Bridge College. BRIDGE 101 General Session. Bridge Types & Nomenclature

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1 Bridge College BRIDGE 101 General Session Bridge Types & Nomenclature

2 Overview Definition of a Bridge & Minor Span Who owns/maintains the bridges Who inspects the bridges Bridge types & nomenclature What to look for

3 Breakout Sessions Bridge Preservation Techniques Bearings and Beam Ends Reinforcing Steel Wearing Surface Maintenance Bridge Rail Bridge Joints

4 The hardest thing in life to learn is which bridge to cross and which to burn.

5 What is a Bridge? Federal definition A structure that provides passage on a public way that is 20 feet in span or longer measured along the centerline. State definition A structure that provides passage on a public way that is 10 feet or greater in span measured along the centerline. Structures 10 feet to less than 20 feet are referred to as minor spans while structures 20 feet or greater are referred to as bridges.

6 Skew Centerline Roadway SPAN

7 Who Owns and Maintains these Bridges? MaineDOT owns and maintains all bridges and minor spans on state and state aide highways. MaineDOT owns and maintains all bridges on the local network that are not Low Use or Redundant Bridges (LURB). Check with the Region Management staff if you re not sure of ownership. These bridges will require you to travel on local roadways that you normally wouldn t travel. Municipalities own and maintain all minor spans and LURBs on the local system.

8 Bridges & Minor Spans Region Number % Deck Area Million SF % Total

9 Total Bridges & Minor Spans 2395 Conventional Bridges 334 Metal Pipes 11 Ferry Transfer Bridges 8 Movable Bridges 9 Covered Bridges 2 Suspension Bridges 220 Railroad Bridges

10 Bridges and Structures Maintenance Division Who are they? What do they do?

11 Region Managers John Buxton, P.E. Bridge Maintenance Engineer Region Superintendents Jeff Naum Supt of Operations Ben Foster, P.E. Asst Bridge Maint Eng Operations Gina Pelletier Trans Planning Spec Engineering Admin Asst Vacant Carl Edwards Dive Manger Inspection Engineering Transp Oper Mgrs Bridge Scott Gray Buildings Manager Dwight Moody Crew Supervisor Richard Latno Crew Bridge Inspection Scott Harris Steve Harris Tim Merrithew Pete DeRocher Jamie Hannum Vacant Brent Snowden, P.E. Sr Structural Engineer Structures Management Asst Structures Manager Vacant Bill Doukas, P.E. Sr Structural Engineer Engineering Support Pat Kertes Kevin McLaggan Bridges and Structures Maintenance Division

12 Bridges and Structures Maintenance Inspect Evaluate Rate Evaluate overloads Load test Document Management Work with municipalities Structural design Falsework design Field inspections Post & close bridges Evaluate accident damage Develop Work Plan Participants in Bridge Community

13 What does MaineDOT inspect? All minor spans and bridges on public ways are inspected by MaineDOT and the data for bridges only is submitted to the Federal Highway Administration annually. The Maine Turnpike Authority inspects their own bridges but MaineDOT submits the data to FHWA.

14 Bridge Inspection Program 6 Bridge inspectors statewide 2300± bridge inspections per year Generally bridges are inspected every 24 months Some bridges are inspected more frequently due in general to poor condition

15 MaineDOT Dive Team 140 underwater bridge inspections per year 6-8 Underwater grout projects Underwater inspections of ferry terminals Underwater construction inspection Environmental surveys

16 No Snappers! No Snappers! Please No Snappers!

17 Diving is Cool No its not its cold!

18 We Need Your Eyes

19 Call the Office! OOOPS

20 For Sale

21 Bridge Numbers All bridges and minor spans have a unique 4 digit number You must use all four digits 0456 = Yes 456 = No

22 Bridge Number

23 Dead Bridge Number

24 What are the different types of bridges?

25 Minor Spans - General Metal Circular pipes Metal multiplate pipe arches Metal plate arches on footings Concrete boxes Precast concrete frames

26 Circular Aluminum Pipe

27 Galvanized Steel Pipe Normal high flow

28 Holes Steel Pipe

29 Concrete Invert The bottom pates are the first to deteriorate Concrete

30 Upstream Plates Folded It will soon be reclassified as a dam

31 Aluminum Multiplate Pipe Arch

32 Aluminum Box

33 Hey That doesn t look right!

34 $200,000 Later

35 Plate Arch on Concrete Footings Steel Plate Arch Concrete Footings

36 Plate Arch on Concrete Footing

37 Precast Frame/Arch Headwall Wingwall Barrel Precast Concrete is: Concrete components which are cast and partly matured in a factory or on the site before being lifted into their final position on a structure.

