A Comparative Analysis of the Building Information Modeling Guides of Korea and Other Countries

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1 A Comparative Analysis of the Building Information Modeling Guides of Korea and Other Countries Kyungran Hwang, Ghang Lee 2 ) Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. asella@yonsei.ac.kr 2) Ph.D., Assoc. Prof., Department of Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. glee@yonsei.ac.kr Abstract: The aim of this study is to identify the future direction of Korean building information modeling (BIM) guides by comparing the Korean BIM guides with those of BIM-advanced countries. Although quite a few BIM guides are currently available in Korea, new and updated BIM guides are required to cope with the Korean government s plan to expand the scope of the BIM mandate from the public projects under 50 billion won to all public customized-service projects in 206. A customized-service project is a type of project that a public organization commissions the Public Procurement Service (PPS) to manage partially or fully from the planning phase to the maintenance phase. First, BIM guides the four major public BIM guides in Korea and 58 BIM guides from 0 countries worldwide were collected and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the Korean BIM guides still lack clauses regarding BIM workflows, information delivery guidelines, and contractual and intellectual property issues, and clear definitions on the level of development. The results also show that the Korean BIM guides mainly focus on BIM implementation during the design and construction phases, but place little emphasis on the facility management phase. On the other hand, the Korean BIM guides include details on how BIM models should be developed incrementally throughout the schematic design, design development, construction documentation, and construction phases. In addition, the Korean BIM guides clearly describe the minimum requirements for various cases relating to BIM data use, such as design review, 3D coordination, and cost estimation. Like many of the BIM guides in the Northern European countries, all Korean BIM guides recommend that BIM models be submitted in the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) format. This study will contribute as a basis for developing the direction of the next series of Korean BIM guides. Keywords: Building information modeling (BIM), BIM guides, BIM guide comparison. INTRODUCTION The South Korean Government has been promoted the use of building information modeling (BIM) to the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry to improve the design quality and constructability review of construction projects. Twenty-one pilot BIM projects have been undertaken, which were large-scale public construction projects over 50 billion won, since 2009 following the BIM road map (PPS, 200b). Starting in 206, the Korean government is planning to mandate all public customized-service construction projects (PPS, 205b). The customized-service indicates that the Public Procurement Service (PPS) deputizes other public organizations to manage all construction projects partially or fully with experts from the planning phase to the maintenance phase. Several BIM guides have been published and several BIM standards have been developed in Korea. However, they still need to be further developed to cope with the Korean government s movement. For example, a continuous debate on an appropriate BIM service fee arises because no clear guide exists for claiming a fee for various types BIM services. Another problem is that only a small amount of design BIM data can be reused during the construction phase. A guide to enhance the reusability of BIM data is also required. Moreover, the priority issues between 2D drawings and 3D BIM data, when differences exist between them, has caused sensitive legal issues. To find answers to these problems, a demand for improved BIM guides and standards has arisen in Korea. This study aims to suggest the directions of future BIM guide development by analyzing the current Korean BIM guides by comparing them with those of BIM-advanced countries. 2. RESEARCH METHOD First, previous studies are reviewed. Next, a total of 62 BIM guides 4 BIM guides published by Korean governmental organizations, and 58 by other 0 BIM-advanced countries are collected and reviewed. A template that has been developed by the buildingsmart International (bsi) P07 BIM guide group was adopted to review the BIM content (bsi, 205). The BIM guides from Korea and other countries are compared and the differences are analyzed. Then, an in-depth analysis on the differences is conducted including three countries the U.S.,

