Deformation Compatibility Control for Engineering Structures

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1 Deformation Compatibility Control for Engineering Structures

2 Hanhua Zhu Zhihui Zhou Mengchong Chen Jianliang Deng Deformation Compatibility Control for Engineering Structures Methods and Applications 123

3 Hanhua Zhu Highway Department of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou China Zhihui Zhou Central South University Changsha China Mengchong Chen Ningbo Communications Planning Institute Co., Ltd. Ningbo China Jianliang Deng Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Jointly published with Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai, China Library of Congress Control Number: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, Shanghai and Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publishers, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #22-06/08 Gateway East, Singapore , Singapore

4 Synopsis The authors collectively conducted an overall statistical analysis of over 40,000 engineering projects that satisfy stable equilibrium theory, uncovering problems associated with deformation compatibility control for engineering structures. Applying engineering mechanics (F = P + T = P 0 ) to resolve engineering structure mechanics and deformation problems requires engineering structure design and construction to conform to structure deformation compatibility control. Therefore, engineering structure-related stable equilibrium theories can be used to solve relatively mature engineering problems by conducting precision analyses (F = P 0, equilibrium equation). Engineering structure-related stable equilibrium and deformation compatibility control method can be used to solve complex engineering problems by employing equilibrium equations used in the design and construction of engineering structure (P + T = P 0 ). After leaf problems are converted into apple problems, precision analyses are used to resolve engineering problems (F = P 0, equation to calculate equilibrium). In designing and construction of an engineering structure, the mechanical control condition based on the stable equilibrium of the structure is changed to dual control conditions that consider both the stable equilibrium of the structure as well as the mechanics and deformation involved in deformation compatibility control. Based on methods used to analyze the stable equilibrium of a conventional engineering structure, an innovative deformation compatibility control method and equilibrium equations (P + T = P 0 ) used in the design and construction of engineering structure are developed. The proposed methods and equations accurately determine the stability of engineering structure deformation, prevent discrepancies between the stress deformation states of designed and actual engineering structures, and maintain the compatibility of force transmission media in the structure and avoid metastable equilibrium problems in the structure. The effects of these method and equations ultimately ensure the safety of engineering structures. The pros and cons of actual engineering cases listed in this book appropriately exemplify the effectiveness of the proposed methods and equations. This book can serve as a valuable reference to engineers and construction workers specializing in transportation systems. v

5 Preface According to statistics, collapse-related incidents are highly related to the safety of engineering structures. Several types of collapse-related incidents have been fatal, including collapse of construction site facilities and scaffolding (deaths caused by construction and scaffolding incidents constitute 32.6% of all collapse-related deaths), collapse during underground construction (32.6%), collapse of excavation and retention walls (23.9%), and collapse of structures (9.9%; e.g., road and bridges). Deteriorating bridges accounted for a major proportion among road and bridges, indicating the importance of their safety and risks. Deteriorating bridges aged less than 10 years accounted for approximately 20% of all bridges; those aged years account for 24%; and bridges that were aged years old accounted for 20%. Moreover, even roads and bridges in advanced countries such as those in Europe and North America have a structural defect as high as 11%. Statistics have indicated that fewer engineering problems were observed in structures with high effectiveness of capacity utilization of each structural part than did engineering problems in structures with low effectiveness. When the material property and microstructure of low effectiveness structures change, these structures do not satisfy the applicable conditions of deformation compatibility (DC) theory. Thus, only appropriate structures can be selected to satisfy structure deformation compatibility control (DCC) conditions. In other words, an innovative DCC method is required to solve engineering structure-related stable equilibrium problems. Otherwise, engineering structures may generate calculation results that differ considerably from actual results and likely cause safety risks. Conventional falling apple point prediction (hereafter referred to as the apple problem) and falling leaf point prediction (hereafter referred to as the leaf problem) are theoretically identical in the sense that they both predict a point below the tree, but practically different. If apple-based DC theory is applied to solve leaf-based engineering problem, it easily causes the deformation state of a designed engineering structure to differ from that in practice and subsequently vii

