Avoided emissions by cement-based products

Transcription

1 Avoided emissions by cement-based products 10 th CSI forum Madrid 13 December 2016 Jeroen de Beer

2 The unique position of the cement industry offers opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions throughout society. World cement production (source: IEA) WBCSD 2

3 The cement industry as enabler of emission reductions Avoided greenhouse gas emissions are the cumulative emission savings that occur as a result of the use of a product, compared to a baseline, along the value chain. Emission reduction enabled by thermal efficient concrete Single family house Raw material acquisition Production Use End of life Thermal efficient concrete Raw material acquisition Production Use End of life 3

4 Cement-based products can avoid emissions throughout the value chain in five different ways Saving category Example of how emissions are avoided Energy efficiency Avoiding emissions by saving space heating energy consumption in buildings through better insulating concrete. Construction & Repair High Performance Recycling & Reusing Durability & Resilience Avoiding emissions by reducing the adverse impacts of traffic congestion by fast concrete repair s for roads. Avoiding emissions by reducing the concrete required to build high rise buildings. Avoiding emissions by reducing primary demand of concrete by increasing its recyclability. Avoiding emissions by extending the life time of concrete products. The greenhouse gas emissions savings categories are described in detail in LafargeHolcim, Accounting and Reporting Protocol for Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions along the Value Chain of Cement-Based Products 4

5 Avoided emissions concept: almost a decade of development leading to the use by several sectors Chemical products ICT Chemical products Electrical and electronic products & systems WRI 5

6 Testing and improving guidelines for avoided emissions based on two case studies for CSI > The Cement Sustainability Initiative is successfully bringing together (competing) companies to explore sustainable development for the cement sector and for its members. > Avoided emissions can accelerate the progress toward sustainable development and provide a good basis for discussing the role of cement in the transition to a low carbon economy with stakeholders. > Hypothesis Over the lifecycle, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced based on application of innovative types of concrete. > Condition Avoided emission claims must be based on solid assumptions and in parallel own production processes must be fully efficient and supplied with sustainable heat and power, in order to avoid accusations of green washing 6

7 Ecofys reviewed the avoided emission guidelines and showcases the application through factsheets > LafargeHolcim developed the Accounting and Reporting Protocol for Avoided Greenhouse Gas Emissions along the Value Chain of Cement-Based Products in 2015 > The Cement Sustainability Initiative commissioned Ecofys to perform a review of the avoided emissions guidelines and to showcase the application of those guidelines in factsheets Review of avoided emissions guidelines Development of factsheets for thermal efficient concrete Development of factsheets for high strength concrete 7

8 Avoided emission guidelines provide clear guidance to perform avoided emission calculations in a consistent way General conclusion > The combination of a core guidance (horizontal guidance) and specific Savings Category Rules (SCRs) (vertical guidance) provides a strong basis for avoided emission calculation and for further extension of the applicability Areas of improvement: Target market definition and baseline selection Avoided emission guidance should be specific in order to communicate reliable results. At the same time, strict target market definitions lead to limited possibilities for generic claims Future developments Guideline should deal with future developments. Avoided emissions in the far future (e.g. with building space heating) are uncertain. 8

9 Thermal efficient concrete can reduce the energy demand required to maintain the comfort in a residential building > Thermal efficient concrete can save energy in buildings without insulation (warmer climates, low income households) > Single family houses in Sao Paulo (Brazil), Mumbai (India) and Beijing (China) are selected as case studies Sao Paulo Mumbai Beijing 9

10 Three steps are followed to calculate the avoided emissions 1. Definition of the building characteristics building dimensions building thermal performance 2. Modelling of use phase energy consumption 3. Calculation of the avoided emissions the baseline the innovative production and construction phase use phase end of life phase 10