2 Finland, and Singapore where the BIM implementation has been mandated. Finally, the differences between the BIM guides of Korea and those of other countries are summarized. 3. LITERATURE REVIEW The existence of quality BIM guides is a driving factor for a nation to adopt BIM technology (Seo & Kim, 2009a). Yang & Jun (200) emphasized the importance of BIM guides in terms of eliminating errors and guiding in BIM modeling and reviewed Finland s BIM guide to understand the modeling requirements. Yun et al. (20) reviewed the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) BIM and checked its applicability to Korea. Seo & Kim (2009b) mentioned the absence of proper BIM guides is the main reason to slow the BIM implementation down in Korea. Then they reviewed the BIM guides from the U.S., Denmark, Finland, and Germany and suggested strategic directions for the BIM guides in Korea. The strategic directions include building cooperative systems to develop guides, establishing a relationship between the existing standards and new guides, contents of guides, and suitability for guides own goals as well as expanding them for the future. Porwal and Hewage (Porwal & Hewage, 203) suggested that a new technology implementation should be described in a contract for its active application (Porwal & Hewage, 203). Maradza et al. (Maradza et al., 203) claimed that the end users, such as contractors and designers in the BIM industry, should play key roles to generate standards. The existing studies have insisted on the importance of BIM guides and reviewed a few BIM guides from certain countries to incorporate them into Korea. However, no study has indicated the specific guidelines that our BIM guides should have in detail based on the overall review of the existing BIM guides around the world. 4. A COMPARITIVE ANALAYSIS OF THE BIM GUIDES OF KOREA AND OTHER COUNTRIES 4. An Overview of Korean BIM Guides The first guide for BIM implementation in Korea was issued by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MoLIT) in 200 in accordance with the national BIM roadmap to motivate its adoption. The other national organizations then began issuing subsequent BIM guides. Table introduces the four major BIM guides in Korea, and each BIM guide differs based on its goals. Beyond these four guides, quite a few BIM guides, developed by private companies, are available for their internal use, and more public BIM guides are under development by governmental organizations, including the Ministry of National Defense of South Korea. This study focuses on public BIM because private BIM guides are less authoritative and influential than public guides. Table. The BIM guides from Korea Institution Title Issue date Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and BIM Implementation Guide for Architecture V..0 0/200 Transport (MoLIT) Public Procurement Service (PPS) The PPS BIM Implementation Guide.3 0/205 Korea Land & Housing Corporation BIM-Implemented Design Guide for Collective 02/202 (LH) Housing.0 Korea Institute Construction Technology (KICT) Modeling Guidelines for BIM-based Facility Management.0 (MEP) 08/203 The MoLIT BIM guide includes requirements and procedures to adopt BIM in the construction industry for clients, architects, and construction firms (MoLIT, 200). It also suggests that the guide can be modified and updated by clients based on their variety of different needs for a given project. The guide mainly consists of three parts: planning, technical, and managerial guides. The planning guide includes content on the BIM execution plan and standards. The technical part explains the data format, software, and file management. The last part of the guide is the managerial guide, which shows how to manage BIM-assisted project, how to control the quality of BIM data, and suggests ways to submit BIM. The BIM guide by the PPS was published first in 200 to offer requirements and standards for BIM implementation in public building projects (PPS, 200a). The PPS has gained experience through trials and errors from BIMassisted projects for the last five years since the BIM roadmap was announced (PPS, 200b), and the PPS has actively tried to improve the BIM guide based on such experiences. The PPS has played a leading role in the development of BIM guides among public organizations and published three revised BIM guides in 202, 203, and 205, respectively (PPS, 202; PPS, 203; PPS, 205a). The latest PPS BIM guide published in 205 consists of two parts: ) the BIM project management guidelines for the PPS staff and 2) the BIM implementation guidelines. Many PPS staff members are still new to BIM, and the BIM project management guidelines are to help the PPS staff members reduce the learning curve and manage BIM-assisted construction project efficiently.

3 Both MoLIT and PPS BIM guides are national-level BIM guides, but have significant differences. The MoLIT guide includes high-level principles and strategies related to BIM projects, such as a clause on the mandate of BIM on public construction projects. On the other hand, the PPS guide includes specific guidelines on how BIM-assisted projects should be performed. The Korea Land and Housing Corporation (LH) is one of the representative public enterprises that performs land development, urban development, and housing supply. The first version of the LH BIM guide was published in 202 to introduce the minimum requirements and standards for BIM implementation in public housing projects through a project lifecycle (LH, 202). The LH BIM guide includes guidelines for BIM project ordering, project assessment, BIM design, data utilization, and project management for housing projects and land development. Finally, the Korea Institute Construction Technology (KICT) developed a BIM guide in 203. It includes guidelines for reusing the BIM data, generated during the design and construction phases, during the operation and maintenance phase for facility management (KICT, 203). The KICT BIM guide specifically focuses on the BIM data submittals required for the maintenance of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing elements. 