TOWARDS LOW COST GREEN BUILDING WITH LOW ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Transcription

1 TOWARDS LOW COST GREEN BUILDING WITH LOW ENERGY CONSUMPTION Case study: North Sinai El-Arish By Marwa Nossier Hamdan Nossier A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Engineering at Cairo University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ARCHITUREAL ENGINEERING FACUKTY OF ENGINEERING - CAIRO UNIVERCITY GIZA EGYPT 2017

2 Abstract The green building is not only excluded economically, but this exclusion has social and environmental dimension. The major idea about green building is costing expensively than traditional building. Many studies approve that green building costing less than traditional building during the life cycle building. So, in this thesis has been focused on primarily cost of green building. The main element impact on primary cost is construction of the building. Additionally, decreasing the primarily cost of green building has been given attention to the energy consumption inside building and selecting the stabile material. Therefore, has been suggestion new construction for green building made of plastic. Also, it has been tested the durability of the new construction to use in building and studied the benefits of the construction during use. Additionally, it had been studied ability use recycled plastic in the new block to save the environment. The cost of new block has been calculated and comparative with use traditional brick in the building. According the important of energy saving in green building benefits, the study points out the importance of design building envelope is more sensitive to the thermal comfort at indoor living in the low building costing. Also, it is one of the main element effects in the primary cost of the building. So this thesis focuses on the construction of the building envelope cost and impact on the thermal comfort interior building, through decreases the total solar radiation, and reduces the Overall heat transfer coefficient in the external envelope of the building in north Sinai. So, it had been analyzed main geometric shapes which can decrease the total solar radiation on the external envelope of the building. Also, it has been analysis heat transfer through some cross sections in traditional walls and new construction to determine which one can reduce the Overall heat transfer coefficient on the external envelope of the building. Finally, it has been analyzed the model of building using the new construction by analysis software. The final conclusion explains the benefit of new block construction; low costs in case replace it in the building, and effect in the thermal comfort in the building. This all result may possibly change the idea of expensive construction green building. Also, it can build the house with low cost and less time. Key word: Economic Green Building, Green Building, External Envelop Construction, Energy Efficiency, Green Material.

3 1. Introduction: The cost is the main important issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings. Green buildings are generally perceived to be a lot more expensive than traditional buildings and frequently not worth the additional cost. Photovoltaic, new apparatus and modern technologies moving toward cost extra money. Early 2003 article in the New York Times was titled Not Building Green Is Called a Matter of Economics. So as to determine the cost of building green compared to traditional design, numerous dozen building representatives and architects were contacted to be able to secure the cost of 33 green buildings from across the United States compared to traditional designs for those same buildings. The average premium for these green buildings is a little less than 2%, far less than is usually seen. Kats indicate in his 2003 report that on average, green buildings use 30% lower energy than traditional buildings. Also, green building use of traditional energy (and the resulting associated emissions) is on average about 36% less than traditional buildings. Additionally, Greg Kats had performed a study of 150 buildings primarily in the US, as well as in other countries, finding that green buildings cost approximately 2% more to build than traditional ones. Since 2004, the costs and benefits of the green building had been examined in a growing body of research and continue to find that green building based on environmental reasons and economic basis. In the first (2004), 138 buildings in the USA were criticized, finding that there was no significant difference in average costs between green buildings and traditional buildings. This study by costing consultants Davis Langdon depends on their inner "knowledgebase" of buildings, LEED and otherwise. The study proves that costs of buildings Differ greatly in the same building category. not only the green building has high cost and less cost, but also the traditional building has high cost and less cost.

