Structural and Behaviour Constraints of Large Scale Experiments

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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES FP7- INFRASTRUCTURES-2008-1 SP4-Capacities SERIES SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES SERIES Workshop, 02.09.

1 COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES FP7- INFRASTRUCTURES SP4-Capacities SERIES SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES SERIES Workshop, , Ohrid, MK Role of Research Infrastructures in Performance-based Earthquake Engineering Structural and Behaviour Constraints of Large Scale Experiments Zoran Rakicevic Aleksandra Bogdanovic Dimitar Jurukovski Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology IZIIS SS Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, MK

2 Preface Skopje Catastrophic Earthquake DATE JULY TIME (GMT) 04:17:11 EPICENTRAL LATITUDE EPICENTRAL LONGITUDE HYPOCENTRAL DEPTH 42º 00.5' N 21º 27.3' E 5 km MAGNITUDE (M) 6.2 EPICENTRAL INTENSITY (MCS) IX

3 SEISMIC ENGINEERING RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURES FOR EUROPEAN SYNERGIES P f Preface Skopje Sk j Earthquake h k

4 Preface -MAEE MAEE (Macedonian Association of Earthquake Engineering) as a part of the Yugoslav Association for Earthquake Engineering i Under the auspices of UNESCO, MAEE and IZIIS organized the International Seminar on Earthquake Engineering, Skopje, Sep. 29 Oct. 3, 1964 (nowadays referred to as the First EAEE Symposium). The most significant achievement of the Skopje International Seminar was the foundation (October 1, 1964) of the EAEE, initially called the European Commission (of IAEE) for Earthquake Engineering

5 Preface -IZIIS IZIIS is established within the University "St. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, upon recommendation of the UN International Consultative Board for Repair and Reconstruction of Skopje, following the 1963 Skopje earthquake, and with substantial support from the UN and its specialized agencies, UNDP and UNESCO IZIIS has moved into new premises

6 Preface -IZIIS

7 IZIIS Seismic i Testing System MTS 5 m x 5 m bi-axial shaking table at IZIIS Dynamic Testing Laboratory

IZIIS Seismic i Testing System 100 100 Velocity 63 cm/s /s Velocity cm/ shaking table

0 t 5 degree-of-freedom freedom (DOF) Operational since 1980 /s Velocity cm/ Velocity 38

8 IZIIS Seismic i Testing System Velocity 63 cm/s /s Velocity cm/ shaking table mass is 33.0 t pay load of about 40.0 t 5 degree-of-freedom freedom (DOF) Operational since 1980 /s Velocity cm/ Velocity 38 cm/s Acceleration g 1.7 g Acceleration g 1.45 g g g 1 10 Frequency Hz Frequency Hz 100

9 Purpose of experimentation i For the needs of verification of existing mathematical models, their improvements, or developing new ones. Experiments of new technological solutions Qualification and proof tests.

10 IZIIS experience In the period of years we have been faced with many yproblems. More than 170 reports have been published regarding gconducted experiments on IZIIS shaking table: QUALIFICATION AND PROOF TEST NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND DAMPERS PHYSICAL MODELS

11 Qualification i and proof test IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report /2 IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report

12 Qualification i and proof test

13 Qualification i and proof test Conducted on various type of equipment and products Has to be conducted by the required procedure The procedure has to follow certain standards for: NPP components Electrical engineering standards Mechanical engineering standards Civil (earthquake) engineering standards

14 Qualification i and proof test Constraints: Key yproblem is simulation of functionality of the equipment during testing High voltage High pressure High temperature. and all of these has to be incorporated into the laboratory security system

15 Qualification i and proof test Constraints: Operating conditions Example: a valve for NPP in case of high intensity quake has to be closed automatically; Example: Instrument transformer no oli leeckage at certain acc level, e.g 0.4 g.

16 Qualification i and proof test Constraints: Simulation of input histories and floor response spectra Floor Response Spectra has to be defined from analytical models, especially for NPP. RRS Required Response Spectra by standards Type of input histories Sine, sweep, sine beat, white noise, const velocity, or acceleration, real earthquake records, artificially generated earthquake time histories..