4.2 An Overview of BIM Guides in Other Countries We reviewed 58 guides from 0 countries for the comparison of BIM guides from South Korea to suggest a basis for developing the direction of the next series of Korean guides. Table 2 shows a list of the 58 guides by country and continent. The U.S. published the largest number of BIM guides by far. Table 2. A list of BIM guides North America Europe Oceania Asia U.S. Canada 44 Australia New Zealand 2 Singapore Hong Kong U.K. Denmark Finland German Norway 2 2 Sum 45 Sum 7 Sum 3 Sum 3 2 The BIM guides introduced in Table 2 are from the buildingsmart BIM Guide Project (bsi, 205) and the Big Lists at Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (BIG, 202). The BIM Guide Project was initiated by the buildingsmart International (bsi) to collect and analyze the BIM guides worldwide. It aims to obtain an international framework of BIM guides. The Big Lists at Yonsei University has been providing a collection of useful BIM resources such as BIM survey reports, BIM guides, and BIM capability evaluation models since 202 (BIG, 202). The guides were published by various organizations, such as government organizations, associations, and universities. Figure shows the distribution of the BIM guides by publisher. The highest rate of BIM guides were published by governmental organizations, and the number of BIM guides by the governmental organizations was recorded as 36. Universities % Association Government organization Figure. A distribution of BIM guides by publisher type 4.3 Comparison of the Content of BIM Guides of Korea and Other Countries We first classified the 62 BIM guides according to the publisher type to compare the same level of guides, as all guides from Korea were only published by government organizations. The 40 guides at the national level were

4 collected and divided into two groups: 4 BIM guides from Korea and 36 from others. The BIM guide framework developed by the BIM Guide Project (bsi, 205) was deployed in the comparisons of two groups. The buildingsmart BIM guide project classifies a BIM guide into 5 categories: project definition, technical specifications, implementation processes, supporting tools, and legal issues. Each category has subcategories, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 illustrates the percentage of BIM guides that include a particular subject in each group. For example, if two BIM guides in South Korea include guidelines regarding project phases, the rate is 5 (2 4). The data collected from the buildingsmart BIM Guide Project relied on the respondents input Project definition & planning Technical specifications Implementation processes Supporti ng tools Legal aspects Project Phases BIM specification BIM roles Model element definition BIM maturity BIM functions and use cases Building/element classification systems Modeling definition and requirements File formats Model progression Level of detail Level of development IDM/Information exchanges Project scope and definition of deliverables BIM management planning Process maps and workflows IDM/Process map Collaboration procedures QA/QC protocols Handovers Software selection Hardware selection File storage security and exchange protocols Fee structure Contractual issues Procurement strategies Intellectual property Liability, risk and insurances 5 5 6% 5 6% 5 6% 56% 58% 44% 5 44% 56% 58% 47% % 0 BIM guides from South Korea BIM guides from other countries Figure 2. The percentage of the BIM guide items covered in BIM guides by two groups Table 3 recapitulates the frequently mentioned and less-mentioned subjects in Korean BIM guides based on the result of the comparison shown in Figure 2. Table 3. Frequently mentioned and less-mentioned subjects in Korean BIM guides Frequently mentioned subjects Less-mentioned subjects BIM specification Level of development (LOD) BIM functions and use cases Process and information exchange Modeling definition and file formats (information delivery manual, process maps) Modeling progression Contractual issues (priority and ownership of Software selection BIM models, BIM service fee) BIM maturity Procurement strategies All guides from Korea mention many subjects of technical specifications, BIM specifications, and software selection. The high percentage of technical specifications indicates which BIM data are required according to the project progress and what kinds of file formats are acceptable. The guides are also well-defined regarding how the BIM data are used and how they function in terms of the project definition. Finally, the guides do not specifically suggest using a certain brand of software, but they provide directions to select software that can be compatible with the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standards.

