TERASEN PIPELINES (TRANS MOUNTAIN) INC. ENGINEERING STANDARDS AND PRACTICES STATION & TERMINAL PIPING DESIGN

Transcription

1 STATION & TERMINAL PIPING DESIGN MP1110, Revision 3, January 2000

2 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 2 of 44 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 SCOPE REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS DEFINITIONS Isolation Valve Main Line NPS PN Sectionalizing Valve Station Piping SMYS PIPING DESIGN General Minimum Pipe Size Maximum Pipe Size Prohibited Pipe Sizes Materials Design Conditions Design Pressure Design Temperature Design Fluids Pressure Design Design Wall Thickness Pressure Relief Pressure Class Pump Shut-off Positive Displacement Pumps Hydraulic Design Station Pipe Sizing Valve Sizing Branch Connections Branch Connections < 50% of Run Diameter Branch Connections 50% of Run Diameter... 14

3 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 3 of Reinforced Branch Connections Branch Connection and Weld Spacing PIPING COMPONENTS Flanges General Hub design Fittings Design Wall Thickness Increased Thickness Reducers Scraper Tee Fittings Threaded and Socket-Welding Fittings Piping Unions Joint Design General End Preparations Elbows and Bends Elbows Reducing Elbows Miter Bends Bends Made From Pipe PIPING LAYOUT General Pipe Routing Consistency Maintainability Operability Safety Environment Dead Legs Dikes and Berms Aboveground Vs Buried Piping Systems Clearances Minimum Vertical Clearances Piping Access General Piping Clearances Minimum Pipe Rack Clearances... 24

4 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 4 of Valves General Accessibility Chain Operators Handwheel Access Valve Installation, Vertical Handwheel Orientation Valve Installation, Horizontal Handwheel Orientation Relative Valve Elevation Valves Below Grade Valve Body Cavity/Bonnet Pressure Relief Globe Type Control Valves Check Valves Ball Valves Safety Relief Valves Thermal Relief Valves Valve Selection Centrifugal Pumps General Flange Loads Piping Reducers Restrictions on Elbows in Suction Piping Vertical Elbows in Suction Piping Horizontal Elbows in Suction Piping Temporary Strainers Vents and Drains Pump Selection Vent and Drain Systems General Vent and Drain Piping (NPS 2 and smaller) Equipment Isolation and Drains Pipe Header Termination Drains Vents on Buried Piping Drain Piping Slopes Open Drain Header Systems Closed Drain Header Systems Expansion Chambers PIPING STRESS AND FLEXIBILITY General...33

5 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 5 of Analysis Design Criteria Routing Expansion Joints Piping Supports Pipe Support Layout Anchoring and Guides Anchor Blocks Welded Pipe Supports Piping Spans BURIED PIPING AND CROSSINGS Design Wall Thickness General Minimum Wall Thickness Road Crossings Location and Alignment General Road Crossings Pipe Clearances Minimum Cover Minimum Crossing Clearances Minimum Lateral Clearances Backfill PROTECTIVE COATINGS Exposed Piping Buried Piping General Girth Weld Coatings INSULATION Insulation Materials and Application Exterior Piping Interior Piping Buried Piping Vessels and Tanks Valves and Equipment... 42

6 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 6 of Personnel Protection Insulation Thickness Insulation Cladding and Accessories Surface Preparation Application of Insulation EXAMINATION AND TESTING Examinations Testing...44 APPENDICES Appendix A: Standard Piping Classes Appendix B: General Piping Details Appendix C: Anchor Block Calculations Appendix D: Pipe Support Design Appendix E: Environmental Design Data for Canadian Facilities

7 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 7 of SCOPE This standard is a guide to mandatory design practices for station piping. This standard shall be limited to systems transporting liquid hydrocarbons including: crude oil, condensate and liquid petroleum products. This standard shall be further limited to the design of Low Vapour Pressure (LVP) systems intended for Category I service. The scope of this standard includes all pressure pipe, valves, fittings and auxiliary components used in tank farms, pump stations and terminals. This standard does not cover the design of Main Line piping systems. The designer is cautioned that this standard is not a comprehensive design handbook; it does not do away with the need for the designer or for competent engineering judgement. The requirements of this standard shall not be applied retroactively to existing installations, but shall apply to the extension, repair, maintenance, and upgrading of such installations. FIGURE 1.0.A -- SCOPE DIAGRAM Note: Facilities indicated by heavy lines are within the scope of this standard, light lines indicate facilities not within the scope.

