There is No Magic Silver Bullet for Energy Efficiency in Building

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2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS MOST COST EFFECTIVE SOLUTION TO REDUCE CARBON EMISSION. Renewable Energy Cost Energy Efficiency Carbon Reduction The most important lesson you need to learn today. There is No Magic Silver Bullet for Energy Efficiency in Building 2

3 kwh/m2/year kwh/m2/year B0 C1 C3 C5 C7 C9 C11 C13 C15 C17 C19 C21 C23 C25 C27 C29 C31 C33 C35 C37 C39 C41 C43 C45 C47 C49 C51 Fan Energy Small Power Lighting Chiller Energy Fan Gain Lighting Gain Small Power Gain Solar Gain Ext Conduction Gain Ppl Gain Dehumid Ppl Latent Gain Dehumid Fresh Air Fresh Air Gain 12/17/ % 50% 40% Holistic Approach Required Block F Simulated BEI Potential % Accumulated Energy Reduction Results from Energy Efficiency Study for JKR Block F, Jalan Salahuddin, K.L. 30% 20% 10% 0% -10% B0 C1 C3 C5 C7 C9 C11 C13 C15 C17 C19 C21 C23 C25 C27 C29 C31 C33 C35 C37 C39 C41 C43 C45 C47 C49 C51 The 8 Steps Approach Energy Index 8 Energy Management! worst base mewc Chiller Energy Breakdown

4 1 st Law of Thermodynamic Energy can be change from one form into another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. 4

5 Question Watt fluorescent lamp. Conversion efficiency is 20%. How much heat is produced in the room by the lamp? A. 20 watt B. 80 watt C. 100 watt D. None of the above Question 2. In your house, the ceiling fan consumes 100 watt electricity when it is running. The motor have a conversion efficiency of 50% How much heat is produced in the room by the fan? A. 200 watt B. 50 watt C. 100 watt D. 0 watt because a ceiling fan cools a room, does not heat it. 5

6 1 st Law of Thermodynamics Energy In = Energy Out Has never been proven wrong in any case or situation! As a reasonably logical, sane person we have to place our trust in this law. Basic Air Properties 6

7 Dry Bulb Temperature & Wet Bulb Temperature Relative Humidity & Moisture Content Air at High Temperature can store more water (moisture) than Air at Low Temperature. 7

8 Heat Sensible Heat 2 Types of Heat Latent Heat 8

9 Basic Heat Transfer Convection Conduction Evaporation Radiation Thermal Comfort 9

10 Operative Temperature Operative Temperature = Average of Dry Bulb Air Temperature and Mean Radiant Temperature Recommended < 25 C Air Temperatu re ( C) Mean Radiant Temperatur e ( C) Operative Temperatu re ( C) Thermal Comfort Fanger s Comfort Model Fanger s Comfort Model (ISO 7730) Air Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature Humidity Air Flow Rate Clothing Type of Work Doing Recm d Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) < 10%, ISO 7730 < 20%, Ashrae 55 10

11 Fanger s PPD Naturally Ventilated Space (Daytime) Air T = 29 C M Radiant T = 29 C Humidty = 65% Air Vel = 0.5 m/s Activity = Typing Clothing = Light Office Wear PPD = 28% Slightly warm Air T = 29 C M Radiant T = 29 C Humidty = 65% Air Vel = 0.35 m/s Activity = Typing Clothing = Shorts & Singlets PPD = 9% Neutral Fanger s PPD Air Conditioned Space Air T = 24 C M Radiant T = 28 C Humidty = 50% Air Vel = 0.1 m/s Activity = Typing Clothing = Light Office Wear PPD = 7% Neutral Air T = 27 C M Radiant T = 25 C Humidty = 50% Air Vel = 0.1 m/s Activity = Typing Clothing = Light Office Wear PPD = 8% Neutral 11

12 Thermal Comfort in Office Spaces? Thermal Comfort 12

13 Adaptive Thermal Comfort End of Chapter 1 13

14 Source of Weather Data Based on 21 years (1975 to 1995) of weather data from the Malaysian Meteorological Station in Subang, Klang Valley, Selangor. Developed in University Teknologi Malaysia (UiTM) under DANCED (Danish International Assistant) project for Energy Simulations for Buildings in Malaysia. 14

15 Global Positioning Locations Latitude ( N) Longitude ( E) Solar Noon 1. Kuala Lumpur 13: (Subang) 2. Penang :16 3. Johor Bharu :02 4. Kota Bharu :08 5. Kuching :36 6. Kota Kinabalu :13 SunPath 15