5 Contrarily, the Korean BIM guides offer little description regarding BIM implementation processes, the BIM data delivery methods, the level of development (LOD), the BIM maturity level, and legal aspects related to BIM implementation. The Korean BIM guides do not include descriptions on the LOD because South Korea uses the building information level (BIL) instead of the LOD and a separate document specifies the BIL. The next section describes an in-depth analysis of the abovementioned items with large gaps between the Korean BIM guides and the others. 5. AN IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS We reviewed the less-mentioned subjects according to Table 3 and additionally analyzed the BIM guides by focusing on items that are insufficiently defined in Korean BIM guides. The items in Table 4 indicate what that the Korean guides were lacking compared to the guides from other countries. Table 4. Insufficiently defined subjects in Korean BIM guides Insufficiently defined subjects LOD Process and information exchange Priority of BIM models Ownership of BIM models BIM service fee As mentioned above, the U.S., Finland, and Singapore were selected as representative among the 0 countries since the three countries have mandated the BIM implementation in their AEC industry. The BIM guides from these three countries were examined, and the four national-level BIM guides were selected (Table 5). Although the American Institute of Architects (AIA) is not a government organization, its BIM guides are practically accepted as a national-level BIM guide. Table 5. The list of countries participating in the bsi BIM project Nation Institution Title U.S. AIA AIA-E203, AIA-G20, AIA-G202 GSA GSA BIM Guide Series 0~ 08 Finland buildingsmart Finland Common BIM Requirements (COBIM) 202 Singapore Singapore Building and Construction Authority Singapore BIM Guide Version 2 The AIA published the Guide, Instructions, and Commentary to the 203 AIA Digital Practice Documents, which includes the guides about the BIM and digital data exhibit, the project digital data protocol form, and the project BIM protocol form. The guides are called the AIA Document E (AIA-E203, in short), the AIA Document G (AIA-G20), and the AIA Document G (AIA-G202), respectively. The GSA in the U.S. also issued the BIM guide series called the GSA BIM Guide Series 0 to 08 that provide the overall BIM modeling and implementation guides, such as 4D modeling, BIM-based energy performance analysis, BIM-based facility management, and so on. The Common BIM Requirements (COBIM) 202 was funded and published by the Senate Properties in Finland. It consists of 4 series, and 3 series are provided in English. The 3 series of the BIM requirements include guides for different fields, such as architectural, structural, MEP modeling, and BIM usage in construction, maintenance phases, and so on. The Singapore Building and Construction Authority published the Singapore BIM Guide Version.0 in 202, followed by the second version in 203. The guide intends to offer clear BIM requirements in each project phase. 5. LOD In Korea, the LOD is called the BIL. The latest version of the guide by the PPS (PPS, 205a) includes a section on the BIL and categorizes the levels of information into six from BIL0 to BIL60. It also includes examples of what information is required by each level. However, no detailed definition of element-specific data level for each phase is represented. Section 3.2 in the Singapore BIM Guide mentions that a BIM model should be created based on a project-specific LOD and provides information about the reference webpage for the LOD. However, it also lacks details on the specific LOD for elements the Korean BIM guides do.

6 Article 2 in the AIA-G202 from the U.S. classifies the LOD into five levels and also provides detailed descriptions of the five levels, such as the minimum requirements for model elements including the walls, roofs, and windows for the architectural elements of BIM model. The LOD specification, which was developed by the BIMForum (BIMForum, 205), is added as a reference. The COBIM has no comment about the LOD. 5.2 Process and Information Exchange The Korean BIM guides and COBIM do not emphasize the BIM work process and information exchange, such as process maps and IDM. Contrarily, article 3 in the AIA BIM guide stresses the importance of the BIM work process as a critical means to establish a mutual method to handle BIM models and to exchange BIM data between project participants. Moreover, the GSA BIM series also recommends IDMs as a way to define the information requirements for exchanging data among different parties. Section 4 in the Singapore BIM guide describes the provision of a process map for generating BIM models, design and model coordination, and the exchange of information. 5.3 Priority of BIM Models In many countries, including the U.S., the mixed use of 2D drawings and 3D BIM models is dominant in practice. South Korea is not an exception. Nevertheless, when 2D drawings and 3D BIM models mismatch, the priority between the two becomes critical because the problem may result in responsibility issues and legal disputes. In South Korea, 2D drawings have a high priority and 3D BIM models are not included in the priority list. Moreover, 2D drawings are a part of legal submittals and 3D BIM models are not. Nonetheless, in the latest Korean BIM guide (PPS, 205a), a small change has been made. It states that the BIM data may have a higher priority than 2D drawings during the design review. The previous Korean BIM guides stated that 2D drawings always have a higher priority than 3D BIM models. The Singapore BIM guide still prioritizes 2D drawings over BIM models, considering the current practice of using 2D drawings and the transitional period to adopt BIM. The U.S. BIM guides do not mention the priority issues between 2D and 3D design data. The issue is discussed outside the BIM guide and in AIA Document A503 (AIA, 2007). AIA Document A503 Section.2 recommends not establishing a fixed order of priority between contract documents, but it gives the highest priority to modifications and the agreement in the case of any conflict. Drawings have the lowest priority (seventh out of 8 