OUTLINE. Building Envelope Thermal Bridging Guide. High Level Overview and Themes. The Code Context. The Energy Context. Where do we go from here?
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1 Building Envelope Thermal Bridging Guide September 24, 2015 Christian Cianfrone Principal, Morrison Hershfield OUTLINE High Level Overview and Themes The Code Context The Energy Context Where do we go from here? 2 1
2 BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL BRIDGING GUIDE 3 BETB Guide Funding Partners 2
3 WHAT IS THE BETB GUIDE? 1. A catalogue of thermal performance information for building envelope design and construction 2. A how-to guide for using the catalogue 3. A commentary on results via key themes, market applicability, next steps 5 BETB GUIDE OUTLINE Introduction Part 1 Building Envelope Thermal Analysis (BETA) Guide Part 2 Energy and Cost Analysis Part 3 Significance, Insights, and Next Steps Appendix A Material Data Catalogue Appendix B Thermal Data Catalogue Appendix C Energy Modeling Analysis and Results Appendix D Construction Costs Appendix E Cost Benefit Analysis 3
4 THE CATALOGUE What does the BETB Guide have that isn t already available (i.e. Don t my consultants know this already?) Better quantify assemblies that have significant heat flow in 3 dimensions Catalogue non-assembly related heat flows to a scale not before done Quantify impact of current and best practice, new technologies 7 WHAT S IN THE CATALOGUE? Over 300 Assemblies and Details 8 4
5 Heat Flow Basics 9 WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT ENVELOPE THERMAL PERFORMANCE Heat flows determine: Heating and cooling system capacity Purchased energy requirements Compliance with energy codes Compliance with voluntary energy programs Arrangement of materials determine: Surface temperatures Condensation and moisture collection Durability Mold growth and health issues 10 5
6 PERSPECTIVE How does heat flow through an enclosure assembly? HEAT FLOW Q U A T 12 6
7 TYPICAL PRACTICE Wall 2 Wall 1 Windows 13 THERMAL BRIDGING What is a Thermal Bridge? Highly conductive material that by-passes insulation layer Areas of high heat transfer Can greatly affect the thermal performance of assemblies 7
8 THE WORLD IS 3 DIMENSIONAL 15 ADDRESSING LATERAL HEAT FLOW Parallel Path R 11.5 SI (W/m K) IP Linear Transmittance (BTU/hr ft o F) R
9 THE CONCEPTUAL LEAP Types of Transmittances Clear Field Linear Point U o psi chi CLEAR WALL Spandrels Masonry Clear Field 18 9
10 INTERFACE DETAILS Glazing Jamb Parapet Window Transition Linear Shelf angle 19 OVERALL HEAT LOSS Total Heat loss = heat loss due to clear field + Heat loss due to interface details Total Heat loss = + 10
11 EXAMPLE 21 1 Concrete Clear Wall 2 Parapet 3 Slab Edge 4 Balcony Slab 5 Window Transition Key Themes from the BETB Guide 22 11
12 SUMMARY OF IMPACT 23 SUMMARY OF IMPACT 24 12
13 EVERYTHING IN CONTEXT 40% Glazing 50% Glazing 90% Glazing % Glazing Glazing Area Opaque Area % Reduction in Effective U R U R R-value 40% 0.42 R R % 0.42 R R % 90% 0.39 R R % WINDOWS IN ROUGH OPENINGS 13
14 ADDING INSULATION IS NOT THE ANSWER High-Rise MURB with 40% Glazing in Vancouver ARCHITECTURE Type of Steel Stud Wall Assembly Metal Panel EIFS Interface Detail Scenario U-Value (W/m 2 K) Incremental Costs Energy Cost Savings Pay Back Common Improved 0.55 $149,394 $9, Common 0.86 $(2,136,608) $939 0 Improved 0.50 $ (1,692,257) $9,
15 Sample Results of Interest 29 GLAZING SPANDREL AREAS Curtain Wall Comparison 30 Spray Foam 15
16 Spandrel Section R Value 9/24/2015 GLAZING SPANDREL AREAS Back Pan Insulation Detail 22 (Air in Stud Cavity) Detail 23 (Spray Foam in Stud Cavity) 31 WINDOW WALL Better Glass +Better Thermal Break +More Insulation? Vision Opaque U-0.4, R-2.5 U-0.27, R-3.7 U-0.26, R-3.8 U-0.25, R
17 HOW TO IMPROVE? Add R-12 SPF? Vision Opaque U-0.4, R-2.5 U-0.27, R-3.7 U-0.4, R-2.5 U-0.23, R-4.4 HOW TO IMPROVE? Better Deflection Header? Vision Opaque U-0.21, R-4.7 U-0.21, R-4.8 U-0.21, R-4.7 U-0.14, R
18 FULL HEIGHT SPANDREL Standard + more insulation + large thermal break + R-18 SPF + more insulation + large thermal break +R-18 SPF + deflection header U-0.17, R-5.8 U-0.08, R-12.5 U-0.06, R-16.0 CLADDING ATTACHMENTS Vertical Z-Girts Horizontal Z-Girts Mixed Z-Girts Intermittent Z-Girts 36 18
19 EFFECT OF THERMAL BRIDGING IN 3D 37 LINEAR TRANSMITTANCE RANGES 38 19
20 WINDOWS IN ROUGH OPENINGS ROOF PARAPETS 20
21 Code Context 41 BC REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT BCBC, VBBL, LEED v4 ASHRAE Rezoning 22% Less Energy Cost than VBBL NECB 2011 MNECB 1997 Higher Buildings 45% Less Energy than VBBL LEED Canada NC 2009 ASHRAE
22 CODE MYTHS I can exempt 5% of my balcony slabs I can exempt 2% of my balcony slabs I can exempt 1% of my balcony slabs 43 PREVAILING CODE INTERPRETATION If it has a discernible area, it s a wall, and treat it as such 44 22
23 SO WHY SHOULD I CARE? There doesn t appear to be an incentive to consider or improve thermal bridging Certain jurisdictions already require it (BC Hydro) Code changes are coming (ASHRAE, NECB) Some already getting credit through creative interpretations Energy reporting in the future? Increased energy liability in the future? 45 Thermal Bridging In Practice 46 23
24 WE KNOW A LOT EARLY ON 47 EXAMPLE 48 24
25 SCHEMATIC DESIGN GUESS: R = DESIGN DEVELOPMENT: R =
26 IMPROVEMENTS: R = IMPROVEMENTS: R = 9 TO
27 ENERGY IMPACT Consideration of thermal bridging can impact energy performance between 5 to 20% of overall building energy (varies by climate and building type) Detailed information in the BETBG 53 BC HYDRO LEADING THE WAY Effective May 1 st, NCP requires accounting of all details Recognized that standards didn t consider all details Baseline building U-values de-rated to account for standard practice thermal bridging Methodology on BC Hydro website Spreadsheet calculator freely available includes baseline calculations 54 27
28 RECAP Thermal bridging from interface details can have significant impact on envelope and energy Adding insulation is not cost-effective for energy savings when details are not addressed Quantification of thermal bridging is leading to better solutions, new technology Details must be considered early in design and weighed against other energy efficiency options 55 WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE Information is out there we know what we re doing poorly and how to improve it Pressure AHJs to provide clarity around code interpretations and in line with industry knowledge Codified changes incorporating this information is coming prepare now 56 28
29 Thank You Christian Cianfrone, P.Eng. 29
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