8 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 8 of REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS Some referenced publications are supplemented or qualified, or both, by specific requirements in this standard; referenced publications should therefore be applied only in the context of this standard. Canadian Standards Association (CSA) CSA Z American Petroleum Institute API 610, 1995 Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical, and Gas Industry Services API 1102, 1993 Steel Pipelines Crossing Railroads and Highways National Energy Board Act SOR/ Onshore Pipeline Regulations Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Standards MP1100 Pipe Selection and Specification MP1200 MP1300 MP2215 MP2217 MP2219 MP3102 MP3110 MP3901 MP4111 GC3101 GC3102 GC3103 Fitting Selection and Specification Valve Selection and Specification Scraper Tee Fittings Induction Pipe Bending Full-Encirclement Saddles Piping Insulation Requirements Station Piping Fabrication Joining Program Station Hydrostatic Test Procedure External Coating of Piping, Components and Structural Steel External Coating of Buried Piping External Coating of Girth Welds on Buried Pipe

9 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 9 of DEFINITIONS 3.1 Isolation Valve A valve used to isolate facilities such as pumping stations, tank farms, refineries, terminals, drain lines, and vents from the main line. 3.2 Main Line Those items through which oil industry fluids are conveyed, which includes pipe, components, and any appurtenances attached thereto, up to and including the isolating valves used at stations and other facilities. 3.3 NPS NPS means Nominal Pipe Size, and the NPS system of nominal size designation is contained in standards prepared by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 3.4 PN PN means Pressure Nominal and the PN system of nominal pressure class designation is contained in standards prepared by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The numerical part of the designation approximates the maximum cold working pressure rating in bars (100 kpa). 3.5 Sectionalizing Valve A valve for isolating a section of pipeline. 3.6 Station Piping This includes all pipe, components, and any appurtenances at Pump Stations, Tank Farms, and Terminals downstream from the first station isolating valve or sectionalizing valve within the station. 3.7 SMYS SMYS means Specified Minimum Yield Strength. This is the minimum yield strength prescribed by the specification or standard under which the material is produced.

10 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 10 of PIPING DESIGN 4.1 General Minimum Pipe Size With the exception of instrumentation piping, the minimum size of piping shall be NPS 1, including drains, vents, and flushing connections. If smaller lines are required, stainless steel tubing should be considered Maximum Pipe Size The maximum pipe size for station applications shall be NPS 24. NPS 30 pipe within stations shall be limited to the piping up to any scraper barrels (this restriction is due to the fact that under standard test procedures, NPS 30, 12.7 mm wall, grade 359 piping is limited to an MOP of 9570 kpa, the MOP for PN 100 is 9930 kpa) Prohibited Pipe Sizes Pipe sizes NPS 1¼, 2½, 3½ and 5 shall not be used. Pipe sizes NPS 14, 18, 22, 26, and 28 should be avoided. Mechanical equipment or instrument connections of NPS 1¼, 2½, 3½ and 5 shall change to a permissible piping size, immediately adjacent to the equipment Materials The material requirements for pipe, piping components and nonmetallic elements (ie. gaskets, elastomers) shall be in accordance with the requirements of Appendix A. 4.2 Design Conditions Design Pressure The maximum operating pressure (MOP) shall equal the design pressure for the pressure class specified in Table A. TABLE A -- DESIGN PRESSURES Pressure Class PN 20 (ANSI 150) PN 50 (ANSI 300) PN 100 (ANSI 600) Design Pressure (kpa) Hr Test Pressure (kpa) Hr Test Pressure (kpa) Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Piping Class A B C

11 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 11 of Design Temperature The pipeline operating (or fluid) temperature range is -5 C to 25 C. The design temperature range of this standard is -29 C to 50 C. Design temperatures outside of this range are beyond the scope of this standard. Ambient temperature ranges must be considered when specifying materials that are not at pipeline temperature Design Fluids The table lists the nominal properties for various hydrocarbons that flow in station piping systems: TABLE A -- PROPERTIES OF DESIGN FLUIDS Fluid Density (kg/m 3 ) Viscosity (mm 2 10 C) Vapour Pressure (kpa) Flash Point( C) 4.3 Pressure Design Light Crude Oil <-40 Heavy Crude Oil <-40 Condensate <-40 MTBE C Gasoline <-40 Diesel Methanol Jet Fuel (Type A) Design Wall Thickness The minimum wall thickness for above ground piping shall be: TABLE A: MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS, ABOVE GROUND PIPING Pipe Size Rating Nipple Size Rating NPS 1 to 2 XS (Sch 80) NPS 1 Sch 160 NPS 3 to 10 STD (Sch 40) NPS 1½ to 2 XS (Sch 80) NPS 12 to 30 Appendix A Pressure Relief Relief valves shall be used to prevent excessive pressure build up in any piece of equipment or piping system segment that can be

12 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 12 of 44 isolated with a valve, or check valve. Thermal relief valves shall be in accordance with paragraph Pressure Class The pressure class for any section of piping not protected by a relief valve shall be equal to the maximum pressure which can be developed as a result of pump shut-off, inadvertent valve closure, or static head (note: thermal relief valves are inadequate for this type of protection) Pump Shut-off For piping subject to pump shut-off pressure, the design pressure shall exceed the maximum suction pressure plus the pump shut-off head Positive Displacement Pumps Piping located downstream of a positive displacement pump shall be protected by a pressure relief valve or have a design pressure that exceeds the stalling pressure of the pump. The pressure relieving device shall be independent of any internal pump relief valve and shall be installed between the pump and the first block valve on the pump's discharge. The relieving capacity of the pressure relieving device shall be equal or exceed the capacity of the pump. 4.4 Hydraulic Design Station Pipe Sizing Pressure systems such as pump suction and discharge lines, manifold piping, and metering systems should be sized using Figure 4.4.A. With the exception of pump suction lines, in situations where economics justify, the flow rates may exceed those indicated by Region 2, but should not include those in Region 4.