11 Thermal efficient concrete can reduce the energy demand required to maintain the comfort in a residential building Sao Paolo (Brazil) General Building composition Space heating and cooling Parameter Reference Innovative Country: City: Heating Degree Days: Cooling Degree Days: Wall: Roof: Slap: Heating system: Cooling system: Final demand space heating: Final demand space cooling: Brazil Sao Paolo Hollow bricks Wood Concrete No heating Single package unit 0 kwh/m 2 per year 10.4 kwh/m 2 per year Thermal efficient concrete Wood Thermal efficient concrete No heating Single package unit 0 kwh/m 2 per year 8.8 kwh/m 2 per year Brazil Sao Paulo Figure obtained from Van der Knaap, Building performance simulation to support building energy regulation. A case study for residential buildings in Brazil. 11

12 kgco2e/building for one year Thermal efficient concrete can reduce the energy demand required to maintain the comfort in a residential building Brazil GHG emissions per life cycle stage for the reference and the innovative in Brazil Sao Pau % 25% 0 70% -50 Reference Innovative Reference Innovative Reference Innovative Reference Innovative Reference Innovative Net GHG emissions Production and construction phase Use phase End-of life phase Credits Total Production and construction phase Use phase End-of life phase 12

13 Avoided emissions by the use of thermal efficient concrete differ per region depending on the heating and cooling demand of the building. Avoided emissions (kg per m2 per year) Production phase Use phase

14 Thermal efficient concrete can reduce the energy demand required to maintain the comfort in a residential building Based on Sao Paulo Based on Beijing Based on Mumbai 4,4 0,2 5,9 Caution: Extrapolating local results to other countries is very rough. Countries are assessed on climate and GDP characteristics (favorable for application of thermal efficient concrete) and matched to one of the reference case studies. Based on the expected new floor space in 2017 the individual results are scaled up. Annual avoided emission (Mt CO 2 ) 14

15 High strength concrete reduces the volume of concrete required to build high rise buildings >There are multiple reasons to apply high strength concrete Essential in technical construction (above certain number of floors always high strength concrete is used because of lateral deflection) Safety (increased fire resistance) More floor space (smaller columns result in increasing) Costs (less costs for concrete, faster building) >Can avoided emissions be an additional benefit of using high strength concrete? 15

16 High strength concrete reduces the concrete required to build high rise buildings > The opportunities for additional application of high strength concrete is limited: it is already applied by default or savings are too limited > Avoided emissions can be realized if the reduction in concrete volume should compensate for the additional carbon intensity from the higher cement share > Strongly depends on the design and the height of the building and the prevailed way of building in that region (reference) Emission reduction enabled by high strength concrete High rise building Raw material acquisition Production Use End of life High strength concrete Raw material acquisition Production Use End of life 16

17 Conclusions (1) > Avoided emissions guidelines are a solid basis for avoided emission calculations Horizontal and vertical guidance gives flexibility for future development Points for improvement, e.g. attention for defining the baseline and dealing with future changes with products with long life time Can be developed further into cement sector guidelines > Use of thermal efficient concrete in single family houses can avoid emission over the lifecycle Production phase: potential GHG emission reduction when compared to houses constructed with conventional concrete Use phase: potential emission reduction in markets with new built single family houses that are not well-insulated by default. The savings increase with the energy demand. 17

18 Conclusion (2) > Use of high strength concrete in tall buildings might avoid emissions under specific conditions Production phase: possible avoided emission in specific tall buildings (up to a certain height) conventional concrete is the norm, but can be replaced with high-strength concrete the increased carbon intensity in the production phase is outweighed by the reduced concrete volume needed. So far, it is not clear whether these calculations can only be made on a case by case basis (for specific building designs) or whether the potential can also be extrapolated to a larger building stock. Use phase: the benefits of increased space (because of a possible reduction in column size) depend strongly on the use of the building. This cannot be quantified according to the guidelines for avoided emissions. 18

19 Possible ways forward for CSI 1. Develop guidelines for the cement industry like other sectors have done or are doing. 2. Collect case examples from various individual companies and publish them on the website of CSI to inspire stakeholders. 3. Calculate avoided emissions for other innovative cement products 4. Engage with downstream customers to collaborate in avoiding GHG emissions from cement, focus on regions with high avoided emissions potential 5. Inform policy-makers how innovative cement products can help them to reach targets. 6. Extend the current analysis to resource use: innovative cement products can reduce resource use at downstream customers which supports circular economy 19

20 For further information, please contact Jeroen de Beer