4 Davis Langdon has been done Cost Study In 2006 the paper "Cost Study, Cost of Green Revisited" based on the previous study in Data from this study displays that a lot of projects and obtain certification through the pursuit of the same strategies less expensive and in many cases, avoid strategies more advanced or more costly. In particular, in an attempt to reach some projects to raise the levels of low energy Exceed what is demanded by local laws, further than what could be achieved less than cost. The survey in 2007 by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development explains the average cost of green building is 17% more than traditional building. Moreover, has been indicted that the belief that the greening costs additional more than the traditional design is not true. After analyzed 170 green buildings has been proved that the average costs of green building less than 2% of the traditional buildings. Additionally, the green buildings provide a lot of direct and indirect benefits, which makes it a good investment. One of the studies extensively on the costs of green buildings has been done by the international cost consulting firm Davis Langdon. Using a database of private ownership of the actual construction costs compared 45 LEED projects with 93 other non-leed projects, Davis Langdon discovered that the costs of green building (for three types of joint projects laboratories, academic classrooms, and libraries) were statistically does not differ from the traditional building costs when normalized for year of completion (with the cost inflation of analysis) and location (which reflects the difference between the construction costs, according to the site). The study in 2008 by Deloitte LLP and Charles Lockwood perceives that an increasing number of companies are realization green retrofits of their buildings to reduction in cost, strengthen employee attraction, decrease absenteeism, enhance productivity, and health care costs, and retention and optimize their corporate sustainability reports and brand equity all at a relatively fewer cost. However, timing is important for companies seeking to use and reprocessing of green as a competitive differential points. Also, it believed that the rising interest in the green building between lawmakers and businesses will in the near future make green construction practices mainstream. In 2008, the study found that the benefits of communities and green buildings greatly exceed the costs. Many of green buildings cost 0% - 4% more than traditional buildings and more than 90% of green buildings are retrieved the first investment within five years.

5 A recent business case report by the World Green Building Council 2013 collect data from a number of other sources in an attempt to response the openended questions that remain about the cost and value of green building. Whilst the report supplies a useful summary of peer-reviewed green building cost research; it does not present any new data. Consequently, it produces a conclusion not altogether unique than other works. It does, however, abstract that green buildings do unnecessarily cost more to design or build when development in properly managed, and that perception of important additional cost are quite a bit rise than real data, and often based on anecdotal examples. According to one recent study of more than 150 buildings, green buildings cost roughly 2% extra to build than traditional buildings and supply a wide range of economic, social and health benefits. In additionally, reducing the use of green energy buildings at the rate of 33%, which led to the importance of achieving, cost savings. Sundry researchers have argued that by embracing integrative design, green buildings must cost fewer than traditional buildings. Based on the comparison of green buildings actual cost data against modeled cost estimates, it is concluded that, generally, green buildings are not inherently more expensive due to their provision of sustainable materials and systems. Worldwide it has been certain that green buildings have a reduction in operating costs. These decrease costs can be achieved directly by the building owner, but can also flow during to the owner by way of rising rent when compared with non-green, and lower efficient, but otherwise comparable buildings. Certified green buildings are designed and built for energy and water efficiency, making them lower cost to operate. The Szencorp building has reported energy savings of over 70% after two years of operation. According the previous research, the green building is less expensive than many traditional building through life cycle cost of building. So, this these has been focused at the decreasing the primary cost of green building.

6 2. Research problem: The main idea about green building, it has been costing more expensive than traditional building, therefore, is not suitable for affordable housing. Many studies have notarized the initial costs of green building higher than traditional building. That makes most of the people not moving towards green housing especially economic category. That finding a need to reduce the primary cost construction of the green building. 3. Aims of the research: The developed world is moving rapidly towards Green Economy to achieve sustainable development through the economic green building. Therefore the aims of the study, Is to achieve the suitable construction of external envelope building in north Sinai, that improve the inside thermal comfort and reduce the energy consumption. That's because the way in which we construct and design buildings have a critical impact on the environment. In order to reach the main goal of the research, there were some sub-goals that had to be first achieved. 4. The sub aims: o To face the expensive initial cost of green building and promote to the economic category getting green building low cost. o To emphasize the impact of demolition and construction building on the environment. o To propose new building construction low cost and less impact. o To reduce heat transfer through the external envelope of the building. o To achieved the most suitable house shape appropriate with the environment. o To decrease the impact of energy consumption inside building through decrease heat transform in the external envelope.

