International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-issn: Volume: 03 Issue: 06 June p-issn:

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1 Experimental investigation of Cement Concrete with partially replacing the Fine Aggregate with Local available Soil and Adding coir and human hair Fibers P. Naga Gopi 1, A. Sateesh 2 1PG Scholar [Structural Engineering], Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P, India 2Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, A.P, India *** Abstract - As we know that a proportion mixing of coarse fineness modulus and sieve analysis for locally available aggregate, fine aggregate, cement and water is called as soil were as shown below concrete mix. These type of material are basic material use for construction material for now a days. majorly fine aggregate play an important role in concrete and cement mortar. Now a days there is scarcity of river sand and environmental issues on river sand. These will effect on majorly construction industries. So we have to find new alternative material replacing river sand. Many researches are finding for replacing river sand with local available soil. And also adding fibers for increasing. Here we are using coir and human hair fiber adding in concrete mix. These paper present a review on adding fiber and replacing local available sand. Taking local available sand with different percentage (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45% & 50%) and adding fiber by combining coir and human hair with different percentage(0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%) to its total volume of concrete mix. Of all trial mix we optimum the replacing sand and adding fiber in compression we get 20% sand and 0.3 fiber and. Key Words: Sand, local soil, fibers and alternative material. 1. INTRODUCTION The basic essential construction materials are cement, sand and aggregates.sand is the major material for making cement mortar and concrete mix design. Now a days construction are increasing day by day. Hence the demand of river sand Increase for developing countries for infrastructures growth. For extraction of river sand from river bed causing many problems and losing water retaining strata and environmental issues. By adding fibers in concrete mix we can increase in concrete. Local available sand The Locally available soil is used as partial replacement for fine aggregate in this study. It was procured from pothepally village, near Machilipatnam, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. The specific gravity, Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is fibrous material which will increases its structural integrity.it contains uniformly distributed and are short discrete fibers that are randomly oriented. The concept of using fibers as reinforcement is used in not new now a days. fiber are used as reinforcement ancient period. In past days, horsehair was used in mortar and straw in mud bricks. In the early 1900s, asbestos fibers were used in concrete, and in the 1950s the concept of composite materials came into being and fibers reinforced concrete was one of the topics of interest. Active research is still in progress on this important technology, and research into new fibers reinforced concretes continues today. What is a fiber? A fiber should have good ability elastic modulus and binding property. It should be short, flexible and mixing ability. Why fiber are used in concrete? Generally, we know that Concrete is weak in tension and has a brittle character. Hence fiber are added to increase its and improve the characteristics of construction materials. Addition of fiber to concrete makes it a homogeneous and isotropic material. When concrete cracks, the randomly oriented fiber start functioning, arrest crack formation and propagation, and thus improve and ductility. Fiber are usually used in concrete for the following reasons: i. To control cracking due to both plastic shrinkage and drying shrinkage. ii. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. iii. Some types of fibers also produce greater impact, abrasion and shatter resistance in concrete. 2016, IRJET Impact Factor value: 4.45 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 3114

