editorial board members and 3.5 million followers to its credit.

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1 ABUT MICS GRUP MICS Group International is an amalgamation of pen Access publications and worldwide international science conferences and events. Established in the year 2007 with the sole aim of making the information on Sciences and technology pen Access, MICS Group publishes 400 online open access scholarly journals in all aspects of Science, Engineering, Management and Technology journals. MICS Group has been instrumental in taking the knowledge on Science & technology to the doorsteps of ordinary men and women. Research Scholars, Students, Libraries, Educational Institutions, Research centers and the industry are main stakeholders that benefitted greatly from this knowledge dissemination. MICS Group also organizes 300 International conferences annually across the globe, where knowledge transfer takes place through debates, round table discussions, poster presentations, workshops, symposia and exhibitions.

2 ABUT MICS GRUP CNFERENCES MICS Group International is a pioneer and leading science event organizer, which publishes around 400 open access journals and conducts over 300 Medical, Clinical, Engineering, Life Sciences, Phrama scientific conferences all over the globe annually with the support of more than 1000 scientific associations and 30,000 editorial board members and 3.5 million followers to its credit. MICS Group has organized 500 conferences, workshops and national symposiums across the major cities including San Francisco, Las Vegas, San Antonio, maha, rlando, Raleigh, Santa Clara, Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, United Kingdom, Valencia, Dubai, Beijing, Hyderabad, Bengaluru and Mumbai.

3 PLYMERS AND CMPSITES FRM PLANT IL-BASED RESIN Alejandrina Campanella 3rd International Conference and Exhibition on Materials Science & Engineering ctober 06-08, 2014 San Antonio, USA

4 UTLINE Market Drivers Bio-Polymers from Plant ils Plant oil overview Bio-resins: Monomers: MAES, MAEL Diluents: styrene, MFA, Bio-Thermoset Polymer Bio-Composites Applications BMC VARTM Summary

5 DIXIE CHEMICAL Dixie Chemical is a global supplier of specialty chemicals in four key market segments: Thermoset Materials Alkaline Paper Sizing Fuel and Lube Additives Life Sciences

6 BI-CMPSITES MARKET DRIVERS Reduce dependence on petroleum based products Increase the use of renewable resources Reduce emissions and impacts on the environment and health Improve working conditions and worker safety Sustainable materials with comparable properties Ability to differentiate from competitive offerings (Bio-based) pen new markets throughout the supply chain Rural community stability and development (USDA BioPreferred) Improve product life cycle footprint

7 BI-CMPSITES MARKET DRIVERS Expand options for end of life recycle/re-use Help customers adapt to Local, Regional and Federal regulation Increasing consumer interest in sustainable products Produce a sustainable product that is certified and/or labeled by:

8 BI-PLYMERS FRM PLANT ILS

9 BI BI--BASED CMPSITE MATERIALS

10 PLANT IL VERVIEW Soybean, Corn, Sunflower, Linseed 0-3 Double Bonds Carbons long

11 FATTY ACID DISTRIBUTIN # Carbons # Double bonds Soybean oil % Comp. Linseed oil % Comp

12 BI-RESINS DEFINITIN + Reactive Diluent MAES/MAEL Reactive Diluent: styrene, MFA, vinyl toluene and others

13 BI-THERMSETTING PLYMER Resin MAES MAEL T g ( o C) Flexural strength (MPa) Flexural modulus (GPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Tensile modulus (GPa) Iso-UPR rtho-upr MAES: Maleinated acrylated epoxidized soybean oil MAEL: Maleinated acrylated epoxidized linseed oil UPR: Unsaturated polyester resin

14 VC/HAP EMISSINS Liquid resins used in molding large scale composites are a significant source of Hazardous Air Pollutants. HAP emission HAP emission HAP emission HAP emission Mixing Molding Curing and In Service Post-curing Composites industry consumes 9% of the styrene, but accounts for 79% of styrene emissions. Lacovara, 1999

15 METHACRYLATED FATTY ACID H + catalyst glycidyl methacrylate MFA H La Scala et al., Polymer, 2005

16 BI-THERMSETTING PLYMER + + MFA (Styrene ffset) H + Initiator Bio-Resin Heat Use fatty acid monomers to reduce styrene content. Non-volatile Maintain low viscosity Increase bio-based content Bio-Based Thermoset Polymer

17 MAES WITH STYRENE/MFA Resin Styrene (wt%) MFA (wt%) T g ( o C) E (MPa) Crosslink density (mol/m 3 ) M c (g/mol) BBC BBC = bio-based content MFA H

18 STYRENE EMISSIN STUDY Mass Loss: Reactive diluents

19 MAES WITH DIFFERENT DILUENTS Resin DB S VT MMA Diluent (wt%) T g ( o C) E (MPa) Crosslink density (mol/m 3 ) M c (g/mol) S: styrene DB: divinyl benzene VT: vinyl toluene MMA: methyl methacrylate

20 BI-CMPSITES APPLICATINS

21 SMC BMC APPLICATINS Resin and Additives Filler Bio-Resin + +Filler + + Fibers Mg + Initiator Mixing extruders Cutting Robotic Handling Compression Molding Glass fiber feeding (chopped fibers) Extrusion Conveyor