13 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 13 of 44 FIGURE 4.4.A HYDRAULIC PIPE SIZING Flow Rate (m 3 /hr) Region 4 Avoid applications in this region Region 3 Short runs only Region 2 Discharge Piping Region 1 Suction Piping Pipe Size (NPS) Valve Sizing In order to minimize erosion damage, vibration, and noise, the velocity of flow through valves should not exceed 7.6 m/s. Block valve sizing shall be in accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Standard MP Branch Connections Branch Connections < 50% of Run Diameter Branch connections less than 50% of the run pipe size should be made with wrought steel reducing tees, extruded outlet fittings, or integrally reinforced, forged steel, branch outlet fittings which abut the run pipe. Such outlet fittings include: weldolets, sockolets or threadolets. Direct stub-ins shall only be permitted on atmospheric drain lines.

14 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 14 of Branch Connections 50% of Run Diameter Except as permitted by 4.5.2(a) and (b), branch connections greater than or equal to 50% of the run pipe size shall be made with straight tees, reducing tees, or extruded outlet fittings. a) Pad-type reinforcement shall be permitted for applications where the branch pipe is at least one pipe size less than the run pipe. The reinforcement shall be in accordance with CSA Z662. b) Forged steel outlet fittings shall be permitted for applications where the branch pipe is at least one pipe size less than the run pipe, for the following classes and sizes: i) Piping Class A (PN 20), run pipe size = NPS 16 ii) Piping Class B (PN 50), run pipe size = NPS 4 H E A D E R S I Z E TABLE 4.5.A -- BRANCH CONNECTION SELECTION GUIDE BRANCH SIZE ¾ 1 1½ O O O O W W W W W RT RT RT T 20 O O O O W W W W RT RT RT T 16 O O O O W W W RT RT RT T 12 O O O O W W RT RT RT T 10 O O O O W W RT RT T 8 O O O O W RT RT T 6 O O O O RT RT T 4 O O O RT RT T 3 O O O RT T 2 SW SW SW SW 1½ SW SW SW 1 SW SW ¾ SW SW = SOCKET WELDING TEE T = STRAIGHT TEE RT = REDUCING TEE W = WELDOLET O = OTHER OLETS: SOCKOLET ELBOLET THREADOLET Reinforced Branch Connections When reinforced branch connections are used, the branch piping shall be made from XS pipe. As a minimum, the XS pipe stub shall extend from the run pipe to 150 mm past the re-pad or saddle outlet before any reduction in wall thickness. Full-encirclement saddles shall be in accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Standard MP2219, Full-Encirclement Saddles. Re-pads shall include tapped vent holes for weld testing.

15 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 15 of Branch Connection and Weld Spacing The minimum distance between any two girth welds or any combination of fillet and girth weld shall be 100 mm. The minimum distance between adjacent branch connections shall be in accordance with A. FIGURE 4.5.A -- MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR LOCATIONS OF BRANCH CONNECTIONS TABLE 4.5.A -- MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR LOCATIONS OF BRANCH CONNECTIONS BRANCH SIZE B A? ¾ 1 1½ B R A N C H S I Z E ¾ ½ Table 5.4.A is based on PN 100 (600 ANSI) flanges.

16 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 16 of PIPING COMPONENTS 5.1 Flanges General Raised face, weld neck flanges should be used for permanent piping. Slip on flanges should be avoided. If slip on flanges are used, they shall be double welded (welded on the inside and outside diameter). Except as permitted by clause 5.1.2, the material grade shall conform to the requirements of Appendix A Hub design A flange with a SMYS less than that of the mating pipe may be used provided that there is a corresponding increase in thickness of the hub at the welding end of the flange. The hub thickness shall be such that the product of its nominal thickness and its SMYS is equal to or greater than the respective product for the mating pipe. However, the ratio of the SMYS of the pipe to that of the flange shall not exceed 1.5. The end preparation shall conform to the requirements of When pipe of greater wall thickness than required is used, match boring of the pipe ends to suit the flange thickness is permitted. 5.2 Fittings Design Wall Thickness Except as permitted by clause 5.2.2, the design wall thickness and material grade for wrought steel butt-welding fittings shall be equal to or greater than that of the mating pipe it is attached to, and not less than that specified in Appendix A Increased Thickness A fitting with a SMYS less than that of the mating pipe may be used provided that there is a corresponding increase in the fitting wall thickness. The fitting wall thickness shall be such that the product of its nominal thickness and its SMYS shall be equal to or greater than the respective product for the mating pipe. However, the ratio of the SMYS of the pipe to that of the fitting shall not exceed 1.5. The end preparation shall conform to the requirements of When pipe of greater wall thickness than required is used, match boring of the pipe ends to suit the fitting thickness is permitted.