16 Degree Celcius Degree Celcius 12:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 12/17/2012 Dry Bulb Temperature Average Minimum Maximum Natural Ventilation Potential Wet BulbTemperature Average Minimum Maximum Evaporative Cooling Potential. 16

17 percentage (%) g/kg 12:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 12:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 12:00:00 AM 12/17/2012 Moisture Content 24 Average Minimum Maximum Condensate Water Recovery Potential. Relative Humidity Average Minimum Maximum Indicates how well evaporative cooling will work. 17

18 % of Hours in a Year Degree Celcius 12:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 12/17/2012 Dew Point Temperature 29 Average Minimum Maximum Condensation Potential. 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Dew Point Temperature 41.0% 22.7% 22.5% 7.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 1.9% 4.0% 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% Condensation Potential. Dew Point Temperature (degree Celcius) 18

19 watt/m2 12:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 12/17/2012 Solar Radiation Global Horizontal Radiation 1200 Average Minimum Maximum Varies a lot day to day. 19

20 watt/m2 12:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 12/17/ Average Daily Radiation Global Direct Diffuse More direct radiation in the morning. More diffuse radiation in the afternoon. Indicates the effectiveness of solar shading devices. Cloud Cover 20

21 Oktas 12:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 12/17/2012 Cloud Cover Average Minimum Maximum Very Cloudy Skies. Cloudy Skies are brighter than Clear Blue Skies. Potential for daylight harvesting from cloud diffused light is very high. Night Sky 21

22 Degree Celcius 12:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 12/17/2012 Effective Sky Temperature 30 Average Minimum Maximum Colder effective sky temperature allowed it to absorb heat from objects on the ground. Ground Temperature Computed from the TRY using Kasuda s equation at 1 meter depth Kasuda, T., and Archenbach, P.R Constant 26.9 C In Open system: High moisture risk 26.9 C 22

23 meter/second 12:00:00 AM 3:00:00 AM 6:00:00 AM 9:00:00 AM 12:00:00 PM 3:00:00 PM 6:00:00 PM 9:00:00 PM 12:00:00 AM 12/17/ Wind Speed Average Minimum Maximum Wind is blowing when the air temperature is hot. Hours of Wind Direction in TRY North 1200 West North-West North-East East South-West South-East South All Temperature < 29 deg 23

24 Air Temperature < 29 C Air Temperature < 29 C 24

25 End of Chapter 2 25

26 Most Efficient Building Form? Methodology Not as straight forward as it seems 26

27 Building Model No Descriptions Floor Area Units Ventilation Concept 1 Office Floor Area 1650 m2/floor AC 2 Lift Lobby/Walkway 170 m2/floor AC 3 3 no AHU rooms 100 m2/floor AC 4 4 no lift shafts 165 m2/floor NV NV if located with external 5 Pantry 22 m2/floor façade. AC otherwise. 6 2 fire staircases 72 m2/floor NV NV if located with external 7 Toilets 80 m2/floor façade. 10 ach otherwise. Total Area per Floor 2259 m2/floor No of Floors 17 floors Total Building GFA 38,403 m2 Daylight Harvesting Assumed For all spaces that can benefit from daylight: Part or all the electrical lights will be switched off when daylight is available. Offices: daylight up to 4 meter depth from façade Toilet, Pantry: 50% space daylight. Staircase: 100% space daylight. 27

28 Internal Toilet requires Mechanical Ventilation Toilet located away from building façade requires a mechanical ventilation system to provide 10 air-changes per hour. Building Form, Core Location and Orientation BEI (kwh/m2/year) % Increase % % 6.7% 7.2% 7.0% 6.0% % B E I % 1.1% 1.4% 1.6% 1.6% 2.2% 2.4% 3.1% 3.5% 3.5% 3.6% 3.8% 4.2% 4.8% 4.8% 4.9% 5.0% 4.0% 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% I n c r e a s e C4 C6 C3 C5 C7 C11 C13 C18 C12 C15 C16 C0 C17 C9 C10 C14 C1 C8 C2-1.0% 28

29 Ratio BEI/View Out (degree) % Reduction 12/17/2012 Ratio of BEI/View Out Ratio of BEI/View Out % Increase C0 C1 C2 C7 C9 C10 C8 C4 C6 C3 C5 C11 C13 C18 C12 C15 C16 C17 C14 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% End of Chapter 3 29