38 Substructure Superstructure Basic Bridge Anatomy Bridge Rail Wearing Surface Bridge Curb Waterproofing Membrane (under bituminous) Deck Fascia Bearings Diaphragm Beams or Flange Web Stringers Pier Cap Pier Columns Pier Footing

39 Every Bridge will have two and only two abutments Superstructure Abutment Clear Span Abutment Single Span A Multispan bridge may have one or many piers Superstructure Abutment Pier Abutment Multispan Bridge

40 Multispan Bridges Simple Spans (Two rows of bearings on a pier) Continuous Spans (One row of bearings on a pier)

41 Bridge Superstructures

42 Concrete Superstructures Direct span concrete slab Concrete rigid frames Concrete arches Precast prestressed voided slabs Precast prestressed butted box beams Precast segmental box beams Precast AASHTO Bulb-T Concrete T-Beams

43 Buried Slab-No Curb Overfill

44 Buried Slab This is what happens Spalling: the word used for concrete that is chipping, flaking, or scaling damage along its surface.

45 This is More Like It

46 Efflorescence Leaky Slab

47 Arched Concrete Slab

48 Concrete Rigid Frame Slab Haunch Breastwall

49 Slab Rigid Frame

50 Filled Concrete Arch

51 Concrete T-Beam T-Beam Stems Concrete Cap Grouted Granite Abutment

52 Concrete T-Beam Deck Stem

53 Spall at Bridge Drain

54 What is prestressed concrete? Concrete reinforced by either pretensioning or posttensioning, allowing it to carry a greater load or span a greater distance than ordinary reinforced concrete. In pretensioning, lengths of steel wire or cables are laid in the empty mold and stretched. The concrete is placed and allowed to set, and the cables are released, placing the concrete into compression as the steel shrinks back to its original length. In posttensioning, the steel in the concrete is stretched after the curing process. Prestressing places a concrete member in compression; these compressive stresses counteract the tensile bending stresses of an applied load.

55 Precast Prestressed Bridges Rule #1 Do not ever cut into any precast prestressed bridges or bridge elements without consulting a bridge engineer.evah! Rule #2 If you don t follow Rule #1 there is no need for Rule #2

56 Voided Slabs Longitudinal Joint

57 Voided Slab Shear Key Tensioning Strands (Stressed to 29,000 lbs) * * * * * * * * * * * * Voids * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 to 4

58 Cracks at Slab Joints Longitudinal Cracks

59 Voided Box Beam Shear Key * * * * * * * * * * Tensioning Strands Void * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 to 4

60 Butted Precast Box Beam Longitudinal Joint Butted Boxes

61 Prestressed Spread Box Beam Box Beam

62 Segmental Concrete Box

63 Inside Segmental Box Segment Joint External Post Tensioning Ducts Utility Conduit

64 Double Cell Segmental Box

65 Precast Bulb-T Girders Diaphragms

66 Steel Superstructures Multi-beam I-beam or girder Thru girder Thru Truss Deck Truss Pony Truss Arches

67 Built up Steel Girder Riveted Girder Unidentified Sea Creature

68 Riveted Steel Girder Cross Frame Web Stiffeners Lateral Wind Bracing

69 Weathering Steel Girder Precast Deck Panel Welded Girders Cross Frames

70 Rolled Beam Stringer Bolted Field Splice Steel Cover Plate

71 Steel Thru Girder Thru Girders

72 Steel Thru Girder Floor Beam Floor Beam Thru Girder

73 Thru Girder

74 Multipurpose Bridge

75 Basic Truss Top Chord (Compression) Diagonal Vertical Bottom Chord ( Tension)

76 Truss Members Portal Deck Floor Beam Stringers

77 Thru Truss Portal Portal Generally Lowest Point of Underclearance Generally the lowest point of underclearance

78 Truss Floor System Stringers Bottom Chord of Truss Diagonal Bracing Floor Beam

79 Gusset Plate Top Chord Top Chord Gusset Plate Lattice

80 Gusset Plate Bottom Chord

81 Gusset Plate Bottom Chord

82 Houston, We Have a Problem

83 The Iron Boot

84 Gusset Plate

85 Deck Truss

86 Timber Superstructures Sawn timber beam Glulam timber beam Covered Bridges

87 Sawn Timber Beams Cap Piles Cross Bracing

88 Timber Glulaminated Beam

89 Timber Glulaminated Beam

90 Covered Bridges

91 Bridge Decks Cast-in-Place Concrete Precast Concrete Timber Open Steel Grid Concrete Filled Steel Grid

92 Concrete Deck Cast-in-Place Concrete Deck

93 Delaminated Concrete Deck

94 Delamination Removal

95 Blocking Margin Failure Blocking Margin Look Here

96 Look Up See Any Cracks? Wearing Surface Slab Reinforcing Steel o o o o o o o Crack Blocking Crack Blocking Margin Steel Stringer