17 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 17 of Reducers Concentric or eccentric reducers joining pipes of different thickness should be specified for the thicker wall, with end preparation as per subsection Scraper Tee Fittings Tees with branch sizes NPS 12 and larger, in piping designed for internal inspection shall have scraper guide bars in accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Standard MP Threaded and Socket-Welding Fittings Forged-steel threaded and socket-welding fittings, including forged outlet fittings, plugs, and unions shall be ANSI Class Cast iron and brass fittings shall not be used for liquid hydrocarbon service Piping Unions Pipe unions shall be limited to drain piping and shall not be used in pressure piping systems. Unions in drain systems shall be located on the downstream or low pressure side of header drain valves. 5.3 Joint Design General Typical piping joints are welded, flanged or threaded. Piping systems should be designed to minimize the number of joints, and should be welded wherever possible. Joints on piping shall be in accordance with the requirements of Table A. TABLE A - JOINT SELECTION GUIDE Application Threaded Joint Type Socket Welded Butt Welded PN 20 = NPS 1½?? PN 20 > NPS 1½ Temporary only?? Drain Systems??? Buried Piping Prohibited?? PN 50 & PN 100 Prohibited Prohibited?

18 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 18 of End Preparations Transition between ends of unequal thickness shall be accomplished by the means illustrated in Figure A. FIGURE A -- END PREPARATIONS a) Standard End Preparation of Butt-Welding Fittings and Optional End Prep. for Pipe b) Standard End Preparation for Pipe c) Internal Diameters Unequal for materials of unequal SMYS d) External Diameters Unequal for materials of unequal SMYS SMYS t2 = t1 SMYS 1 2 and t2 1.5 t1 e) External and Internal Diameters Unequal t1 = design wall thickness of the mating pipe t2 = design wall thickness of the fitting or thicker pipe SMYS 1 = SMYS of pipe SMYS 2 = SMYS of fitting or thicker pipe 1) Where the fitting is tapered within its design thickness (t2), the taper angle (a) shall be; Wrought Fittings: 14 a 30, Flanges: 14 a 18 2) Where the taper is outside the design thickness, the minimum angle is 0 (wrought fittings only); 3) Undimensioned angles and lands shall be in accordance with either figure a or b. 4) In the case of match boring pipe of greater wall thickness than required, t1 is the thickness of the fitting and t2 is the thickness of the pipe, with the corresponding reversal in SMYS 1 and SMYS 2.

19 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 19 of Elbows and Bends Elbows Long radius elbows shall be used in permanent piping for sizes NPS 3 and larger. Because of their poor hydraulic characteristics, short radius elbows are to be avoided, particularly in pump suction piping and upstream of valves, flow measuring equipment, and instrumentation connections. One exception is the use of short radius elbows in safety relief valve discharge piping to minimize the moment and forces on the valve Reducing Elbows Because of their high relative cost and quality assurance problems, reducing elbows should be avoided. If reducing elbows are unavoidable, they must be carefully specified and inspected during fabrication Miter Bends Miter bends shall be avoided and their use is prohibited on PN 50 and PN 100 piping Bends Made From Pipe It shall be permissible to use bends made from pipe in accordance with the following: a) Cold pipe bends shall be limited to a minimum radius of 40 pipe diameters. b) Induction Bends shall be in accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Standard MP2217, Induction Pipe Bending. c) Bends for lines designed for internal inspection shall have a minimum bend radii as listed in Table A. TABLE A -- MINIMUM BEND RADII Pipe Size (NPS) Minimum Radius (Pipe Diameters)

20 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 20 of PIPING LAYOUT 6.1 General The overall piping arrangement should be neat, orderly, and economical based on the following guidelines: Pipe Routing Multiple adjacent piping runs should be routed parallel to one another and at a common elevation. Branches off the main lines should be from the top or bottom of the pipe in order to avoid interference with an adjacent line Consistency Piping layouts at multiple identical pieces of equipment should be alike for familiarity and ease of operation Maintainability All piping and equipment requiring regular attention by operating and maintenance personnel should be readily accessible. Adequate, clear working spaces, of at least 1m, should be provided around equipment such as pumps and valves. Piping should be self supporting for ease of equipment removal Operability Piping shall be designed such that operating personnel can perform their functions in an efficient manner. Not every valve and instrument can be ideally located, but priorities can be established by consideration of the frequency of operation and degree of physical effort required Safety Stairs, ladders, and platforms shall be provided with adequate head room and lateral clearance. Equipment, valves and other piping components shall be located such that they do not create hazards. Special care shall be taken in the placement of valve stems. Every effort shall be made to keep such projections out of the area between 1400 to 1800 mm (face level) above grade Environment At large integrated manifold systems, overhead cranes complete with roof systems should be provided to shelter workers and equipment from the elements and minimize the amount of rainwater runoff to be

