Innovative Solutions for Energy Efficient Buildings

Transcription

1 Innovative Solutions for Energy Efficient Buildings Gregers Reimann Managing director, IEN Consultants SEMINAR TEKNIKAL KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL SEPTEMBER 2017 DI DEWAN BESAR IKIM KL

2 Energy Efficient Buildings with Good Payback time Case studies from the South East Asian countries EECCHI retrofit EECCHI retrofit 3 year payback Energy Consumption of Green Office Buildings Measured data for New and Retrofitted Buildings by IEN Consultants Completed year: Low energy bill (2017): yes? yes yes

3 Buildings & Energy Buildings are like a leaky bucket with lots of unnecessary wastages ENERGY SUPPLY (renewable) energy ENERGY STORAGE electric cars/batteries/thermal ENERGY WASTAGE ENERGY DEMAND Let s plug the holes!

4 Fan Energy Small Power Lighting Chiller Energy Fan Gain Lighting Gain Small Power Gain Solar Gain Ext Conduction Gain Ppl Gain Dehumid Ppl Latent Gain Dehumid Fresh Air Fresh Air Gain kwh/m 2 year Ask not just for an energy efficient cooling system, but also Why do I need cooling in the first place? Energy Index ENERGY BREAK-DOWN OF OFFICE BUILDINGS Building cases Worst Base Good mewc Low Energy Office building (Malaysia) Chiller Energy Breakdown

5 Case study Green Energy Office building (Greentech Malaysia) in Bangi, Malaysia: GEO BUILDING

6 GEO Building (formerly ZEO) in Malaysia Key data: Gross Floor Area: 4,000 m² Energy Index: 64 kwh/m²/year (excl. PV) Energy Index: 30 kwh/m²/year (incl. PV) Additional construction cost: 18% (excl. PV) Additional construction cost: 33% (incl. PV) Greentech Malaysia office, Bangi, Malaysia (Occupation Oct 2007) EE Features: - Daylighting (almost 100%) - EE lighting + task lights - EE office equipment - EE server room - Floor slab cooling - EE ventilation - Controls & Sensors - Double glazing - Insulation

7 Energy Design Concepts of GEO Building Concept no. 1 Zero Energy Building Concept no. 2 Shift load to the night, hence, reducing peak demand for power utilities

8 kwh / m 2 year Concept no. 1: Zero Energy Building Electricity production Electricity consumption Normal office building Planned GEO building Actual GEO building

9 GEO building: Energy measurements 2014 (Aug) 40% drop (inverter problem) No change

10 Concept no. 2: Shift load to the night Electricity demand curve Malaysia (2012) Building integrated photovoltaic (91 kw p ) BUY electricity from the grid SELL electricity to the grid Floor slab cooling (18 C) and Phase Change Material tank (10 C) TABS (19 C) How? Thermal storage Solar PV

11 Radiant Cooling allows Higher Air Temperature

12 Efficient High Temperature Cooling

13 Schematic Design of Cooling System GEO building Trickling roof PCM CHILLER FCU Metal ceiling AHU Floor slabs PCM: FCU: Metal ceiling: AHU: Floor slabs: Trickling roof: Phase Change Material (thermal storage tank with 10 C ice ) Fan Coil Units Radiant cooling metal ceiling Air handling unit Concrete floor and ceiling slab cooling (TABS, thermally activate building structure) 7 tilt flat roof flooded with condenser water at night to eject heat (replaces cooling tower)

14 Cooling Storage in Floor Slabs and PCM Tank Embedded water pipes Cool Floor Slab 22 C 22 C 19 C 21 C High COP Phase Change Material (PCM) Tank 10 C Small AHU with heat pipe Chiller 15 C 11 C AHU Cool Dry air C

15 Rainwater Collection and River Roof (alternate cooling tower) ~ 25 o C ~ 95% RH ~ 35 o C Radiation Sky Radiant Temperature o C at night Convection PV Roof Evaporation 7 o ~ 30 o C Chiller Pump Drain Rainwater Tank Chiller Condenser (heat rejection) Toilets, Irrigation Gutter