97 Precast Deck Panes Precast Deck Panel

98 Transverse Glulam Timber Decking Transverse Timber Decking Diaphragms Rolled Steel Beams Bridge Seat

99 Sawn Timber Deck

100 Open Steel Grid Decking Open Grid Decking Steel Plate Patches

101 Wearing Surfaces

102 Bridge Wearing Surfaces Integral Concrete Separate Concrete Bituminous and Waterproofing Membrane Timber Running Planks

103 Concrete Wearing Surfaces Provide smooth but noisy riding surface Protects the deck from chloride intrusion by being a sacrificial layer Will provide structural integrity to a deck that is in marginal condition Will last years depending on location and use Should be treated occasionally to extend life

104 Alligator Cracking

105 Deck Prepared for Concrete Wearing Surface

106 Vibratory Screed

107

108 Concrete Wearing Surface Maine Rail Bridge Connection (Michigan Shoe) Tine Marks

109 Two Placements One Placement xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Top Mat Reinforcing Steel xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Deck Thickness Separate Concrete Wearing Surface Integral Concrete Wearing Surface

110 Bituminous Wearing Surfaces Provide very smooth riding surface Are permeable so a membrane must be applied to the top of the deck Normally are installed at 3 inches Should be milled and filled 1½ inches after 15 years Should be replaced along with membrane after 30 years.

111 Bituminous Wearing Surface

112 Distressed Wearing Surface

113 Bridge Substructures Every bridge will have an abutment at each end Piers are intermediate supports

114 Abutments Mass concrete Full height cantilevered Integral Capped Stone Stub MSE Walls

115 Mass Abutment Backwall 3 1 Bridge Seat Batter Batter Breastwall Heel Footing Toe Footing May Be Pile Supported or be a Spread Footing

116 Mass Abutments

117 Undermined Pile Supported Abutment Steel Pile

118 Undermined Abutment w/ Exposed Timber Piles Timber Pile

119 Grout Bags and Grout Tube

120 Grouted Abutment

121 Cantilevered Abutment Backwall Bridge Seat Breastwall Heel Footing Toe Footing May Be Pile Supported or be a Spread Footing

122 Blocking Margin Integral Abutments

123 Integral Abutment

124 Integral Abutment Deck Steel Plate Steel Beam Rip Rap Steel Pile

125 Widened Stone Abutment Concrete Cap Mass Wings Weep Holes

126 Piers Solid shaft pier Column and cap Hammerhead pier Pile Bents

127 Mass Piers

128 Cracked Pier

129 Post Tensioned Rehabilitation The Doughnut

130

131 Concrete Column and Cap

132 Failed Joint Seal Above Southerly End

133 Pier Rehabilitation

134 Hammerhead Pier

135 Pile Bent Pier Circular Steel Pipe Piles Concrete Cap Plumb Pile Battered Pile

136 Jacketed H-Pile Pier Bent

137 Rehabilitated Jackets

138 Stone Piers Capped with Concrete

139 Substructure Undermining SCOUR More to Come

140 Bridge Washing

141

142 Plugged Drain

143

144 Spalled Concrete Southerly Face

145

146 Salt Brine 23.5% Chlorides Most Corrosive 4.5%

147 Steel Rusts!!!! Its our job to protect it!

148 Bearing Needing Your Help

149 Plated & Painted

150 Bridge Joints

151 Finger Joint

152 Misaligned Finger Joint Deck Side Backwall Side

153 Failed Compression Seal

154 Compression Seal Installation Wrestling the Anaconda

155 No Header on Deck Side

156 New Headers

157 Plow Damaged Bridge Rail Post Don t Do This!

158 I see a quarter! Vehicle Impact

159 Impact Damage

160 Cracked I-Beam

161 Beam Separated from Deck

162 Beam Sweep Impact Damage

163 Impact Damage Birds Mouth Grind to make smooth

164 Traffic Control Move the Vehicles Over to the Next Beam

165 Ready to Reach New Heights?