21 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 21 of 44 processed. These manifolds shall also include liner systems and sumps to collect and contain leakage Dead Legs Industry experience has shown that dead legs (sections of pipe which do not experience flow under normal conditions) are subject to internal corrosion and thus should be avoided. These volumes also present contamination problems and shall be minimized on any clean product systems Dikes and Berms Wherever possible, pumps, operating valves and fire fighting valves shall be located outside diked areas to provide access to this equipment during a spill or fire Aboveground Vs Buried Piping Systems Aboveground piping systems are preferred, but the designer shall consider the following: a) aboveground piping is accessible for visual inspection, maintenance and repair; b) piping modifications are usually easier to complete on aboveground piping due to the absence of excavation requirements; c) aboveground piping will be affected by radiant heat; d) aboveground piping provides more flexibility for movement in all planes. Flexibility may be necessary to accommodate uneven settlement, shifting foundations, soil movement, earthquakes, movements from line shocks and movements from thermal expansion. e) underground piping may be necessary for gravity drain systems; f) underground piping requires better coating and cathodic protection;

22 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 22 of Clearances Minimum Vertical Clearances Minimum vertical clearances between finished grade (or top of floor plate) and the bottom of the piping, insulation, or support beam (whichever controls) are to be as specified in Table A. TABLE A -- MINIMUM VERTICAL CLEARANCES Location Above railroad tracks from base of rail Above major roads open to unrestricted traffic as periphery of manifold area limits) Within manifold and metering areas: Above internal roadways provided for access of maintenance and fire fighting equipment Above grade, at pipe racks, where access is required for: (such 1. vehicular equipment 2. portable (temporary) service equipment only Above walkways and elevated platforms Above grade in paved or unpaved areas (measured from grade to underside of pipe flange, Dimension C in Table A) Minimum Clearance 6.8 m 5.5 m 4.25 m 4.25 m 3.05 m 2.15 m 0.3 m Piping Access Piping shall be designed in order to maintain the minimum width of accessway specified in Table A. TABLE A -- MINIMUM WIDTH OF ACCESSWAY Manifold area accessway Location a) Primary b) Secondary Platform and walkways Width 1.50 m 0.91 m 0.81 m

23 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 23 of General Piping Clearances There shall be a minimum clearance of 75 mm between pipe flanges and any obstructions in confined spaces such as pits or beneath grating. This spacing shall be maintained even in the absence of pipe flanges FIGURE A -- MINIMUM PIPING CLEARANCES TABLE A -- MINIMUM PIPING CLEARANCES (mm) Pipe Size A B C ½ Critical 380 service applications such as unit and station valves Clearances are based on PN 100 ( 600 lb. ) flanges.

24 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 24 of Minimum Pipe Rack Clearances Minimum horizontal center to center spacing between uninsulated lines shall be as shown in Table A. Spacing may also be governed by movement of lines due to expansion. Pipe Size TABLE A -- MINIMUM SPACING BETWEEN CENTERLINES (mm) 1 1½ ½ Pipe spacing based on: ½ OD small pipe + OD large flange) + 25 mm This chart is based on the use of a PN 50 flange on the larger pipe size. Insulated lines or PN 100 flanges will require larger clearances. 6.3 Valves General Valves should be installed with their stems oriented between the vertical upward (preferred) and 45 from vertical positions. Horizontal valve installations should be avoided. Valves shall not be installed upside down. The following safety hazards must be avoided when determining stem orientation: head and knee interference, tripping hazards, and valve stems at eye level in the horizontal plane. The valve handwheel size shall not be reduced to accommodate the piping arrangement Accessibility In determining the location of valves in piping systems, accessibility for operation and adequate space for maintenance shall be provided. The use of extended stems should be considered in order to avoid unnecessary loops or turns in the piping.

25 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 25 of Chain Operators The use of chain operators should be avoided. In general, only infrequently used valves should be located with their handwheel centerline higher than 1400 mm above grade. Platforms should be provided for any valves required in piping above this elevation. An exception to this requirement would be a high point vent Handwheel Access A minimum of 100 mm clearance shall be provided around the entire circumference of all handwheels. For valve handwheels behind obstructions, such as handrails, the following shall apply: a) In the case of vertical handwheels, the entire handwheel shall be within 400 mm of the outer edge of the obstruction, which shall not exceed 1200 mm in elevation above grade. No other obstacle shall interrupt the space between the obstruction and an elevation of 1800 mm. In the case of handrails, the handwheel stem can either penetrate through the rail, or a section of rail in front of the handwheel can be removable (dropbar section) to facilitate access. b) In the case of horizontal handwheels, one half of the handwheel diameter shall be within 400 mm of the outer edge of the obstruction and all other restrictions mentioned in 6.3.4(a) shall apply. FIGURE A -- HANDWHEEL CLEARANCE VERTICAL HORIZONTAL

26 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 26 of Valve Installation, Vertical Handwheel Orientation Valves installed with their handwheel in the vertical should have the handwheel centerline located at an elevation between 1000 mm and 1200 mm above grade or platform grating as shown in Figure A (optimal elevation 1100 mm). Installations below 800 mm should be avoided and reserved for infrequently used valves such as header drain valves. FIGURE A -- VALVE INSTALLATION - VERTICAL HANDWHEEL Valve Installation, Horizontal Handwheel Orientation Valves installed with their handwheel in the horizontal should have the handwheel located at an elevation between 1000 mm and 1200 mm above grade or platform grating as shown in Figure A (optimal elevation 1100 mm). Installations below 800 mm should be avoided and reserved for infrequently used valves such as header drain valves.