6 viii Preface creates quality and safety problems in engineering structures. Consequently, stable equilibrium, DCC methods, structural safety management, and the corresponding practices in transportation engineering are pressing research questions warranting immediate attention. Existing engineering structure-related equilibrium stability theories are informative with respect to equilibrium aspects. Compatibility-based studies have largely focused on theories and assumptions related to DC. By contrast, few studies have systematically examined DCC methods based on the relationship between engineering structures and their mechanical behaviors. A portion of structures cannot ensure the suitability of force transmission in structures and prevent metastable structural equilibrium problems. Engineering structure-related stable equilibrium and DCC methods involve explicitation of the original DCC conditions implied in engineering structures. In other words, it entails changing mechanical control conditions that center on the stable equilibrium of a structure in the design and construction of engineering structures to dual control conditions that consider both stable equilibrium and DC of structures. This change facilitates the prevention of inconsistency in the stress deformation state of a designed engineering structure with the stress deformation state in practice. Such prevention protects the compatibility of force transmission media in a structure and avoids metastable equilibrium problems in the structure, thereby ensuring the safety of engineering structures. Engineering mechanics is built on the foundation of confirmed material properties and microstructures. When exposed to stress, numerous actual engineering structures experience a change in material properties and microstructures. However, the methods and laws of change are unknown. Therefore, applied mechanics must be effectively used to solve safety problems of stress-deformed engineering structures. The keys to this approach are as follows: (1) Determine how to design structures through engineering structure-related measures, regulations, analogies, and tests. (2) Identify how to adopt assistive measures to control the stability of stress deformation state in engineering structures and the changes in engineering material properties and microstructures within the acceptable safety limit of three elements of a structure (i.e., force, deformation, and energy) to satisfy three conditions: stable equilibrium and DCC, effective energy conversion, effective transmission or transfer of force. Because the method by which people (childhood, adulthood, old age, etc.) maintain movement stability is the simplest way for solving leaf problems, civil engineering designs and construction can be achieved by two types of method: (1) Engineering structure-related stable equilibrium theory can be adopted to solve relatively mature engineering problems such as apple problem by employing precision analyses (F = P 0, equation to calculate equilibrium). (2) Engineering structure-related stable equilibrium and DCC method can be used to solve relatively complex engineering problems such as leaf problem by adopting an integrated approach that involves overall control and attention to detail (P+T=P 0,

7 Preface ix equation to examine equilibrium). The latter method involves designing appropriate structures through engineering structure-related measures, regulations, analogies, and tests or adopting assistive measures to control the stability of stress deformation state in engineering structures (P+T=P 0, equation to examine equilibrium). In other words, after leaf problems are converted into apple problems, precision analyses are applied to resolve engineering problems (F = P 0, equation to calculate equilibrium). We hereby express our sincere gratitude toward a number of our close friends who have made considerable contributions to this book, particularly to five authorities, Profs. Jun Sun, Mengshu Wang, Genhua Shi, Qingyuan Zeng, and Baochen Liu, for their dedicated guidance. We welcome any criticisms and corrections to mistakes and inadequacies found in this book. Hangzhou, China Changsha, China Ningbo, China Shanghai, China June 2016 Hanhua Zhu Zhihui Zhou Mengchong Chen Jianliang Deng

8 Contents 1 Engineering Structure-Related Stable Equilibrium and Deformation Compatibility Control Method Compatibility of Engineering Structure System and Mechanics Analysis Deformation Compatibility Control Problems According to Past Engineering Structure Cases Implied Deformation Compatibility Control Condition in the Application of Newtonian Mechanics and Experimental Mechanics Three Problems Identified in the Safe State of Engineering Structure Problem in the Conversion of Structure Equilibrium Problem in Branch Point Stability Problem in Structure Deformation Compatibility Approaches to Solving Different Engineering Problems and Their Concepts Solution to the Apple and Leaf Problems Engineering Mechanical Analysis of Steady-State and Nonsteady-State Structures Deformation Incompatibility of Engineering Structure Inducing Damage Concentration on Weak Parts of the Structure Deformation Compatibility Control Method for Engineering Structures Engineering Deformation Compatibility Control Method and Structural Safety Management Effect of Deformation Compatibility Control on the Transmission or Transfer of Force in Structural Systems xi

9 xii Contents 2.2 Application Effectiveness of Deformation Compatibility Control Method in Bridge Structures Comparison of Damage Accumulation on Simple Support Bridge Before and After Bridge Reinforcement Accumulated Damage Test on Bowstring Arch Bridge Structures Deformation Compatibility Control Problems in Bridge Expansion Device and Deck Paving Deformation Compatibility Control Problem Associated with Bridge Safety in Mountain Areas Application Effectiveness of Deformation Compatibility Control Method in Tunnel Structure Deformation Compatibility Control Measures for Mountain Tunnel Deformation Compatibility Control Measures for Shield Tunneling Application Effectiveness of Deformation Compatibility Control Method in Metastable Tunnel Construction Application Effectiveness of Deformation Compatibility Control Method in the Construction of Soft Plastic-Flow Soil Tunnel Application Effectiveness of Deformation Compatibility Control Method in the Management of Bump at Bridgehead on Soft Soil Road Foundation Uneven Subsidence of Soft Soil Road Foundation Comparison Test and Calculation Analysis of Integrity and Friability of Bridge-Head Soft Soil Road Foundation Comparison of Soft Soil Foundation Strength and Rheological Properties in Tests Basic Law and Design Method for Soft Soil Foundation Introduction to Successful Management of Soft Soil Road Foundations Comments from Sun Jun Afterword Bibliography