An Indian Journal FULL PAPER ABSTRACT KEYWORDS. Trade Science Inc. Empirical research on the cognitive risk of scaffolding workers unsafe behaviors

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1 [Type text] [Type text] [Type text] ISSN : Volume 10 Issue 10 BioTechnology 2014 An Indian Jounal FULL PAPE BTAIJ, 10(10), 2014 [ ] Empiical eseach on the cognitive isk of scaffolding wokes unsafe behavios Shu Chen 1,2, Xinong Yu 1, Fangyuan Xi 1, Bo Shao 1 and Xiazhong Zheng 1,21 1 College of Hydaulic & Envionmental Engineeing, China Thee Goges Univesity, Hubei Povince, Yichang , (P..CHINA) 2 Collaboative Innovation Cente fo Geo-Hazads and Eco-envionment in Thee Goges Aea, Hubei Povince, Yichang , (P..CHINA) zhengxz@ctgu.edu.cn ABSTACT Safety cognitive isk (SC), which has aoused extensive concen in ecent yeas, is the subject of many safety management studies. Howeve, studies on the safety cognitive isk of scaffolding wokes by questionnaie suvey in constuction industy emain scace. The pupose of this study was to veify safety cognitive isk with the aim at scaffolding wokes unsafe behavios in China. In ode to obtain the safety cognitive isk test model, taking woking without safety belts and thowing objects fom the high as specific examples, the SPSS 17.0 (Statistical Poduct and Sevice Solutions) was used to veify safety cognitive isk and analyze influence factos though ANOVA (Analysis of Vaiance) and T test methods. The esults show that the safety cognitive isk is exist, especially evaluating the seveity of injuies to othes. What s moe, influence factos of age and woking tenues ae not significant in the SC. The esults of this study will povide the impovement consult and management suggestion in safety management of scaffold. KEYWODS Scaffolding wokes; Unsafe behavio; Undeestimated isk; Woking tenues; Extenality. Tade Science Inc.

2 4938 Empiical eseach on the cognitive isk of scaffolding wokes unsafe behavios BTAIJ, 10(10) 2014 INTODUCTION Scaffold is widely used in constuction that has contibuted to geat economic and social benefits [1]. But at the same time, affected by envionment, quality and othe factos, scaffolding job secuity accidents have become common in building constuction [2,3]. Scaffolding wokes play the main ole in the scaffolding opeations, theefoe, fom the pespective of human unsafe behavios, analysis of causes of scaffolding accident is of significant impotance in enhancing the level of job secuity, development of safety contol measues [4,5]. Accoding to many suveys, woking without safety belts and thowing objects fom the high ae the familia unsafe behavios to scaffolding wokes, which anked the top 2 among all the accident types [6]. Theefoe, in view of the seious consequences of the accidents, in-depth analysis of causes ae necessay to set up elevant effective measues. A lot of causes may lead to unsafe behavios, one of which is the safety cognitive isk(sc) [7]. Geneally, scaffolding wokes will assess the isks of the unsafe behavios befoe they decide whethe to opeate fo unwilling to see anyone injued by them no matte themselves o othes [8]. But most of the situations, the subjective isk assessment of scaffolding wokes ae not consistent with the objective isks [9]. And scaffolding wokes will be moe likely to opeate unsafe behavios once the isks of unsafe behavios ae wongly undeestimated [10]. The cause of safety cognitive isk(sc), geneally explaining, is the lack of safety acknowledge and expeience as well as the lack ecognition of dangeous esults by unsafe behavios [11]. Theefoe, young scaffolding wokes with little woking tenues will often undeestimate isks of unsafe behavios [12]. In addition, unsafe behavio is of extenality so that it will not only theaten the scaffolding wokes but also hut othes [13,14]. Howeve, compaed with the concen about othes, the scaffolding wokes concened moe about thei own pofit, thus they often undeestimate o even ignoe the isks of unsafe behavios to othes [15,16]. Based on the above causes, the scaffolding wokes isk sensation is taken as a majo facto in many studies when analyzing the causes of unsafe behavios [17]. But few scholas take special study on cognitive isk of scaffolding wokes two unsafe behavios. Theefoe, questionnaies ae sent out to gain isk assessment value of scaffolding wokes and manages to the two unsafe behavios, and then take one sample T test method based on manages isk assessment value to quantitatively veify whethe scaffolding wokes undeestimate isks of unsafe behavios. Next, vaiance analysis will be taken to veify whethe age and woking tenues influence scaffolding wokes isk assessment value. At last, the isk assessment value of the two behavios will be compaed by taking one sample T test method to veify whethe scaffolding wokes tend to undeestimate unsafe behavios extenality. ISK DEFINITION SC can be assessed in two aspects: possibility and seveity of accidents esulted by unsafe behavios [18]. The taditional isk evaluation method take the poduct of possibility and seveity as valueat-isk of the behavios, as a matte of fact, the counting method is not accuate fo the diffeent eliance to possibility and seveity when scaffolding wokes judge isks [19]. Theefoe, isk possibility and seveity ae veified sepaately. In addition, when it comes to undeestimating isks, thee must be a basic value of isks as a compaison. SC of scaffolding wokes exist when scaffolding wokes isk assessment value is lowe than basic value. Stictly, the isk basic value should epesent the value of objective isks and it can be measued though the fequency of accidents and seveity of esult actually caused by unsafe behavios [20]. A lage amount of accident data ae needed to suppot this measuement, wheeas, pesent accident infomation management level is fa fom the above equest in constuction industy. Manages' isk assessment value is moe objective in compaison with scaffolding wokes fo manages have moe