27 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 27 of 44 FIGURE A -- VALVE INSTALLATION - HORIZONTAL HANDWHEEL Relative Valve Elevation Water emulsified in crude oil can precipitate out of solution and collect at low points in piping. To prevent this accumulation and the subsequent freezing potential at valves, a valve shall be placed at an elevation equal to or higher than that of the highest piping header that it is connected to (refer to Figure A). FIGURE A -- RELATIVE VALVE ELEVATION NEVER AVOID BETTER BEST Valves Below Grade All below grade valves shall be located in valve boxes and provided with an extended stem and handwheel above grade. Burial of below grade valves is not permitted Valve Body Cavity/Bonnet Pressure Relief Valves NPS 8 and larger that do not have integral pressure relief, such as wedge gate valves, soft sealing plug valves and some ball valves shall be installed complete with body cavity pressure

28 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 28 of 44 relief valves piped to an open drain system, or to the connected piping. The body cavity can be vented to the adjacent piping using connections provided on the valve body Globe Type Control Valves Control valves should be installed with the valve stem in the vertical upright position. There should be a minimum of three diameters of straight pipe both upstream and downstream of the control valve, unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer. This practice reduces turbulence in the fluid entering and leaving the valve Check Valves Check valves are used to control the direction of flow and cannot be relied upon for positive shut off in the reverse direction. The preferred installation of any check valve is in a horizontal piping run. Check valves shall not be installed in vertical down flow piping. Check valves are highly susceptible to chattering due to upstream turbulence caused by fittings. In the absence of specific recommendations from the manufacturer, a minimum of five diameters of straight pipe should be provided upstream of all check valves. For check valves in horizontal piping, the hinge pin orientation shall be: a) vertical for dual plate wafer type check valves; b) horizontal for regular swing type check valves Ball Valves Ball valves shall not be installed in vertical piping runs. In crude service when the valve is closed, dirt or grit can settle on top of the ball. Upon opening the valve, these solids can damage the seats or the ball itself Safety Relief Valves In the absence of any manufacturers recommendations, the following guidelines should be followed for the arrangement and installation of safety and relief valves of the direct spring loaded type: a) All relief valves shall be installed in the vertical upright position on top of a horizontal run of pipe. The valve should be located at least one header diameter away from any butt weld. b) No header branch penetration should be made in the same circumferential cross section as the safety valve inlet nozzle.

29 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 29 of 44 c) Where more than one safety valve or service branch are to be installed in the same header run, a minimum distance of 610 mm or three times the sum of the nozzle inside radii, whichever is greater shall be provided between the nozzles. d) Where more than two safety valves are located in the same header run, the spacing between valves should be varied such that the distance between two adjacent valves differs by at least an inlet nozzle diameter. e) The relief valve outlet piping shall consist of the mating flange and a fitting to fitting short radius elbow in order to keep the moment and forces imposed on the valve to a minimum Thermal Relief Valves Thermal relief valves shall be ¾ MNPT x 1 FNPT, Consolidated model 1990C-DL-1 pressure relief valve or approved equal. Unless the piping or equipment protected has not been designed to full flange rating, thermal relief valve set pressures shall in accordance with Table A. Note: the thermal relief valve set pressure should be taken into consideration when sizing the MOV's. TABLE A B THERMAL RELIEF VALVE SET PRESSURES Piping Class MOP (kpa) Set Pressure (kpa) PN 20 1,900 2,000 PN 50 4,960 5,200 PN 100 9,930 10, Valve Selection Valve selection shall be in accordance with Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Standard MP1300. Cast iron valves shall not be used for hydrocarbon service. 6.4 Centrifugal Pumps General Piping systems at pump locations shall be designed to allow for pump removal and maintenance. At locations with multiple pumps, each pump should have isolation valves and a check valves. The piping should be designed to minimize flanges loads on the pump and flexible connections to pumps shall be avoided. Flexible connections shall not be permitted for pumps with drivers greater than 3 kw in size.

30 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 30 of Flange Loads The suction and discharge piping must be supported independently of the pump such that minimal load is transmitted to the pump flanges. API Standard 610, Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service, should be consulted when designing suction and discharge piping. Allowable pump flange loads are given in section 2.4 and in Appendix F -Criteria for Piping Design Piping Reducers When a reduction in pipe size is required at the pump suction, an eccentric reducer with the flat side up shall be used Restrictions on Elbows in Suction Piping Only long radius elbows are to be used at or adjacent to any pump suction connection Vertical Elbows in Suction Piping In the suction piping of horizontal double suction pumps, an elbow may be fitting to fitting if in the vertical plane with flow from above or below Horizontal Elbows in Suction Piping When the suction piping is in the horizontal plane, provide at least four diameters of straight pipe between the pump suction connection and the first elbow. Eccentric reducers may be included in this straight section Temporary Strainers Pump suction lines should be designed to accommodate a temporary, in-line, conical type strainer used during pump commissioning Vents and Drains Pump drains include: high point vents to evacuate trapped air; casing drains to drain pumps for maintenance; and seal drains(/vents) on the mechanical seal gland plates to take away fluid discharged from leaking seals. High point vents and casing drains shall be hard piped to a closed drain system. Seal drains shall be connected to an open drain system to prevent the liquid from the casing drain exiting the seal drain.