17 Qualification i and proof test Constraints: Problem: shaking table can not fulfill all the standard requirements Possible solution: Combination of analytical and experimental procedure if the user agrees

18 New technologies and dampers IZIIS Report IZIIS Report /2 IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS March 2007 IZIIS Report IZIIS Report /1 IZIIS Report IZIIS March 2008 IZIIS Report IZIIS July 2008 IZIIS Report IZIIS August 2008 IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report 96-67

19 New technologies and dampers Types of tested models: Seismic-Base isolation Tuned mass dampers Hysteretic dampers Friction dampers Viscous dampers Spacer and stockbridge dampers

20 New technologies and dampers

21 New technologies and dampers Testing standards Have to be agreed between laboratory and the manufacturer (or the one who ve made an inquiry) in order as much as possible information to be collected and the device to be tested to as much as possible simulations. Simulation of functional characteristics

22 New technologies and dampers Dead load simulation Has influence. Compromise has to be made Ultimate range of simulation: required by the manufacturer and limited by shake table characteristics Acceleration, velocity, stroke Linear and non-linear mode Stability of the model Whether the device under test could withstand all actions?

23 Physical models IZIIS Report P IZIIS Report IZIIS Report P IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report 94-51/2 IZIIS Reort IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report Oct IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report Jan 1996 IZIIS Report P IZIIS Report IZIIS Report March 1996 IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report 340SAG10. IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report 92-71/9. IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report P IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report IZIIS Report 94-34

24 Physical models

25 Physical models Definition of failure pattern Verification of analytical a models Testing programme should be conceptualized on such a way as much as possible reliable information for the model to be collected During analytical simulations and tuning input time histories has to be recorded ones on the shaking table

26 Physical models Problems Non-linear material properties p simulation It is very difficult to produce material which will have true replication of the stress-strain state, when other material is used than original one in the prototype. Simulation of kinematic conditions a ; ; ; l m m ap vm lr vp dm lr dp lr l p

27 Physical models Problems Simulation of soil-structure interaction It is impossible to simulate, in most of the cases, and usually fixed-base models are used. Simulation of intensive non-linear model behaviour Usually instrumentation set-up is removed If the model was subjected to excitation that caused certain non-linear state t (close to collapse), the test t that follows will give unreal state.

28 Physical models Problems Small scale models Simulation of geometry, frequencies, damping, reinforcement, shrinkage Instrumentation problems

29 Physical models Solution - from our experience Static condensation 105 Storey Ryugyong Hotel Pyongyang DPR Korea Model of 21 storey, each storey in the model substitute 5 storeys in the prototype Condition: dynamic properties of the such model and the original prototype has to be identical

30 Physical models Solution - from our experience Model of Palasport in Bologna Simulation of failure in the nodes of space wooden roof structure has been done through substitute shell made of different material that has the same vertical stiffness as wooden one

31 Physical models Problems Models of dams rock fill, earth fill, concrete Historic building models Aging gproblem 1000 year church mortar can not be simulated Archaic material simulation Appropriate archaic materials modern bricks has different characteristics than those used 1000 years ago

32 Physical models Problems Verification of analytical models and changing g of existing computer codes Input excitation characteristics - to be taken from the model tests Frequency, mode shapes, damping - to be taken from the model Response histories: linear for the model, while non- linear to be analyzed both form physical and analytical model Mechanism of failure to be take from the model

33 Physical models True replica models should be always used for verification, developing and improvement of analytical models and computer codes.

34 Final words In the paper the critical analysis of performed testing for different purposes p will be presented based on large number performed experiments in Dynamic Testing Laboratory at Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology IZIIS, Skopje, MK. Especially the critical approach will be used correctly all constraints to be presented and discussed from the point of view of creating the relationship between obtained benefits and cost of the experiments.

ANALYTICAL ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TUNED MASS CONTROL SYSTEM USING SHAKING TABLE EXPERIMENTS

4 th World Conference on Structural Control and Monitoring 4WCSCM-182 ANALYTICAL ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TUNED MASS CONTROL SYSTEM USING SHAKING TABLE EXPERIMENTS Z. Rakicevic A. Zlatevska and