7 5. Hypothesis of the study: 1- The primary cost of green building construction is lower than the cost of traditional building construction. 2- The benefit of green building construction is more than the benefit of traditional building construction. 6. Research methodology: The research is determined to study the low cost of building construction in north Sinai. Theoretical study: Identifying of research problem as, economic green building, the cost of green building and barriers and benefits. Studding external envelop construction and material selection, and their effect in energy consumption. Practical application: The first phase - Preparing the new construction block and samples of recycled plastic to test in the laboratory. The second phase - Compression test the new construction and samples of recycled plastic in the laboratory. Analytical study: These study methods have been follows: The experimental methods using Autodesk Ecotect Analysis 2011 program and design builder program and analysis building The experimental methods using Fourier's law the coefficient of heat transmission for the following cross sections. Analysis the result using diagram.

8 7. Major Findings: Within comparative the new green building construction with conventional construction, my research reveals that the average primary cost for the green building is less than conventional construction. After testing the compressive strength for green building brick construction, my research reveals that the compressive strength for conventional brick construction less than compressive strength for green building brick construction. Within comparative some geometric shapes of building in Sinai to achieved that suitable shape is circle. Studying heat transfer through some examples of conventional wall building comparative with the wall in new green building construction explain that the green building wall is lowest heat flux density. My findings are contrary to the perceptions in the marketplace, and I think further research will demonstrate the cost effectiveness of green building. The research revealed that the solutions are not difficult and can use it simply.

9 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS: Beyond submission of the research through introductory chapter, the thesis has been organized into four parts : Part one economic of green building, Part two external envelop of green building, Part three energy and material of green building, Part four Application. Part (1) economic green building: This Part includes three chapters. chapter one introduction includes background about economic green building also explain the research problem and the aim of the thesis. Additionally, it views the hypotheses, the method and major finding. Chapter two green building includes the concept of green economy and explain Green building attributes, Goals and Identification of barriers. Also view economic dimensions, the issue of the cost, several perceptions on green buildings and the effect of green building benefits in cost. Chapter three economic green building presents the Design Cost Factors such as, Mitigation Strategies, Construction and Operation. It shows Strategies Savings by Design, Improvements in the Construction Process, and Improvements in Human Performance. The chapter includes Life cycle cost, Definition,Savings and Assessment. It is also view the Rating system. Part (2) External envelope of green building : This Part includes two chapters. Theses chapters are chapter one External envelope of green building explains Building Envelop Design and Building envelope product and materials selection. Also view Envelope and relation with Climate and study Building Shape and Orientation. In additional, it studies the effect of envelope in Thermal Efficiency. Chapter two green walls and roof includes Green walls / roofs and explains their types, construction, benefit, barriers, and saving energy. Finally, it involves study the Heat Transfer through the wall building. Part (3) Energy and material green building: This Part includes two chapters. chapter one energy green building views introduction in energy and Renewable Energy, Renewable energy resources and technologies, and Energy in green building. Then explain energy-saving in green buildings and Passive Solar Design, and study Energy Cost Saving. Chapter two material green building views the Effect Material in energy, Requirements for materials, Characteristics Green products and green building materials. Also involve the phases to Building Materials, Green building materials definition, Criteria for materials selection and Forms and Criteria of Evaluation Green Material. In additional, Green Products affect Energy-Efficiency, Resource Responsibility, Public Health Impacts, Economical and Functional Uses, Quality of Manufacturer and Recycling and reuse material of buildings. The chapter is also discussion Materials Cost Saving. Finally, it include study the suitable shape to the building which saving energy consumption.

10 Part (4) Application: This part includes three chapters: First chapter Explains Application using laboratory testing. In this chapter explain the new brick (material, shape, dimension), Prove the durability of new brick through Calculate the compressive strength using testing laboratory, Calculate the compressive strength for recycle plastic using testing laboratory, and calculate the compressive strength using rates. Also it viewed the benefits of new brick. Second chapter Explains Application using cost calculations. In this chapter Explain the parts of the building with new brick, Calculate the cost of the main new brick, and Comparative the cost construction new brick with the traditional brick. Third chapter is Explain Application with using software. In this chapter viewed Using rating system to determine the category weight of energy and material, Study the suitable shape to the building, Study Heat Transfer through the wall building, and Analysis the building with design builder program.