16 The River Roof of GEO Building to be operated at night only Video 1: Gutter for cooling tower water & rainwater Video 2: Manifold splashing water onto PV roof Video link: Video link:

17 River roof cooling primarily through sky radiation

18 Phase Change Material Tank Melting point: 10 C Total storage capacity: 580 kwh Charged with 7 C water (night time) Used for dehumidification of air: 19 8 g/kg Dimensions: ~ 3 x 3 x 2.5 meters

19 GEO building: Floor Slab Cooling PEX pipes Embedded in concrete slab Supply temperature: C Return temperature: C Night time operation only

20 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling GEO Building Computer modeling of GEO Building by Transsolar using TRNSYS

21 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling GEO Building Computer modeling of GEO Building by Transsolar using TRNSYS

22 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Weekend ZOOM IN See next slide Monday - Friday Weekend

23 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Slab cooling 12:00 0:00 12:00

24 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Outdoor Indoor Indoor Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend

25 Energy Model for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend

26 Measured Concrete Slab Core Temperature Roof slab of GEO Building Increase computer power from 30 W to 100 W Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend Tuesday - Friday Weekend Monday - Thursday

27 Thermal Comfort for Concrete Floor Slab Cooling Slab cooling 10 pm 8 am Computer wattage: 30 W (normal) Thermal comfort zone C Weekend Monday - Friday Weekend

28 Measured Temperature for Open Plan Office But people complained about lack of air-movement. We had to install FCUs

29 Measured Dew Point Temperature for Open Plan Office

30 Split Window Design

31 Daylight Measurements Lighting consumption: 0.56 W/m 2 Code requirement: 15 W/m 2 25 times more efficient

32 Daylight factor in atrium about 1 1.5% Nice light pattern through PV atrium roof

33 Case study kwh/m2 year case BEFORE retrofit Energy Efficient Retrofit case study EECCHI OFFICE RETROFIT (JAKARTA, 2011) AFTER retrofit

34 53% Measured Energy Savings

35 Retrofit & Improved Thermal Comfort Daylight retrofit design by IEN Consultants o CO2 demand ventilation o Energy efficient VRF o Air-tight facade

36 Extra Window Pane after Retrofit

37 Case study case Innovative daylighting facade for highrise building MMK OFFICE TOWER (KUALA LUMPUR, 2015)

38 Innovative façade daylighting The MMK high rise office Damansara Perdana, Malaysia Innovative daylight duct from facade Daylight design by IEN Consultants

39 7 meters daylight with blinds down Innovative daylight duct from facade Measured daylight show that the first 7 meters can be daylit, even when the blinds are fully engaged Daylight design by IEN Consultants

40 CONCLUSION Expensive not to go green Buildings are Like a Leaky Bucket with lots of unnecessary wastages Plug the holes, and you are well on the way to a green energy efficient inexpensive building

41 Thank you Gregers Reimann Managing director, IEN Consultants Singapore Malaysia China How I commute in Kuala Lumpur (video link)

42 Appendix slides

43 Office case study in Bangi, Malaysia: GEO BUILDING

44 Winner of 2012 ASEAN Energy Award (ST Diamond Building, Putrajaya, Malaysia) Architects: Soontorn Boonyatikarn (Thailand) and NR Architect (Malaysia) Energy efficiency and sustainability: IEN Consultants Mechanical & Electrical: Primetech Engineers Contractor: Putra Perdana Construction Client: Malaysian Energy Commission

45 ASHRAE Technology Award 2013 (2 nd place) (ST Diamond Building, Putrajaya, Malaysia) Architects: Soontorn Boonyatikarn (Thailand) and NR Architect (Malaysia) Energy efficiency and sustainability: IEN Consultants Mechanical & Electrical: Primetech Engineers Contractor: Putra Perdana Construction Client: Malaysian Energy Commission

46 ST Diamond juxtaposed with Sarawak Longhouse (in the book The Cooperation, 2012) Book available free online:

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48 1/3 Energy Consumption (ST Diamond Building) 2012 ASEAN energy award Winner

