludes. COMPOST: DESIGN Vertical and horizontal isolation Sloped and graded to prevent pooling and ponding of storm water Liner or Pad Odor Control Moisture Control Mix Limits on Foreign Matter, i.e., Screening COMPOST: PLAN (i) OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES. (ii) STORM WATER MANAGEMENT. (iii) MIX DESIGN, INCLUDING OPTIMAL CARBON:NITROGEN RATIO, MOISTURE CONTENT, PARTICLE SIZE, AND OPERATING TEMPERATURES. (iv) MONITORING REQUIREMENTS FOR MOISTURE CONTENT, TEMPERATURE, OXYGEN CONTENT, AND OTHER APPROPRIATE PARAMETERS. (v) TESTING OF FINISHED COMPOST. OCTOBER 9,

9 Sanitary Landfills Began working in Landfill Design Review January 1983 What did I bring? LAGOON LESSONS: 1. All Liners Leak 2. Minimize SEE LESSON Leakage ONE Liner Types: Design / Construction 1. Natural Clay 2. Recompacted Clay 3. Bentonite 4. Geomembrane Plastic OCTOBER 9,

10 Liner Standards: Upper Primary Composite Liner Primary Composite Liner 1 Foot 60 mil HDPE 1 gpad Clay Component GCL Sodium Bentonite Primary Composite Liner 1 Foot 60 mil HDPE Recompacted Clay 18 1 X 10-7E cm/sec OCTOBER 9,

11 Total Liner System Leachate Collection System Recompacted Clay or GCL 60 mil HDPE Leakage Control Criteria Monitorable Unit Leachate Collection System Recompacted Clay or GCL 60 mil HDPE Natural Soil Barrier 10 feet 1 x 10-7 cm/sec Unmonitorable Unit Primary Composite System Recompacted Clay or GCL Recompacted Clay or GCL Double Liner System OCTOBER 9,

12 Recompacted Clay Moisture 6 8 Compacted Lift Penetrating Footed Compactor Massive Effort 60 Tons Freeze/thaw or wet/dry cracking in a CCL can diminish its effective depth and long-term performance. Compacted Clay: Old friend Geosynthetic Clay Liner GCL New kid on the block OCTOBER 9,

13 BENTONITE LINER LESSONS FROM THE VILLAGE FROM HECK Prior to January 1983 One lagoon liner using Bentonite Northern Michigan Sand Site OCTOBER 9,

14 EXFILTRATION TEST OCTOBER 9,

15 Dr. Phil Can This Lagoon Be Saved? Dr. Phil Can This Lagoon Be Saved? Can This Lagoon Be Saved? OCTOBER 9,

16 EXFILTRATION TEST LAGOON LESSONS: 1. ALL LINERS LEAK 2. BENTONITE LINERS LEAK THE MOST BLEAK BEGINNING FOR BENTONITE LINED LAGOONS OCTOBER 9,

17 GCL LINED LAGOONS Mid to Late 1980 s to early 1990 s Rapid transition period Bentonite augmented soils Manufactured Bentonite Liners OCTOBER 9,

18 PUG MILL MIXED BENTONITE SOILS PUG MILL MIXED BENTONITE SOILS CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF BENTONITE SOIL GRAIN SIZE OF THE AGGREGATE LANDFILL LINERS Bentonite augmented soils Manufactured Bentonite Liners OCTOBER 9,

19 Manufactured Bentonite Liners Early stitched Geotextile Bentonite/Geomembrane Needle Punched Geotextile Bentomat DN OCTOBER 9,

20 Sodium bentonite s swelling ability allows it to seal around accidental punctures. One truckload of GCLs covers the same area as approximately 150 truckloads of compacted clay. OCTOBER 9,

21 LANDFILL GAS H 2 O BUGS FOOD H 2 0 LFG BUGS FOOD Landfill Gas OCTOBER 9,

22 Landfill 10/95-6 Phases of LFG Generation N CO N CH O H O Phase I II III IV V Phase V: Final Maturation All landfills produce gas. If unmanaged, methane is vented uncontrolled. If controlled, methane is collected and is a valuable commodity. The term Bioreactor is now sometimes being applied to cells managed for gas collection. OCTOBER 9,

23 What is a Bioreactor? A landfill designed and operated in a controlled manner with the express purpose of accelerating the degradation of MSW inside a landfill containment system Bioreactor Fundamentals In simplest form, leachate reintroduced to the waste mass In more complex forms, sequenced addition of liquids, air or other combinations performed with aim of optimum degradation Bioreactors Potential Benefits Bioreactors produce the same amount of methane, but at a faster rate Bioreactors act as on-site leachate pre-treatment systems Bioreactors produce less potent leachate refer Bioreactors require relatively few physical modifications compared to traditional landfills Landfills with substandard liquids management can become physically unstable Bioreactor techniques may be applicable to landfill corrective actions. OCTOBER 9,

24 Bioreactors Need: 1. Means to collect the gas for reuse 2. Means to control the production: Landfill Cap Way to add liquids Drilling in Waste / Sampling Passive Gas Vent OCTOBER 9,

25 LANDFILL FINAL COVER Primary Purpose A. MINIMIZE/CONTROLTHE AMOUNT OF MOISTURE ALLOWED TO INFILTRATE INTO A LANDFILL UNIT Minimized the amount of leachate produced Minimizes the potential for contamination B. CONTROL THE PRODUCTION OF LANDFILL GAS Contains Gas Controls migration Control gas production rate LANDFILL FINAL COVER Secondary Purpose A. ALLOW THE REUSE OF THE LANDFILL FOR A SECONDARY PURPOSE Recreation Shopping building or mall FINAL COVER CROSS-SECTION WASTE 6 Vegetative 24 Soil Geomembrane 18 Clay or GCL Granular Layer OCTOBER 9,

26 Final use Final use Final use OCTOBER 9,

27 Hot Topics Importation of out-of-state waste Landfill Construction Moratorium Machinery on geosynthetics The End QUESTIONS? OCTOBER 9,

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