30 Daylight space when done right is much nicer environment than electrical light space. 30

31 Efficacy lm/watt 12/17/2012 Daylight is Cool & Free 280 Luminous Efficacy HPS & LPS = Conventional Street Lights Today Useful Daylight Dr. John Mardaljevic recommended Useful Daylight as 100 lux to 2,000 lux Direct Sunlight > 100,000 lux 31

32 Daylight Factor 32

33 Daylight Availability, 300 lux 100% % of Hours > 300 lux Level (Diffuse Light Only) 80% 60% 40% 20% 8-18 hours 9-17 hours 0% Daylight Factor (%) Daylight Availability, 2000 lux 100% % of Hours > 2,000 lux Level (Diffuse Light Only) 80% 60% 40% 20% 8-18 hours 9-17 hours 0% Daylight Factor (%) 33

34 Key Principles of Daylight Harvesting 1. Solar Heat Gain Minimization 2. Glare Prevention 3. Deep Penetration Of Daylight 4. Uniform Daylight Distribution 5. Electrical Light Response To Daylight Harvested 6. Interior Design Colour SOLAR HEAT GAIN MINIMISATION Rule 1 Avoid Direct Sunlight Too much light, too much heat Rule 2 Make use of Glazing Technologies, External Blinds, and Internal Blinds. Chapter 5 & 6. 34

35 Glare Prevention Maximum 10% view of the sky. 0% of Direct Sunlight. No Glare! Deep Penetration of Daylight 35

36 Uniform Daylight Distribution Descriptions Between task and adjacent surroundings Max. Brightness Contrast Ratio 3 Daylight Responsive Lighting Lighting Zone 1 Lighting Zone 2 Task light (example) Lighting Control Automatic off (light sensor and/or occupancy sensor) Manual on (people press the wall switch) Use task light (table lamp) 36

37 Electrical Lights & Daylight Interior Design Dark Coloured Interior absorb daylight. 37

38 Design Tools Manuals Tables and Charts BRE Daylight Factor Protractors Computer Simulation Dialux, Relux, etc. Radiance Classic Daylight Harvesting 38

39 Malaysia Green Technology Center, Bangi, Kuala Lumpur National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in Golden, Colorado 39

40 Right Sizing Windows Area on Facade Provide glazing area adequate for uniform daylight harvesting. More glazing area will provide more heat gain than energy saved through daylight harvesting. Façade Daylight Harvesting No Glare! 40

41 Daylight Factor of 1% with Horizontal Blinds Full Height Window 41

42 < 1 m ~ 0.6 m No Glare! ~ 1.5 m No Glare! Daylight Factor with and without Furniture 42

43 Roof lights Skylight. Not suitable for office space. Acceptable for public space. Saw Tooth Roof Light. Diffuse light only. Acceptable for office space. Acceptable for public space. Roof Monitor. Diffuse light only. Acceptable for office space. Acceptable for public space. Recommended Daylight Factor Atrium Space. 1% to 6%. 1% is equivalent brightness to an office space. 6%, where 50% of the daytime hours, the lux level is above 2,000 from diffuse daylight. 4% where 0% of the hours, the lux level is above 2,000 from diffuse daylight. 43

44 Skylight Design Low-Rise Atrium: 2 Story height (8 m) Large Roof (16m x 16m): 5% skylight = 4% DF ave. 10% skylight > 10%. DF ave. Small Roof (8m x 8m): 5% skylight = 2% DF ave. 20% skylight = 6% DF ave. 44

45 Medium-Rise Atrium: 5 floors (20 m) Large Roof (16m x 16m): 5% skylight = 1% DF ave. 20% skylight = 3.5% DF ave. Small Roof (8m x 8m): 20% skylight = < 1% DF. High-Rise Atrium: 10 floors (40m) Large Roof (16m x 16m) 40% Skylight = 1% DF ave. 45

46 End of Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Glazing Properties 46

47 Solar Spectrum UV Glazing Terminologies Visible Light Transmission (VLT) Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) or g-value Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG) U-value (W/m²K) Low-Emissivity 47

48 Visible Light Transmission (VLT) % of Light Transmitted Through Glazing Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) Total amount of solar heat that passes through the glazing. 48

49 Light to Solar Gain Ratio (LSG) Light to Solar Gain Ratio Higher Value = More Light, Less Heat Lower Value = Less Light, More Heat U-value (W/m²K) A measure of conduction heat gain through the glazing unit. 49