2 iv. The fineness of the fibers allows them to reinforce the mortar fraction of the concrete, delaying crack formation and propagation. This fineness also inhibits bleeding in the concrete, thereby reducing permeability and improving the surface characteristics of the hardened surface. Why Human Hair as a Fiber? Hair acts as a fiber reinforcement materials as follows i. It has a high property which is like copper wire and have same diameter ii. Hair will reduce the environmental problems iii. It is a very low cost. iv. It reinforces the mortar and prevents it from spalling. In this experimental study, human hair fibers are incorporated into concrete at content of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% by weight of total volume. Cubes and cylindrical specimens are casted and cured properly for evaluating various mechanical properties. These specimens made of human hair fiber reinforced concrete are tested at different curing periods (i.e., 7days, 14 days 28 days and 90days) respectively and the change in mechanical properties when compared to plain cement concrete is observed. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Dr.T.Thandavamoorthy [1] investigated the feasibility of making concrete from soil instead of river sand. He concluded that the properties soil is as good s the regular river sand and the investigation has proved that it can as well be used as fine aggregate in the production of concrete in lieu of river sand because its availability now a days has become scarce and also expensive. Aggarwal et al.,[3] have carried out experimental investigations to study the effect of use of bottom ash as a replacement of fine aggregates. Different properties were studied and it consisted of compressive, flexural and splitting. The development for various percentages of 0-50 replacement of fine aggregates with bottom ash can easily be equated to the development of normal concrete with ages. Mohammed Nadeem and Arun Pofale (2012) carried out an Experimental investigation of using slag as an alternative to normal aggregates (coarse and fine) in concrete. In this study, concrete of M20, M30 and M40 grades were considered for a W/C ratio of 0.55, 0.45 and 0.40 respectively with the targeted slump of 100±25 mm for the replacement of 0, 30, 50, 70 and 100 normal crushed coarse aggregate and fine aggregate with that of slag aggregates(crystallized and granular). These concrete mixes were studied for the properties like density, workability (slump and compaction factor), compressive, split and flexure s. Through their studies it was concluded that compressive of concrete improved by 4 to7 % at all the percentage replacements of normal crushed coarse aggregate with crystallized slag. Dr.Sinan Abdulkhaleq Yaseen - University of Salahaddin [1] published a paper on An Experimental Investigation into the Mechanical Properties of New Natural Fibre Reinforced Mortar in This paper highlights use of human hair fibre (HHF) as a reinforced material in cementitious material. Tests were carried to study the influence of fiber content on the compressive, splitting, flexural and load deflection was presented for two w/c ratios (0.6 and 0.7). An improvement in the energy absorption capacity due to the fiber addition was observed, and the optimum fiber volume fracture was seen to be 0.8%. Energy absorption capacity and ductility factor were improved considerably with fiber content increased, which makes using the HHF suitable for seismic force resistant structures. 3. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION Mix design has been conducted for M 35 concrete making use of IS 10262:2009 code with normal constituents of concrete with Dalmia cement OPC 53 grade cement. river sand and mechanically crushed 20 mm conventional granite and adding coir fiber and human hair. Fine aggregate was replaced with local available soil and the replacement levels are 5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,35%,40%,45%& 50%. The sieve analysis for river sand and local available soil are as follows. Adding fibers to its total volume of concrete by combining coir and human hair fiber in the levels are 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%,0.4%&0.5%. Materials Used: 1. Cement: It is mixture of calcareous, siliceous, aluminous substances and crushing the clinkers of a fine powder. The ordinary Portland cement of 53 Grade is used. The specific gravity of cement is For ordinary Portland cement, the initial setting time is 45 minutes and the final setting time is 600 minutes. The oxide contents are as follows : 60-67% CaO, 17-25% SiO2, 3-8% Al2O3, % Fe2O3 and % MgO. 2. Fine Aggregate: The fine aggregate is like a filler matrix between the cement and coarse aggregate. The aggregate which is smaller than IS 4.75 mm sieve is called as fine aggregate. Angular grained sand produces good and strong concrete because they are having good interlocking property. In this investigation 2016, IRJET Impact Factor value: 4.45 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 3115

3 natural river sand and locally available soil was adopted as fine aggregate. The fine aggregate which is inert material that which will occupying 60 to 75 percent of the volume of mortar must get hard strong nonporous and chemically inert. Fine aggregates conforming to grading zone II with particles greater than 2.36 mm and smaller than 150 mm removed are suitable. Ultimate N/mm2 Modulus of elasticity N/mm2 Water absorption 30-40% 6.Water : Water used in the experimental work is conformed to IS: Mix Design The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts with the objective of producing concrete of the required,, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. In this study, concrete mix was designed as per IS 10262:2009 to achieve a target compressive of 35 MPa. Design mix proportions of M-35 grade are tabulated below : Concrete Mix Proportions Ingredie nt Weigh t Cemen t 400 kg/m3 Wate r 180 lit Fine aggregat e 625kg/ m3 Coarse aggregat e 1185 kg/ m3 Water- Cemen t Ratio Coarse Aggregate : The material whose particles are of size as are retained on I. Sieve 480 (4.75 mm) is termed as Coarse Aggregate. The size of coarse aggregate depends upon the nature of work. The coarse aggregate used in this experimental investigation are of 20mm (60%), 16mm (20%) and 12mm (20%) sizes, crushed angular in shape. The aggregates are made free from dust before being used in the concrete. Its specific gravity is Human Hair Fibers: The properties of human hair are tabulated below : 7. Workability Tests The most common general standard workability tests i.e., Slump test and Compaction factor test are carried out as per specifications provided in IS 1199:1959 to determine the workability of fresh concrete. The reduction was slighter till 0.2% hair reinforced concrete but dropped suddenly thereafter 0.3% hair reinforced concrete was found to be unworkable. It is found that concrete reinforced with 0.2 human hair fiber was found to have ideal workable conditions. PROPERTY VALUE Hair length 40mm Hair diameter 100 to 120 µm Aspect ratio Tensile of Human Hair fiber 379MPa Ultimate Tensile Strain 49.16% 5.Properties of coir fiber Colour Fiber length Fiber diameter Bulk Density Brown mm mm kg/m3 2016, IRJET Impact Factor value: 4.45 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 3116