31 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 31 of Pump Selection Pumps with cast iron pressure containing components shall not be used for hydrocarbon service. Centrifugal pumps shall be in accordance with API Standard 610, Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service. 6.5 Vent and Drain Systems General High-point vent and low-point drain connections shall be provided on all piping systems. These connections provide a means of flooding and draining piping systems and equipment for hydrostatic testing and during start-up and shutdown. The recommended design of vents and drains shall be as shown in Appendix B Vent and Drain Piping (NPS 2 and smaller) The first vent or drain connection off any line, vessel, or other component shall have a block valve installed as close as possible to the connection. The nipple from this connection shall be socketwelded and the opposite end shall be threaded to accept the block valve Equipment Isolation and Drains Piping systems shall be provided with adequate valves to isolate pumps, strainers, meters, and other equipment or vessels for maintenance. These pieces of equipment should be connected to drain headers. If drain connections are not provided on the equipment body, drains shall be provided on the piping inside the limits of the isolation valves Pipe Header Termination Drains A pipe header shall be terminated with a blind flange complete with drain as shown in Appendix B. Pipe caps shall be avoided as a means of terminating pipe headers Vents on Buried Piping Vents or drains on buried piping shall be made with a T.D. Williamson style hot-tap fitting, as shown in Appendix B. Regardless of function, the fitting shall always be installed on top of the pipe. Prior to commissioning, the vent shall be plugged, capped and covered with a vent protector.

32 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 32 of Drain Piping Slopes In general, drain systems are non-pressurized gravity flow piping and should have a minimum slope of 10 mm rise per 1 m run of pipe Open Drain Header Systems Any drain point that is open to atmosphere either by design or for inspection should be connected to an open drain header. Typical applications include those that can be characterized as low pressure and/or low volume sources such as valve body cavity bleeds and pump seal drains. Because these drain points are open to atmosphere, another drain source at a higher elevation or under pressure could force fluid to flow out through these open locations. Therefore, relative elevations, expected drain volumes, and pressures should be reviewed when designing connections to open drain systems Closed Drain Header Systems Applications that should be connected to closed drain headers are those that can be characterized as high pressure and/or high volume sources. Such applications include: pump case or equipment drains, safety relief device outlets, and piping header drains. In a closed drain system, drain connections from a large range of elevations can be tied into the same header system Expansion Chambers Where it is impractical to route separate lines from closed and open drain headers to a sump or slop tank, the headers can be connected by use of an expansion chamber or blow-off box. The expansion chamber should be vented to atmosphere and designed in accordance with the requirements of Appendix B. For high volume systems, installation of a high level alarm in the expansion chamber should be considered.

33 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 33 of PIPING STRESS AND FLEXIBILITY 7.1 General Piping systems shall have sufficient flexibility to prevent thermal expansion or contraction or movements of piping supports from causing: a) failure of piping or supports from over stress or fatigue; b) leakage at joints; or c) detrimental stresses or distortion in piping and valves or connected equipment, resulting from excessive thrusts and moments in the piping. 7.2 Analysis Piping stress and flexibility analysis is required for NPS 4 and larger piping when: a) it is connected to rotating equipment; b) it is connected to equipment subject to differential settlement; c) it forms part of a pressure relieving system; d) the operating pressures exceed 7000 kpa; or e) the operating temperature is outside the shaded area in Figure 7.2.A. FIGURE 7.2.A ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS 315 Analysis required for applications outside the shaded area Pipe Size (NPS)

34 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 34 of Design Criteria Section 4.6 of CSA Z662 provides concepts, data and methods for determining the requirements for flexibility in a piping system. These requirements include: a) that the computed stresses at any point due to displacements in the system shall not exceed allowable stresses; b) that reaction forces shall not be detrimental to supports or connected equipment; and c) that the computed movement of the piping shall be within any prescribed limits, and properly accounted for in the flexibility calculations. If it is determined that a piping system does not have adequate inherent flexibility, means for increasing flexibility shall be provided in accordance with 7.4. Flexibility calculations shall be based on the following data: 7.4 Routing TABLE 7.3.A -- REQUIRED DATA FOR FLEXIBILITY CALCULATIONS Modulus of Elasticity (E) Linear Coefficient of Expansion (a) 207,000 MPa 12 x 10-6 / C Poisson's Ratio (v) 0.30 Minimum?T (T Operating - T Installed ) 20 C The following guidelines shall be used to obtain the required flexibility using the minimum amount of pipe, fittings, and expansion loops: a) The use of a straight run of pipe between two pieces of equipment or between two anchor points should be avoided. b) A piping system between two anchor points in a single plane should, as a minimum, be L-shaped, ie. two runs of pipe and a single elbow. c) A piping system between two anchor points with the piping in two planes should, as a minimum, consist of two L-shaped runs of pipe, one in the horizontal plane and another in the vertical plane. d) When the expected thermal expansion in any given pipe run is high, the use of an anchor at or near the center of the run will distribute the expansion in two directions.