50 Low-Emissivity (Low-E) Low Radiation Heat Transfer 3 Types of Low-E High solar gain Low-E Low solar gain Low-E (Solar IR absorbing) Low solar gain Low-E (Solar IR reflecting) 50

51 Single Glazing Low-E Hard-Coat metallic oxides. Acceptable to be exposed to internal space. Double Glazing Low-E Soft-Coat metallic oxides Requires protection. 51

52 Glazing Selection for Tropical Climate 1. Choose the VLT requirement for your building. 2. Set the LSG values Tinted: 0.5 ~ 0.85 Low-E Single Glazing: 1.05 ~ 1.25 Low-E Double Glazing: 1.10 ~ 2.05 Financial Estimates Reducing Window Areas Orientation Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Reduction (kwh/m2 of glazing area reduced) North South East West *RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Reduction (RM/m2 of glazing area reduced) **Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area Reduction (W/m2 of glazing area reduced) Table : Energy and Peak Load Impact of Reducing Glazing Area *A simplified energy tariff of RM 0.35 per kwh is used. ** Only applicable for buildings with glazing area distributed evenly on all orientation. 52

53 Example Calculation Base Design, East Façade, Glazing Area: 2,000 m² Revised Design, East Façade, Glazing Area: 1,700 m² Calculations: East Façade Glazing Area Reduction: 2,000 m² - 1,700 m² = 300 m² From Table , East Façade: Energy Reduction: kwh/m² of glazing reduction. Energy Saved per year due to Reduction of Glazing Area on the East Façade: 300 m² x kwh/m² = 40,833 kwh/year, Saving of RM 14, per year. Financial Estimates Reducing SHGC Orientation Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Per SHGC Reduction (kwh/m2.shgc of glazing area) *RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Reduction Per SHGC Reduction (RM/m2.shgc of glazing area reduced) **Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area Per SHGC Reduction (W/m2.shgc of glazing area ) North South East West Table : Energy and Peak Load Impact of Reducing SHGC *A simplified energy tariff of RM 0.35 per kwh is used. ** Only applicable for buildings with glazing area distributed evenly on all orientation. 53

54 Example Calculation Base Design, East Façade, Glazing Area: 1,200 m², SHGC: 0.75 Revised Design, East Façade, Glazing Area: 1,200 m² SHGC: 0.42 Calculations: East Façade Glazing SHGC Reduction: = 0.33 Energy Reduction Table : kwh/m².shgc Energy Reduction per Year: kwh/m².shgc x 0.33 x 1,200 m² = 59,455 kwh/year Providing a saving of RM 20,809.40/year Total Additional Cost (RM): RM 50/m² x 1,200 m² = RM 60,000 Simple Payback = RM 60,000 / RM 20, = 2.9 years. Financial Estimates Reducing U-Value Orientation Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Per U-value Reduction (kwh/m2.u-value reduction) *RM Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Reduction Per SHGC Reduction (RM/m2.u-value reduction) **Peak Cooling Load Reduction Per Glazing Area Per U- value Reduction (W/m2.u-value reduction) Average of All Orientation

55 Financial Estimate Using OTTV Where, ER OTTV 1 OTTV 2 A w H ac SCOP is the energy reduction per year (kwh/year) is the computed OTTV based on option 1 (W/m²) is the computed OTTV based on option 2 (W/m²) is the area of walls (inclusive of glazing areas) (m²) is the Hours of air-conditioning per year (approximately 2700 hours) is the Air-Conditioning System Coefficient of Performance Recommendation: 2.8 for Split Unit AC, 4.0 for Central Plant or Check with your HVAC engineer. End of Chapter 5 55

56 External and Internal Shadings 56

57 Solar Heat Reduction Cases SHGC ext shades SHGC int shades SHGC Computed % SHGC Descriptions glazing SHGC total reduction 1 Poorly designed façade % 2 Only 1 item done well % 3 Only 1 item done well % 4 Two (2) items done moderately well % 5 All 3 items done moderately well % 6 All 3 items done well % kwh/m2 Savings Horizontal Shades R1 Ratio H.North H.South H.East H.West Horizontal Shading (Section View) HP Z Where, HP = Horizontal Projection (m) Z = Window Height (m) 57

58 kwh/m2 Savings Vertical Shades R2 Ratio V.North V.South V.East V.West Where, VP = Vertical Projection (m) L = Window Width (m) Glazing & Internal Blinds White Blind Black Blind Which one Reduces Air-Conditioning Load for the Building? 58