3 BTAIJ, 10(10) 2014 Shu Chen et al abundant safety knowledge and access to full accident infomation. Theefoe, manages' isk assessment value is chosen as basic value. ESEACH POGAM eseach hypothesis To simplify discouse, model paametes ae listed in To simplify discouse, model paametes ae listed in Table 1. A combination of diffeent subscipts epesents the isk assessment value of diffeent accidents, fo example, epesents the wokes total isk assessment value of accident likelihood caused by unsafe behavio without safety belts. TABLE 1 : Index definition L S W M B H Model paamete Meaning The total isk assessment value The isk assessment value of the investigation samples Likelihood Seveity Wokes Manages The unsafe behavio without safety belts The unsafe behavio thowing objects fom the high eseach pocess In the way of questionnaie stat the eseach which is on isk assessment (possibility and seveity) of wokes and manages to the two unsafe behavios. The questionnaie is designed in Liket- Scale [21,22], and to each unsafe behavio, 5 options on a scale of 1 to 5 ae chosen, among which 1 is on behalf of vey low value and 5 is on behalf of vey high value. The highe the scoe, the bigge the estimated isk. Existence of SC The aveage isk assessment value of manages to each unsafe behavio is taken to test whethe wokes undeestimate isks significantly with the help of test method of single sample T. The oiginal hypothesis and altenative hypothesis ae shown in hypothesis and altenative hypothesis ae shown in Table 2. If the oiginal hypothesis is valid, so is the hypothesis that wokes undeestimate isks. TABLE 2 : Hypothesis that wokes undeestimate extenalities of unsafe behavios Tested paametes Oiginal hypothesis Altenative-hypothesis SWB SWH < LMB LMB LMB SWB < SMB SMB SMB < SMH LMH SWH < SMH SMH LMH Influence of age and woking tenues on SC Accoding to the gouping of age and woking tenues in section eseach pocess, the method ANOVA of single facto is used to test whethe significant diffeence in SC exists between diffeent age and woking tenues.