22 Thickening 7-10 days η Time

23 BMC MANUFACTURING Resin & Initiator Filler added Mixed Mixed Fiber glass added

24 BMC PRPERTIES

25 VARTM/RTM VARTM /RTM APPLICATINS + Bio-Resin + + Initiator and/or Synthetic Fiber Natural Fiber Low Viscosity Resin Peel ply Vacuum Bag Fiber bed Tool Plate (table surface) Bucket Vacuum Breather Cloth

26 VARTM Composite made from Bio-Resin and Fiberglass Resin MAES MAES Glass Fiber - 44 vol% T g ( o C) E (MPa) Flexural strength (MPa) Flexural modulus (GPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Tensile modulus (GPa) BBC MAES = MAES33ST

27 VARTM Composite made of Bio-Resin and Flax Fiber Resin MAES MAES Glass Fiber - 44 vol% T o g ( C) E (MPa) Flexural strength (MPa) Flexural modulus (GPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Tensile modulus (GPa) BBC MAES = MAES33ST

28 SUMMARY Functionalized plant oils can be used with or in place of petroleum based resins. Selection of oils (such as soybean or linseed oil) and reactive diluent (such as styrene, MFA and others) can be used to customize the physical and mechanical properties. Methacrylated fatty acids (MFA) can be used to increase the bio-based content, and reduce styrene emissions and related health and environmental risk. Bio-resins from MAES/MAEL are suitable for BMC and VARTM. Bio-composites can be produced with good mechanical properties and high bio-content.

29 ACKNWLEDGEMENT Dr. G. Macdonell, M. Gromacki, Dr. C. Shen, A. Grous (Dixie Chemical) Prof. R. Wool (University of Delaware, Center of Composite Materials and Crey Bioresins) Dr. M. Zhang (Crey Bioresins) Mrs. P. Watts. (Premix) Dr. J. La Scala (ARL) Prof. G. Palmese (Drexel University) THANK YU!!!!!

30 QUESTINS?

31 MALEINATED ACRYLATED EPXIDIZED ILS Epoxidized oils (ES, EL) + H Acrylic Acid catalyst Acrylated Epoxidized ils (AES, AEL) H H H H H H Maleinated Acrylated Epoxidized ils (MAES, MAEL) Wool and Sun, Bio Based Polymers and Composites, 2005 H H + Maleic Anhydride catalyst

32 BI-THERMSETTING PLYMER + + Initiator Bio-Resin Heat Bio-Based Thermoset Polymer

33 THICKENING FR SMC BI-RESINS Lu, PhD thesis, University of Delaware, 2005

34 Lu, PhD thesis, University of Delaware, 2005 THICKENING BEHAVIR

35 STYRENE EMISSIN STUDY Mass Loss: Resins Mass Loss: Reactive diluents 100 Normalized Mass Loss (g/g) FAVE (0% styrene) 45%MFA 0.5 FAVE (20% styrene) 25%MFA commercial VE (45% styrene) Time (hrs) Normalized Mass Loss (%) % styrene 67% styrene + 33% MFA 50% styrene + 50% MFA 33% styrene + 67% MFA 100% MFA time (h) Low HAP resin systems reduce emissions by 40-80% 1 Head Space CGMS 1 La Scala et al., Clean Techn Environ Policy, 2009

36 BI-BASED BASED CNTENT Bio-Based Content = Amount of bio-based carbon Amount of bio-based carbon + Amount of petroleum x 100 based carbon

37 BI-BASED BASED CNTENT MAES33ST (MAES with 33 wt% styrene) 57% BBC MAES20ST (MAES with 20 wt% styrene and 13 wt% MFA) 65% BBC MAES13ST (MAES with13 wt% styrene and 20 wt% MFA) 69% BBC MAES33MFA (MAES 33 wt% MFA) 77% BBC MAES is compatible with VE and UPR resins Resin made of MAES (32.5%) and VE/UPR (32.5%) with 33wt% styrene Resin made of MAES (32.5%) and VE/UPR (32.5%) with 33wt% MFA 28% BBC 48% BBC

38 BI-BASED BASED CNTENT Composites prepared with bio-resin and fiber glass Bio-resin BBC Monomer Styrene (wt%) MFA (wt%) Neat polymer Composite Example 1 a Composite Example 2 b MAES % 57% 57% MAES % 65% 65% MAES % 69% 69% MAES % 77% 77% a 50 wt% fiber glass b 70 wt% fiber glass H H H H + and/or H + Synthetic fiber

39 BI-BASED BASED CNTENT Composites prepared with bio-resin and of carbon fiber Bio-resin BBC Monomer Styrene (wt%) MFA (wt%) Neat polymer Composite Example 1 a Composite Example 2 b MAES % 27% 17% MAES % 30% 19% MAES % 32% 20% MAES % 36% 23% a 50 wt% carbon fiber b 70 wt% carbon fiber H H H H + and/or H + Carbon fiber

40 BI-BASED BASED CNTENT Composites prepared with bio-resin and of natural fibers Bio-resin BBC Monomer Styrene (wt%) MFA (wt%) Neat polymer Composite Example 1 a Composite Example 2 b MAES % 78% 87% MAES % 82% 89% MAES % 84% 90% MAES % 87% 93% a 50 wt% natural fiber b 70 wt% natural fiber H H H H + and/or H + Natural fiber

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