59 Science of Internal Blinds Glazing Dependent SHCG internal blind Ashrea ID Descriptions VLT SHGC glazing White Opaque Dark Opaque Reflective White Translucent SHGC Reflective White Translucent + Glazing 1b Clear 88% d Bronze 54% f Green 76% h Grey 46%

60 Solar Protection Blinds Works! But be aware that SGHC is always provided for Clear Glazing! Financial Estimation Preferen ce Orientation Energy Reduction (per year) Per Glazing Area Per SHGC Reduction (kwh/m2.shgc of glazing area) % Improvement Compared to South Orientation 1 East % 2 West % 3 North % 4 South % 60

61 End of Chapter 6 61

62 Cases Table Descriptions Annual Energy Reduction Ashrae U- value (W/m²K) Wall Simplified Energy Index (kwh/year of m² of wall area) High Base Mid Base Low Base Load Load Load 1 Steel Sheet, 10mm Concrete Wall, 100mm Brick Wall, 115mm Brick Wall, 220mm Double Brick Wall with 50mm cavity, 300mm Autoclave Lightweight Concrete, 100mm Autoclave Lightweight Concrete, 150mm Autoclave Lightweight Concrete, 200mm Steel/Aluminum Composite Wall with 75mm Insulation Financial Estimates Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: High base load, Table mm Concreted Wall: kwh/year/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: kwh/year/m² of wall area Energy reduction per wall area: = kwh/year/m² Energy Saved = x 15,000 = 140,265 kwh/year saved. Assuming Energy Tariff of RM 0.35 per kwh: Energy Saved Per Year = 140,265 kwh/year x 0.35 RM/kWh = RM 49,093 /year saved. 62

63 Financial Estimates Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: Medium base load, Table mm Concreted Wall: kwh/year/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: kwh/year/m² of wall area Energy reduction per wall area: = kwh/year/m² Energy Saved = x 15,000 = 154,620 kwh/year saved. Assuming Energy Tariff of RM 0.35 per kwh: Energy Saved Per Year = 154,620 kwh/year x 0.35 RM/kWh = RM 54,117/year saved. Financial Estimates Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: Low base load, Table mm Concreted Wall: kwh/year/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: kwh/year/m² of wall area Energy reduction per wall area: = kwh/year/m² Energy Saved = x 15,000 = 174,045 kwh/year saved. Assuming Energy Tariff of RM 0.35 per kwh: Energy Saved Per Year = 174,045 kwh/year x 0.35 RM/kWh = RM 60,916/year saved. 63

64 Peak Cooling Load Reduction Cases Peak Cooling Load Index Table ton/m² Descriptions kwcooling/m² wall wall 1 Steel Sheet, 10mm Concrete Wall, 100mm Brick Wall, 115mm Brick Wall, 220mm Double Brick Wall with 50mm cavity, 300mm Autoclave Lightweight Concrete, 100mm Autoclave Lightweight Concrete, 150mm Autoclave Lightweight Concrete, 200mm Steel/Aluminum Composite Wall with 75mm Insulation Financial Estimates Building Wall Area: 15,000 m². Base Wall: 100mm Concreted Wall; U-value of 3.4 W/m²K Proposed Wall: 150mm ALC; U-value of 0.94 W/m²K Calculations: Assumption: Low base load, Table mm Concreted Wall: ton/m² of wall area 150mm ALC: ton/m² of wall area Peak Load reduction per wall area: = ton/m² Peak Load Saved = x 15,000 = 117 ton. Assuming AC cost of RM 3,000 per ton: Energy Saved Per Year = 117 ton x 3,000 RM/ton = RM 351,000 /year saved. 64

65 End of Chapter 7 65

66 Flat Roof Insulation AC Hours 8am to 5:30 pm Building Energy kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area) Cases Flat Roof Descriptions 1 Base Flat Roof Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation

67 AC Hours 24 Hours Daily Building Energy kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area) Cases Flat Roof Descriptions 1 Base Flat Roof Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation AC Hours 2pm to 10pm Daily Building Energy kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area) Cases Flat Roof Descriptions 1 Base Flat Roof Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation

68 AC Hours 10pm to 6am Daily Building Energy kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area) Cases Flat Roof Descriptions 1 Base Flat Roof Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation Pitch Roof Insulation with Plasterboard Ceiling 68