4 4940 Empiical eseach on the cognitive isk of scaffolding wokes unsafe behavios BTAIJ, 10(10) 2014 Extenality of SC To test whethe wokes undeestimate extenalities of unsafe behavios, the test method of paied sample T is used in the eseach on the elationship between the atio among isk assessment value of wokes woking without safety belts and isk assessment value of manages and the atio among isk assessment value of wokes thowing objects fom the high and isk assessment value of manages. The oiginal hypothesis and altenative hypothesis ae shown in The oiginal hypothesis and altenative hypothesis ae shown in Table 3. If the oiginal hypothesis is valid, so is the hypothesis that wokes undeestimate extenalities of unsafe behavios. TABLE 3 : Hypothesis that wokes undeestimate extenalities of unsafe behavios Oiginal hypothesis Altenative-hypothesis > 0 0 LMB LMH LMB SWB SWH > 0 0 SMB SMH Test method Desciptive statistics analysis: By this analysis, a peliminay undestanding of the basic featues and chaacteistics of the sample stuctue ae made afte questionnaies. Then, it s used to encode quantified samples data as well as analyze the mean of the vaious vaiables and the standad deviation on isk assessment. In the esult, the low mean stands fo the little isk and the small standad deviation epesents the high consistency with the isk assessment of sample. T-test analysis: T-test analysis is used to test the elationship that the atio of two unsafe behavios ae equal to detemine whethe scaffolding wokes tend to undeestimate unsafe behavios extenality. One-way ANOVA: One-way ANOVA is mainly to test whethe the isk assessment values of diffeent ages and woking tenues ae equal and to veify whethe thee ae significant diffeences in the values in all dimensions of the diffeent samples. LMB ESULTS AND DISCUSSION The sample ecovey pofile Apat fom the eseach on isk assessment of wokes and manages, pesonal infomation of wokes is also in the eseach, including age and woking tenues in constuction industy and othe wok aea once they expeienced. eseach object epesentative numbe of sampling TABLE 4 : List of the eseach sample ecovey pofile ecoveed numbe of samples ecovey ate Effective numbe of samples The valid ecovey ate Invalid numbe of samples Manages % % 2 Wokes % % 15 Thee ae totally 121 scaffolding wokes and 27 manages in the eseach. Howeve, 15 questionnaies of scaffolding wokes and 2 questionnaies of manages exist poblems that pesent exactly the same data o lack pat of data seiously. As a esult, 106 questionnaies of scaffolding

5 BTAIJ, 10(10) 2014 Shu Chen et al wokes and 25 questionnaies of manages ae effective. The esult of data and atio ae shown in The esult of data and atio ae shown in Figue 1. Appaently, all the data below have shown that age, woking tenues and wok aea ae quite epesentative, which can eflect the basic situations of scaffolding wokes in China. Figue 1 : Chaacteistics of scaffolding wokes esults of isk assessment The assessment of wokes and manages to possibility and seveity of accident caused by the two unsafe behavios is listed in The assessment of wokes and manages to possibility and seveity of accident caused by the two unsafe behavios is listed in Table 5. Fom the mean, all the isk assessment values ae bigge than 3.00, which show that isks of the two unsafe behavios wee thought to be high by wokes and manages. Howeve, standad deviations ae commonly lage, even moe than 1. What s moe, the maximum value diffes a lot fom minimum value, showing that wokes and manages have an obvious diffeence in ealizing isks of unsafe behavios. In addition, the isk assessment values of manages ae bigge than that of wokes compaing the coesponding isk assessment values. TABLE 5 : isk assessment of wokes and manages Vaiables SWB SWH SWB SWH Minimum Values Maximum Values Means Standad deviations Existence of SC The test esults of single sample T between isk assessment values of wokes and that of manages is given in The test esultss of single sample T between isk assessment values of wokes and that of manages is given in Table 6. As to isk assessment values of the fou aspects, statistical significance ae less than 0.01 (in the fouth oll) and T value is less than 0 (in the thid oll), thus it is easonable to acknowledge that wokes have undeestimated isks of unsafe behavios while the numbe of significance is 10%.