11 Summary, Findings, and Recommendations the research study by presenting the (a) summary, (b) findings, (c) Conclusion, (d) Recommendations for future research directions. Summary of the thesis: The overarching theme of this research study was to achieve stable construction can used in green building and help to decrease the primarily cost of the building. The main concept green building is costing more expensive than traditional building. So, in this thesis had been suggestion new construction to constructed green building economy. At the first stage had been Explained the new brick properties such as using polypropylene in manufacturing the new construction, and the dimension has been taken from Fibonacci numbers, and the shape designed to connect construction without needing any material. After that the construction had been prepared to test compressive strength in laboratory. The result of the test approve The Compressive strength of plastic hollow brick is higher than compressive strength of Standard Specification for Building Works for bricks and for hollow blocks. Also, some samples of recycled plastic had been prepared to test compressive strength in laboratory for known Possibility to use the recycled plastic in manufacturing new block and fill the recycled plastic into the block. The result of the test approve that the recycled plastic can use in the new block. The sample which has the highest compressive stress can use in the main body of the construction. Also, the sample which has the lowest compressive stress can use to fill the new block to increase the new construction durability. Finally, it has been viewed the benefits of new brick during use it in building. The second stage begins with Explain the parts of the building with new brick in the case of use it only without traditional construction (without columns). According the test result of compressive stress we can use the new construction without traditional construction in the case filling the block with material such as recycled plastic, or cement, or sand. After that it has been calculated the cost of the main new brick in two cases: The First in the case using the new construction system to bear the loads coming from the roof and walls, the price to the block 17.6 EGP per piece. The Second in the case using the block as wall partition without bear the loads and find another construction system, the price to the block8 EGP per piece. Additionally, it has been Comparative the cost construction new brick with the traditional brick. The result achieved that The Structure Cost in the building with traditional block is higher than The Structure Cost in the building with a new block. The third stage started with determines the category weight of energy and material at each BREEAM, LEED and Egyptian green pyramid system because the rating system is very important to assessment the green building. According to these diagrams has been shown that the energy and material in these systems

12 enable to achieve the first certificate in BREEAM, LEED and Egyptian green pyramid systems. After that it has been determine the place of case study in Sinai El Arish because decreasing the studies includes this place. Also, it's climatic very stable to use in improve the internal environment in building. So it has been shall to choose the stabile shape saving energy consumption by control total radiation on the building all over the year. The result achieved The Circle is the suitable shape in the site of case study because it has the lowest total radiation on the building during all the months of the year at 12Hr. Also it has been studied Heat Transfer through the wall building because it is major causes in the appropriate internal environment of building and energy consumption. So, it has been comparative Heat Transfer between six traditional wall types and the wall with new block Using Fourier's law. The result approve The cross section of the wall with new block is the suitable wall in building at the site of case study because it has the lowest heat flux density through the wall in the building during the summer season. Additionally, it had been Analysis the building with design builder program and achieved to information about The heat loss through all glazing, The heat loss through all external walls, The heat loss through air infiltration, The heat delivered to maintain the internal heating design temperature through cooling design and heating design. Also, it has been comparative with traditional building analysis. The result explained that building with new block is comfortable than traditional building. Finding: The result of the compressive strength test in laboratory for new construction approve The Compressive strength of plastic hollow brick is higher than compressive strength of Standard Specification for Building Works for bricks and for hollow blocks. The result of the test compressive strength in laboratory for recycled plastic approved that the recycled plastic can use in the new block. The sample which has the highest compressive stress can use in the main body of the block. Also, the sample which has the lowest compressive stress can use to fill the new block to increase the new block durability. The new construction could be used without traditional construction in the case filling the block with material such as recycled plastic, or cement, or sand.