69 AC Hours 8am to 5:30 pm Cases Building Energy kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area) Pitch Roof with Plasterboard Ceiling Descriptions 1 Base Pitch Roof Pitch Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation AC Hours 24 Hours Daily Cases Building Energy kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area) Pitch Roof with Plasterboard Ceiling Descriptions 1 Base Pitch Roof Pitch Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation

70 AC Hours 2pm to 10pm Daily Cases Building Energy kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area) Pitch Roof with Plasterboard Ceiling Descriptions 1 Base Pitch Roof Pitch Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation Pitch Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation AC Hours 10pm to 6am Daily Cases Building Energy kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area) Pitch Roof with Plasterboard Ceiling Descriptions 1 Base Pitch Roof Pitch Flat Roof with 25mm Insulation (2.22) (0.78) (11.66) 3 Pitch Flat Roof with 50mm Insulation (2.95) (1.03) (15.48) 4 Pitch Flat Roof with 75mm Insulation (3.16) (1.11) (16.61) 5 Pitch Flat Roof with 100mm Insulation (3.30) (1.15) (17.32) 6 Pitch Flat Roof with 200mm Insulation (3.63) (1.27) (19.04) 7 Pitch Flat Roof with 300mm Insulation (3.85) (1.35) (20.22) 8 Pitch Flat Roof with 400mm Insulation (3.95) (1.38) (20.75) 9 Pitch Flat Roof with 500mm Insulation (3.94) (1.38) (20.67) 70

71 Pitch Roof Insulation with Concrete Ceiling AC Hours 8am to 5:30 pm Building Energy Cases Pitch Roof with Concrete Ceiling Descriptions kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year 1 Base Pitch Roof with concrete slab Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 25mm Insulation 3 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 50mm Insulation 4 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 75mm Insulation 5 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 100mm Insulation 6 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 200mm Insulation 7 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 300mm Insulation 8 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 400mm Insulation 9 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 500mm Insulation RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area)

72 AC Hours 24 Hours Daily Building Energy Cases Pitch Roof with Concrete Ceiling Descriptions kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year 1 Base Pitch Roof with concrete slab Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 25mm Insulation 3 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 50mm Insulation 4 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &75mm Insulation 5 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &100mm Insulation 6 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 200mm Insulation 7 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &300mm Insulation 8 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 400mm Insulation 9 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 500mm Insulation RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area) AC Hours 2pm to 10pm Daily Building Energy Cases Pitch Roof with Concrete Ceiling Descriptions kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year 1 Base Pitch Roof with concrete slab Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 25mm Insulation 3 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 50mm Insulation 4 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &75mm Insulation 5 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &100mm Insulation 6 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 200mm Insulation 7 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &300mm Insulation 8 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 400mm Insulation 9 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 500mm Insulation RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area)

73 AC Hours 10pm to 6am Daily Building Energy Cases Pitch Roof with Concrete Ceiling Descriptions kwh/m² of roof area per year kwh/m² reduction per year 1 Base Pitch Roof with concrete slab Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 25mm Insulation 3 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 50mm Insulation 4 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &75mm Insulation 5 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &100mm Insulation 6 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 200mm Insulation 7 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab &300mm Insulation 8 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 400mm Insulation 9 Pitch Flat Roof with concrete slab & 500mm Insulation RM/m² reduction per year Budget for Insulation with 15 years Payback (RM/m² of roof area) Summary AC Hours: Office 73

74 Summary AC 24 Hours Daily Summary AC 2pm to 10pm Daily 74

75 Summary AC 10pm to 6am Daily End of Chapter 8 75

76 Atrium Model Tested 76

77 Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) 12/17/2012 Base Case Air-Conditioned Ground Floor Permanently Closed Atrium Space Mon Tue Wed Thu Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar AC Ground Floor Energy = Base Comfort Hours = 100% Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (base_closedacbtm_door.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt) Case 1 Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor. Permanently Open Top and Bottom Mon Tue Wed Thu Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar Energy reduced 1.0% Comfort Hours: 48% Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c1_opentopbtm.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt) 77

78 Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) 12/17/2012 Case 2 Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor. Permanently Closed Top and Bottom Mon Tue Wed Thu Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar Energy reduced 2.3% Comfort Hours: 38% Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c2_closedtopbtm.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt) Case 3 Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor. Permanently Closed at Bottom. Permanently Open at Top Mon Tue Wed Thu Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar Energy reduced 2.3% Comfort Hours: 40% Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c3_closebtm_opentop.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt) 78