4 8. Tensile Strength This test was carried out as per IS 5819:1999 specifications. Normal concrete cylinders of size 150mm(dia) 300mm (height) are casted and cured. The test is carried out by placing a cylindrical specimen horizontally between the loading surface of a compression testing machine and the load applied until the failure of the cylinder, along the vertical diameter as shown in Fig. When the load is applied along the generatrix, an element on the vertical diameter of the cylinder is subjected to a horizontal stress of 2P/πLd. Fig. 1 : Graph showing variation between Average Strength at different curing periods with local available soil percent variation in M-35 Grade of Concrete Where, P = compressive load on the cylinder in N L = length of the cylinder in mm (300) d = diameter of the cylinder in mm (150) Table 2 : Average split Strength at different curing periods with for M-35 Grade of Concrete 4. TEST RESULTS Table1: Average Strength at different curing periods with replacing available sand Variation for M-35 Grade of Concrete % replacing available soil 7 days 14days 28days 90days replacement available sand 3 days 7 days 14days 28 days 90 days , IRJET Impact Factor value: 4.45 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 3117

5 Fig2: Graph showing variation between Average split Strength at different curing periods with local available soil variation in M-35 Grade of Concrete Table3: Average Strength at different curing periods with replacing available soil, adding coir and human hair fiber Variation for M-35 Grade of Concrete % replacing available soil adding coir & human hair fiber days 14days 28days 90days replacement available sand adding human hair fiber 3 days 7 days 14days 28 days 90 days Fig..3: Graph showing variation between Average Strength at different curing periods with local available soil,adding 0.1 coir and human hair percent variation in M-35 Grade of Concrete Fig. 4: Graph showing variation between Average Flexural Strength at different curing periods with local available soil, adding 0.1 coir and human hair percent variation in M- 35 Grade of Concrete Table 4 : Average split Strength at different curing periods with for M-35 Grade of Concrete 2016, IRJET Impact Factor value: 4.45 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 3118

6 Table 5: Average Strength at different curing periods with replacing available soil, adding 0.2 coir and human hair fiber Variation for M-35 Grade of Concrete Fig. 6: Graph showing variation between Average split Strength at different curing periods with local available soil, adding 0.2% coir and human hair percent variation in M-35 Grade of Concrete replacement available sand adding coir & human hair fiber 3 days 7 days 14days 28 days 90 days Fig..5: Graph showing variation between Average Strength at different curing periods with local available soil,adding 0.2 coir and human hair percent variation in M-35 Grade of Concrete Table 6 : Average split Strength at different curing periods with for M-35 Grade of Concrete Fig..7: Graph showing variation between Average Strength at different curing periods with local available soil, adding 0.3% coir and human hair percent variation in M-35 Grade of concrete No % replacing available soil adding coir & human hair fiber days 14days 28days 90days Table7: Average Strength at different curing periods with replacing available soil, adding 0.3% coir and human hair fiber Variation for M-35 Grade of Concrete 2016, IRJET Impact Factor value: 4.45 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 3119