6 4942 Empiical eseach on the cognitive isk of scaffolding wokes unsafe behavios BTAIJ, 10(10) 2014 TABLE 6 : Test esults of undeestimation of wokes on isks Vaiables SWB SWH Tested Values LMB SMB LMH SMH T value Statistical one-tailed Significance The influence of ages and woking tenues on isks assessment Divided diffeences The influence of woking tenues to isk assessment Figue 2 dawn by SPSS is the isks assessment means of scaffolding wokes with diffeent woking tenues dawn by SPSS. It is clea that the fou kinds of isks assessment values of scaffolding wokes with less than five yeas' woking tenues ae the lowest; but the moe woking tenues scaffolding wokes possess, not always the bigge isks assessment values. The statistical veification esults given by SPSS suggests that except the othe thee is statistical significance espectively ae 0.090, and 0.867, whichh ae all bigge than Theefoe, at the significant level of 5%, the isk assessments of scaffolding wokes with diffeent woking tenues ae of no diffeencee in the theee pats. Fo statistical significance is 0.038, which is smalle than 0.5, thus at the level of 5% significance, its' thought that the possibility assessments of scaffolding wokes with diffeent woking tenues towad accident caused by thowing objects fom the highh ae of diffeence. Figue 2 : isk values of wokes with diffeent woking tenues on unsafe behavios The influence of ages to isk assessment Figue 3 dawn by SPSS is the isks assessment means of scaffolding wokes with diffeent age levels dawn by SPSS is the isks assessment means of scaffolding wokes with diffeent age levels. It is clea that the isks assessment values of scaffolding wokes' ages between 20 and 30 yeas ae not always the lowest, and as fo LW WB, SWB, LW WH the theee kinds of isk assessment values, the isk assessment values of scaffolding wokes aged between 40 and 50 tun out to be the lowest; as fo all fou isks assessment values, SWB, and SWH, the geneal ule is that the isks assessment values of scaffolding wokes between 40 and 50 yeas old ae the highest. The statistical veification esults given by SPSS suggests that the fou kinds of statistical significance espectively ae 0.860, 0.135, and 0.139, which ae all bigge than 0.05, thus at the level of 5% significance, the isk assessment of scaffolding wokes in diffeent ages ae of no diffeence.

7 BTAIJ, 10(10) 2014 Shu Chen et al Figue 3 : isk values of wokes with diffeent ages on unsafe behavios Tendency of extenality SC The test esults of paied samples t ae as shown in The test esults of paied sampless t ae as shown in Table 7.. As to possibility, the numbe of significance is highe than 0.05, theefoe, oiginal hypothesis that it is not to be believed wokes undeestimate seveity of accidents that unsafe behavios may cause to othes can be ejected at a significant level of 5%. When it comes to seveity, accoding to statistics, the numbe of significance is lowe than 0.01 but highe than 0, thus the oiginal theoy that wokes undeestimate seveity of accidents that unsafe behavios may cause to othes. TABLE 7 : Test esults of undeestimation of wokes on extenal isk Paied 1 Paied 2 Vaiables LMB SWB SMB LMH SWH SMH T values Statistical Significance-one-tailed CONCLUSIONS The facts that scaffolding wokes undeestimate the isks of woking without safety belts and thowing objects fom the high povided an impotant foundation fo the futhe study on elationship of undeestimation of isks and unsafe behavios. The acknowledgee that undeestimation of isks ae moe likely to happen among inexpeienced young wokes is inaccuate, moeove, the undeestimation of isks also exists between elde wokes with lots of woking tenues. Theefoe, attention should not be given only to inexpeienced young wokes, but also given to elde wokes. Theee exists the poblem that the extenality of unsafe behavios ae undeestimated by wokes especially that seveity of injuy to othes caused by thei unsafe behavios. Theefoe, the management of unsafe behavios mainly to cause extenal isks must be stengthened in safety management. In addition, safety awaeness of wokes to cae about othes must also be stengthened. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Poject suppoted by the National Natual Science Foundation of China unde Gant No , and the Science Foundation of China Thee Goges Univesity unde Gant No. KJ2013B073.

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