35 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 35 of 44 e) For systems consisting of a large diameter main line and multiple smaller branch lines, the branches must be flexible enough to withstand the expansion in the main header. 7.5 Expansion Joints Bellows or packed expansion joints shall not be permitted. Proper piping design techniques, anchoring of piping and stress analysis shall be used to eliminate the need for flexible connections. 7.6 Piping Supports Pipe supports, anchors and guides shall be designed in accordance with Appendix D of this standard. The design of piping supports shall be based on all concurrently acting loads transmitted to such supports. These loads shall include weight effects, loads induced by service pressures, temperatures, vibration, wind, earthquake, shock and displacement strain. Pipe supports shall also be designed to prevent wear and corrosion of the pipe Pipe Support Layout Where possible, equipment such as valving, metering or strainers, shall be supported by the attached piping. Where large pieces of equipment such as pumps or heavy valves require individual support, provision shall be made for support of the piping if the equipment is removed Anchoring and Guides To protect equipment such as pumps, tanks and valves from excess mechanical loading, anchors and guides shall be installed to control movement or to direct expansion into those portions of the system which are designed to absorb them. Anchor structures and guides shall be designed to prevent wear and corrosion of the piping. In addition to thermal forces and moments, the effects of friction in other supports shall be considered in the design of such anchors and guides Anchor Blocks Stresses and deflections occur in pipelines at the transition from the below ground (fully restrained) to the above ground (unrestrained) condition. Analysis of the stresses and deflections in the transition areas, resulting form internal pressure and temperature change shall be in accordance with Appendix C of this standard.

36 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 36 of Welded Pipe Supports Nonwelded attachments are preferred, but where welded attachments are required (ie. anchors, pipe supports) for piping sizes and classes listed in Table A, such attachments shall be welded to a separate cylindrical member that totally encircles the pipe. The encircling member shall be welded to the pipe by continuous circumferential welds. TABLE A -- WELDED SUPPORTS REQUIRING FULL ENCIRCLEMENT Piping Class Pipe Size (NPS) Class B (PN 50) Class C (PN 100) Piping Spans The maximum allowable distance between pipe supports shall be as given in Table 7.7.A for each of the cases depicted in Figure 7.7.A. Note: Spans listed in Table 7.7.A are designed to limit piping deflections to 6.35 mm. Do not apply where concentrated weights such as heavy valves or heavy fittings exist. FIGURE 7.7.A -- MAXIMUM SPAN BETWEEN SUPPORTS 4

37 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 37 of 44 Pipe Size (NPS) 1½ 2 3 TABLE 7.7.A -- MAXIMUM SPAN BETWEEN SUPPORTS MAXIMUM SPAN (mm) L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L

38 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 38 of BURIED PIPING AND CROSSINGS 8.1 Design Wall Thickness General The minimum design wall thickness for buried piping shall be determined by the following design formula: t = P D 2 S F t = pipe design wall thickness (mm) P = design pressure (kpa) D = pipe outside diameter (mm) S = specified minimum yield strength (k Pa) F = design factor (0.80) Minimum Wall Thickness Notwithstanding 8.1.1, the minimum thickness for buried piping shall be: TABLE A -- MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS, BURIED PIPING Pipe Size (NPS) Pipe Wall Thickness (mm) < 6 per Appendix A Road Crossings Notwithstanding and 8.1.2, the minimum requirements for buried, uncased road crossing piping shall be (based on 1.2 m of cover): TABLE A -- MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ROAD CROSSINGS Pressure Class Size (NPS) Min. Thickness (mm) Min. Grade PN 50 (ANSI 300) PN 100 (ANSI 600)

39 MP1110 Revision 3 January 21, 2000 Page 39 of Location and Alignment General Wherever possible, buried piping should be located in straight runs on flat ground. Steep slopes should be avoided. In areas where steep slopes cannot be avoided, piping should be located such that it follows the fall line of the slope Road Crossings Where buried piping crosses a road, the angle of intersection should be as near to 90 degrees as possible. In no case should it be less than 30 degrees. The crossing piping should be uncased. 8.3 Pipe Clearances Minimum Cover Piping should be buried at a constant depth below grade with a minimum cover as given in Table A (Measured from the top of pipe to the top of the surface). TABLE A -- MINIMUM DEPTH OF COVER Location Minimum Cover under bottom of ditches 0.9 m non travelled surfaces 1.0 m road crossings 1.2 m FIGURE A -- ROAD CROSSING Minimum Crossing Clearances Where lines cross the angle of intersection should be as near to 90 degrees as possible. At the point of crossing, a minimum clearance of 300 mm should be maintained between the two lines.