categories). AIA-E203 describes the contractual obligation to share and rely upon the BIM data for parties in BIM-assisted projects. The COBIM of Finland describes that a design contract for a construction project includes the definition of BIM modeling requirements in Section of each series. Moreover, Section 3 of series describes that the BIM model acts as a project document for a client, and Section 8.4 of series 4 adds that the project s contract limitation enclosure is supported by BIM data. 5.4 Ownership of BIM Models Another legal issue regarding BIM is the ownership, copyright, or intellectual property (IP) of BIM data. Three out of the 4 Korean BIM guides (LH, 202; MoLIT, 200; PPS, 205a) mention the IP issue. They all insist that the owners have a right to utilize the BIM data: in Section.3 of the BIM ordering and assessment guide by the LH, in Section 4.4 by the MoLIT, and in Section 6.2 by the PPS. However, none of them clearly suggest who has ownership of the data, and the KICT BIM guide has no comment about this issue at all. The Singapore BIM guide states that the ownership of the BIM model belongs to the designer, even after the designer hands over the BIM model to a client in Section In the U.S., the AIA E203 Section 2. states that the copyright owner of digital data is the party that transmits the data (AIA, 203). Nevertheless, the overview section in the GSA BIM Guide series 0 states that the public building service (PBS) has the ownership of digital data, including BIM models. The COBIM states that the designer who wants to maintain ownership of the BIM data needs to let the project owner realize the IP issues in Section 4.3 Rights to the use of building information models. The designer should be the main actor in solving the problem when the IP issue occurs. However, the right to utilize the BIM data during the project execution is given to all project participants. 5.5 BIM Service Fee The latest Korea BIM guide by the PPS provides a template in attachment 7 to claim proper payment for BIM services to reimburse for expenses paid by architects. Since small- and medium-sized architectural firms are still

7 in the early phase of BIM adoption, many architects spend additional expenses on BIM hardware and software and staff training. In contrast, the Singapore BIM guide section 3.4 states that no extra money will be paid for BIM implementation because the study by the Building and Construction Authority of Singapore shows that the expense increased 5% in BIM projects during the design phase, but it decreased 5% during the construction phase. The U.S. and Finland BIM guides do not address BIM service fees. Similar to the findings by the Singapore government, Section.2 of GSA BIM Guide Series 0 explains that a larger budget for improving the design quality with BIM can reduce construction costs. 5.6 BIM Maturity & Procurement Strategies BIM maturity and procurement strategies have wide gaps in their percentages between the two groups, as shown in Figure 2. None of the Korean guides mention these two subjects, but more than 5 of the guides from other countries do. However we could not recognize what specific contents in the guides from other countries were represented for these two subjects. Further studies for these subjects are needed to develop the Korean BIM guides. 6. CONCLUSIONS This study aims to identify the future direction of Korean BIM guides by comparing them with those of BIMadvanced countries. The stable settlement of BIM technology is needed to prepare the Korean government s plan for BIM mandate all public construction starting in 206. Even though several BIM guides exist in Korea, many obstacles against adopting BIM have arisen, and all parties in the construction industry have struggled with BIM implementation. The BIM guides from Korea and other countries were compared to identify what the Korean guides are lacking. The guides in Korea focus more on the guidelines that are essential for adopting a new technology. Therefore, any technical guide and the modeling progression for each phase are well described. They also include detailed information on the purposes of BIM data. Nevertheless, the comparative analysis of the Korean BIM guides with those of BIM-advanced countries identified the following recommendations for future work. LOD: The BIL, equivalent to the LOD, has been added to the revised BIM guide by the PPS in Korea, but it still lacks clear guidelines and detailed examples. Process: The Korea BIM guides lack detailed guidelines for data exchange or BIM coordination processes. This issue was one of the most frequently identified critical drawbacks of the Korean BIM guides. Legal (priority and IP) issues of BIM models: Each guide provides slightly different guidelines for legal issues. Legal issues may be the most complex to reach agreement upon, but one universal principle is that it is better to resolve an issue by an agreement than by legal means. Fee: One of the BIM guides in Korea has proposed a template to request payment for increasing architecture expenses, such as the implementation of BIM hardware and software, training fees, and the hiring of qualified employees. However, none of the BIM guides from other countries (the U.S., Finland, and Singapore) offer a guide for such additional expenses. A U.S. BIM guide and a Singapore BIM guide comment that the larger the budget during the design phase, the greater the savings during the construction phase. The strong and weak points of the Korea BIM guides identified in this study will serve as a foundation for improving the current BIM guides. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by a grant (5-AUDP-C ) from the Architecture & Urban Development Research Program funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport of the Korean government. REFERENCES AIA. (2007). "AIA Document A503 (formerly A5) : Guide for Supplementary Conditions." American Institute of Architects. AIA. (203). "AIA Document E203: Building Information Modeling and Digital Data Exhibit." American Institute of Architects. BIG. (202). BIG Lists. Retrieved from the Building Informatics Group website: accessed on Dec. 8, 205.

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