79 Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) 12/17/2012 Case 4 Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor. Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top. Temp Mon Tue Wed Thu Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar Energy reduced 3.3% Comfort Hours: 66% Temp Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c4_autobtmtop.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt) Case 5 Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor. Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top. (7am to 4pm) Time Mon Tue Wed Thu Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar Energy reduced 3.0% Comfort Hours: 64% Time Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c5_timebtmtop.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt) 79

80 Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) 12/17/2012 Case 6 Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor. Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom Permanently Open Top Mon Tue Wed Thu Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar Energy reduced 3.0% Comfort Hours: 64% Time Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c6_timebtm_opentop.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt) Case 7 Naturally Ventilated Ground Floor. Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom Permanently Open Top Mon Tue Wed Thu Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar Energy reduced 3.3% Comfort Hours: 66% Temp Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c7_autobtm_opentop.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt) 80

81 Temperature ( C) Temperature ( C) 12/17/2012 Case 8 Air-Conditioned Ground Floor. Atrium Permanently Open at the Top. Atrium Permanently Closed at the Bottom Mon Tue Wed Thu Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c8_ac_opentop.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt) AC Ground Floor Energy increased 0.9% Comfort Hours: 100% Higher Infiltration when doors open at Ground Level Case 9 Air-Conditioned Ground Floor. Atrium Temperature Controlled at the Top. Permanently Closed at the Bottom. Temp Mon Tue Wed Thu Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar Dry resultant temperature: Offices 0 (c9_ac_autotop.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt) AC Ground Floor Energy increased 0.4% Comfort Hours: 100% Higher Infiltration when doors open at Ground Level 81

82 Temperature ( C) 12/17/2012 Case 10 Air-Conditioned Ground Floor. Atrium Temperature Controlled at both Top and Bottom. Temp Mon Tue Wed Thu Date: Mon 06/Mar to Wed 08/Mar AC Ground Floor Energy reduced 0.6% Comfort Hours: 100% Temp Dry resultant temperature: Atrium 0 (c11_ac_nvnite.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: SubangTRY.fwt (SubangTRY.fwt) Cases Base: Air-Conditioned Ground Floor. Atrium Permanently Closed at Bottom and Top Case 1: Natural Ventilation. Atrium Permanently Open at Bottom and Top Case 2: Natural Ventilation. Permanently Closed at Bottom and Top Case 3: Natural Ventilation. Permanently Closed at Bottom and Open at Top. Case 4: Natural Ventilation. Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top. Case 5: Natural Ventilation. Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Top. Case 6: Natural Ventilation. Time Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Permanently Open Top. Case 7: Natural Ventilation. Temperature Controlled Ventilation at Bottom and Permanently Open Top. Case 8: Air-Conditioned Ground Floor. Atrium Permanently Open at the Top. Case 9: Air-Conditioned Ground Floor. Atrium Temperature Controlled at the Top Case 10: Air-Conditioned Ground Floor. Atrium Temperature Controlled at both Top and Bottom. Total Building Energy Saved (%) Comfort Hours/Year at Atrium Floor Level, (8am to 6pm, Mon-Fri) Comfort Hours/Year (%) 0.0% 2, % 1.0% 1,235 48% 2.3% % 2.3% 1,040 40% 3.3% 1,713 66% 3.0% 1,666 64% 3.0% 1,669 64% 3.3% 1,713 66% -0.9% 2, % -0.4% 2, % 0.6% 2, % 82

83 Summary If comfort is utmost important. Air Conditioned Base Scenario, or Case 10 where the atrium is ventilated at night 0.4% energy reduction. If energy efficiency is utmost important. Keep the top permanently open for ventilation. Keep the bottom closed from hours of 7am to 4pm. Open the bottom for night cooling from 4pm to 7am. 3 to 3.3% energy reduction Comfort achieved at best is 66% of the working hours. End of Chapter 9 83

84 Zoning Server Room/ 24 hours Air-Conditioned Room 84

85 Placed with external Façade and Window Placed away from external Façade and Window 85

86 Key Results Energy Increase % Due to Locating Server Room on the Side instead of Center of the building 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Server Room Percentage of Total Floor Area ServerRoom WWR 70% ServerRoom WWR 15% Server Room Locations 86