7 replacement available sand adding coir & human hair fiber 3 days 7 days 14days 28 days 90 days Table 8 : Average Strength at different curing periods with for M-35 Grade of Concrete 5. CONCLUSIONS No. % replaci ng of local availabl e soil addin g coir & huma n hair fiber strengt h 7 days strengt h 14days strengt h 28days strengt h 90days In this experimental we studied that the optimum content of coir and human hair fiber is added to M-35 grade of concrete is 0.2% and replacing local available soil 25%. From this experimental study, it is found that the optimum content of coir and human hair fiber to be added to M-35 grade of concrete is 0.2%. It is observed that there has been improvement in the properties of M-35 grade of concrete in terms of its compressive, flexural and split corresponding to the percentages of hair by weight of cement in concrete. The experimental results indicated the following salient features of M-35 Grade concrete with the addition. It was found that M-35 grade concrete with 0.2% coir and human hair fiber shown an increase in compressive of 7.22%, 7.21% and 8.18% at curing periods of 7 days, 14 days and 28 days respectively when compared with the plain cement concrete (i.e., values corresponding to 0% human hair fibers. Fig. 8: Graph showing variation between split Strength at different curing periods with local available soil, adding 0.3% coir and human hair percent variation in M-35 Grade of Concrete Similarly the split recorded an increase of 17.86%, 28.98% and 26.88% for the same experimental conditions at curing periods of 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 90 days respectively. Other than the mechanical properties of concrete, it has enhanced the following physical properties The addition of human hairs and coir into the concrete not only modifies various properties of concrete like, compressive but also enhances the binding properties, micro cracking control and also increases spalling resistance. The crack width is reduced to a greater extent. It imparts ductility to a certain extent which can be seen in experimental testing of beams. It tends the beam to bend and thus warning well before failure thereby enhancing safety. As the percentage of human hair increases, the increased upto 0.2% itself and then decreased. Its basically 2016, IRJET Impact Factor value: 4.45 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 3120

8 the tendency of human hair that has a water absorption capacity of about 30 its own weight. And, it is in impure nature, the percentage may increase to its weight. Thus, we add to concrete is not sufficiently utilized by the cement, thereby percentage of unhydrated cement increases much more. Hence it weakens the structure and gets reduced. [7]. H. Ramaswamy, Krishnamoorthy and B.M. Ahuja.,(1983) Behaviour of Concrete reinforced with jute, coir and bamboo fibres, The International Journal of cement composites and Lightweight Concrete, 5, pp Acknowledgment Our profound and sincere gratitude to our guide s Professor Assistant professor A.SATISH, for their valuable guidance in carrying out this project. We shall be ever grateful for lessons learned under their tutelage. They have been inculcating innovating skills and technicalities at all stages of performing of our experimental work. It is fact that without their support, motivation and guidance this work wouldn t have come out in the present form. We also extend our sincere thanks to all the teaching staff of civil engineering department and staff of concrete technology lab for their cooperation for us to complete the experimental study successfully. REFERENCES [1]. Nataraja,M.C., Dileep Kumar,P.G., Manu, A.s., and Sanjay,M.C., (2013), Use of granulated blast furnace slag as fine aggregate in cement mortar, International Journal of Structural & Civil Engg., Research, Vol.2,2, May pp [2]. Dr.T.Thandavamoorthy, Feasibility of Making Concrete From Soil instead of River Sand, ICI Journal, April-June 2014 [3]. Raghatate Atul M., Use of plastic in a concrete to improve its properties, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, Vol. I, E- ISSN , April-June [4]. Nagabhushana K. and Sharada Bai H., (2011), Use of Crushed Rock Powder as Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Mortar & Concrete, USS Academy of Technical Education, Bangalore, India. [5]. Ashish Kumar Dwivedi, Dr. Arvind Saran Darbari, Vinod Kumar Verma., May 2015, evaluation of Human hair and Polypropylene fabricated reinforced composite, The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES), Vol. 4, Issue 5 Pages, PP.88-91, [6]. Sameer Ahmad., Preparation of Eco-Friendly Natural Hair Fibre Reinforced Polymeric Composite (FRPC) Material by Using Of Polypropylene and Fly Ash: A Review, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, ISSN : , Volume 5, Issue 11, November , IRJET Impact Factor value: 4.45 ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal Page 3121