49 Measured Energy Break-down Note: o District cooling has been converted to electricity using SCOP of 3.8

50 3-minute video Sustainable Features of ST Diamond Building. Available at YouTube:

51 Self-shading facades Source: Greening Asia Emerging Principles for Sustainable Architecture. Copyright: Nirmal Kishnani, Publisher: FuturArc

52 Atrium daylighting Source: Greening Asia Emerging Principles for Sustainable Architecture. Copyright: Nirmal Kishnani, Publisher: FuturArc

53 Atrium Daylight Design Tannenbaum reflector panel on levels 4 and 5 The atrium has been carefully designed optimize daylight utilization for each floor employing the combination of the following three strategies: 1. Automated blind with six different configuration to maintain the appropriate daylighting levels at all times. The blinds with 30% light transmittance are adjusted every 15 minutes and follow a three different control strategies for morning, mid-day and evening 2. The windows size becomes larger deeper into the atrium to cater for lower daylight levels 3. A band of Tannenbaum reflector panels are applied to 4 th and 5 th floor to deflect daylight across the atrium to 1 st and 2 nd floor where daylight levels are the lowest. The christmas tree profile reflectors have an inclination of 10 and reflect about 85% of the light in semi-diffuse manner, hence, avoiding visual glare issues for the building occupants.

54 Façade daylighting Source: Greening Asia Emerging Principles for Sustainable Architecture. Copyright: Nirmal Kishnani, Publisher: FuturArc

55 Façade Daylight Design The building is 50% daylit. The façade daylighting system consists of a mirror lightshelf and a white painted window sill. Both deflect daylight onto the white ceiling for improved daylight distribution until 5 meters from the façade + 2 additional meters of corridor space. Installed office lighting is 8.4 W/m2, but 1-year measurements show consumption of only 0.9 W/m2 showing high reliance on daylighting Diffuse light deflected into room by lightshelf and window sill LIGHT REFLECTIONS FROM: Lightshelf + Window sill FACADE Self-shaded facade from direct sun Mirror lightshelf with fixed louver Lightshelf only Window sill only

56 Day-Lighting- Office Mirror lightshelf Fixed blinds for glare control Daylight reflected onto ceiling Typical Cross Section

57 Daylight Skylight through Roof Take in diffuse light only

58 Lighting Levels No need to switch on lights automatically: Save energy

59 0:20 2:50 5:20 7:50 10:20 12:50 15:20 17:50 20:20 22:50 1:20 3:50 6:20 8:50 11:20 13:50 16:59 19:29 21:59 0:29 2:59 5:29 7:59 10:29 12:59 15:29 17:59 20:29 22:59 1:29 3:59 6:29 8:59 11:29 13:59 17:04 20:04 22:34 1:04 3:34 6:04 8:34 11:04 13:34 16:04 18:34 21:04 23:34 2:04 4:34 7:04 9:34 12:04 14:34 17:04 19:34 22:04 0:34 3:04 5:34 8:04 10:34 13:04 15:34 18:04 20:34 23:04 kw cooling Floor Slab Cooling in ST Diamond Building Floor slab cooling system embedded in RC slab Illustration courtesy of: Greening Asia Emerging Principles for Sustainable Architecture. Copyright: Nirmal Kishnani, Publisher: FuturArc Thermographic image of floor slab cooling in ST Diamond Picture courtesy of: PS Soong, Pureaire Floor Slab Cooling Air handling units AHU Energy 26/9-2/10 FSC 26/9-2/ Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun 0

60 ST Diamond Building: Floor slab cooling measurements Source: Greening Asia Emerging Principles for Sustainable Architecture. Copyright: Nirmal Kishnani, Publisher: FuturArc 1 month of measured data

61 Floor Slab Cooling: Condensation accident! Due to manual override of supply temperature to floor slabs

62 Floor Slab Cooling: Measured Correlation Clear correlation between ceiling surface temperature and Cooling energy