87 Daylight Harvesting Potential Largest Server Room Results Annual Energy Consumption Server at Center, Base WWR 70% ServerRoom WWR 70% Differences (MWh) % Differences Impact Server at Center, Base WWR 70% ServerRoom WWR 15% Differences (MWh) % Differences Impact Solar heat gain (MWh) Conducti on heat gain (MWh) Infiltration heat gain (MWh) Lighting heat gain (MWh) Cooling Load Equipme nt heat gain (MWh) Infiltration People heat gain lat gain (MWh) (MWh) People latent gain (MWh) Total Cooling Load (MWh) Total Cooling System Energy (MWh) Energy Consumption Total Total Equipme Lighting nt Energy Energy (MWh) (MWh) Total Building Energy (MWh) % -39.4% -3.2% 10.5% 0.0% 0.0% -1.1% 0.0% 2.1% 4.1% 0.0% 10.5% 2.0% 0.5% 1.3% 0.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% -0.1% 0.0% 2.1% 1.5% 0.0% 0.5% 2.0% % -76.1% -6.6% 10.5% 0.0% 0.0% -3.2% 0.0% -1.2% 0.1% 0.0% 10.5% 0.6% -3.8% 2.5% -0.1% 0.5% 0.0% 0.0% -0.3% 0.0% -1.2% 0.05% 0.0% 0.5% 0.6% 87

88 Infiltration in Building Sources of Air Leakages 88

89 This Study Focused on 3 Items Only Open Door Open Windows Cracks/Leakages around Window Frame Descriptions Base, Worst Case Scenario, Entrance Door 100% Open, 1.6% of Windows Open C1, Entrance Door 50% Open, 1.6% of Windows Open C2, Entrance Door 10% Open, 1.6% of Windows Open C3, Entrance Door 10% Open, 0.8% of Windows Open C4, No Windows Open, Crack Flow Coefficient of 1.1 C5, Crack Flow Coefficient of 0.74 C6, Crack Flow Coefficient of 0.39 C7, Crack Flow Coefficient of 0.13 C8, Crack Flow Coefficient of Summary Results BEI (kwh/m²/ % Reduction year) % Reduction per Step RM Saved/Year /Step Max Infiltration (ACH) Mean Infiltration (ACH) % 0.0% % 0.1% 2, % 0.1% 2, % 5.0% 119, % 4.3% 101, % 0.8% 18, % 0.8% 18, % 0.7% 16, % 0.2% 4,

90 Table : Crack Flow Coefficients (l s -1 m -1 Pa -0.6 ) [1] Descriptions Lower Quartile Median Higher Quartile Windows (Weatherstripped) Hinged Sliding Windows (Non-weatherstripped) Hinged Sliding [1] An Analysis and Data Summary of the AIVC s Numerical Database. Technical Note AIVC 44, March Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre. Sealing Windows Cases (l s -1 m -1 Pa -0.6 ) RM/m saved per year per step C5, Crack Flow Coefficient of 1.1 down to C6, Crack Flow Coefficient of 0.74 down to C7, Crack Flow Coefficient of 0.39 down to C8, Crack Flow Coefficient of 0.13 down to Total years payback Budget (RM/m run of window perimeter) 90

91 End of Chapter 10 91

92 EE Interior Design Influence Daylight Harvesting Rooms or spaces that rarely require lighting should be located away from daylight spaces Glare prevention should be given a priority to ensure that daylight can be harvested comfortably Private office rooms For higher ranking staff. Normally located on the façade where daylight is harvested. Up to 50% of time, empty because attending meetings elsewhere. Building Model No Descriptions Floor Area Units 1 Office Floor Area 1650 m2/floor 2 Lift Lobby/Walkway 170 m2/floor 3 3 no AHU rooms 100 m2/floor 4 4 no lift shafts 165 m2/floor 5 Pantry 22 m2/floor 6 2 fire staircases 72 m2/floor 7 Toilets 80 m2/floor Total Area per Floor 2259 m2/floor No of Floors 17 floors Total Building GFA 38,403 m2 92

93 Percentage of Total Energy Savings 12/17/2012 Office Rooms Location Interior Interior Exterior Option A Exterior Option B Energy Saved per m 2 of Private Office Shifted away from Daylight Area 3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% % Total Building Energy Saved y = x R² = % 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Percentage of Hours Individual Rooms Not Occupied Only valid if Daylight is Harvested for the 1 st 4 meter of façade space. 93

94 Estimating Savings % of hours individual offices are empty kwh/year saved per m2 of individual offices shifted RM/Year Saved Per m2 of individual office shifted 50% % % Approximated Electricity Tariff of RM 0.35/kWh End of Chapter 11 94

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