13 Within comparative the new green building construction with conventional construction, my research reveals that the average primary cost for the green building is less than conventional construction. the category weight of energy and material has been determined for achieve that the category weight of energy and material in these systems enable to achieve the first certificate in BREEAM, LEED and Egyptian green pyramid systems. Within comparative some geometric shapes of building in Sinai to achieved that suitable shape is circle. Studying heat transfer through some examples of conventional wall building comparative with the wall in new green building construction explain that the green building wall is lowest heat flux density. Analysis the building with design builder program and achieved to information about the heat loss through all glazing, the heat loss through all external walls, The heat loss through air infiltration, The heat delivered to maintain the internal heating design temperature through cooling design and heating design. That Explained the building with new block is comfortable than traditional building. The new construction had many properties such as Durable and degrades very slowly, Resistant to most natural processes of degradation, Low environment impact, recycle can be easy after use, and Low conductivity help saves energy. Replacing traditional brick with the new block in the building will help to decrease the impact on the environment, decrease the time of construct and improve building simulations. So, it has been proposed this design to the new block. Uses the new construction in the building has some benefits such as This brick does not need for material to connect bricks together, It does not

14 require the demolition in case of amendment. Color change easily during the manufacturing phase, Ease of disassembly and installation, It is hollowing from the inside and contains two pieces (the main block and the cover), Enable to get rid of the hot air before transformation through the wall, The possibility of add another layer easily, It does not require a wooden formwork in construct the roof, It bears several floors, and Easily to use green wall without worry about the elevation construction. Findings of research are contrary to the perceptions in the marketplace, also it will demonstrate the cost effectiveness of green building. The research revealed that the solutions are not difficult and can use it simply. Conclusion: According to previous results has been achieved that the new construction will decrease the premier costs construct to the green building constriction. Also, the new construction appropriate Requirement of the climate in the site case study. Also, suitable the aim of green building Energy conservation, conservation of nonrenewable resources, sustainable use of renewable resources, decision making, adopting environmentally conscious policy, and healthy and comfortable indoor environments. In additionally the new construction has many benefits such as Healthy, Low cost, Durable and degrade very slowly, Resistant to most natural processes of degradation, Low environment impact, Recycle can be easy after use, Low conductivity help saves energy, does not need for material to connect bricks together, does not require the demolition in case of amendment, Color change easily during the manufacturing phase, Ease of disassembly and installation, hollowing from the inside and contains two pieces (the main block and the cover), Enable to get rid of the hot air before transformation through the wall, The possibility of add another layer easily, does not require a wooden formwork in construct the roof, bears several floor, can use green wall easily. New construction brick from polypropylene is suitable for the site of case study because it has the highest thermal resistant to heat transfer toward internal spaces. In additional, it characterized Low conductivity help at saving energy indoor environment in the building. Also, it is helping to achieve thermal comfort to building occupants. And this will impact on the behavior of building occupants towards use equipment where that will use it. Directly that will increase the thermal efficiency in building.

15 In another side, new block brick from polypropylene should be more economy to use in the low-cost building. In addition, it is Resistant to most natural processes of degradation, Low environment impact; Recycle can be easy after use and Healthy. Also, this block can use the recycled material. In this case will be save the environment because the material of plastic used so much in our life daily. Additionally, the plastic is difficult material to decomposition. It takes nearly for centuries of de composition, and burn it leads to the spread of toxic gases may affect human health, and bury it in the ground does not solve the problem the same problem moves from the earth's surface to the subsoil, presence of plastic in the soils means the elimination of plant life. So, used recycle plastic in new block will be useful to save the environment. Also, it can be treated in order to maintain the human health indoor building. The design plan has main importance in decrease energy consumption in building, because it reduces the amount of solar radiation interlining building. Additional, it helps to decrease energy consumption in building. To control the effect of solar energy on the indoor environment, should do stable design to external envelope of building. External envelope can be utilized to block the solar radiation before it reaches the indoor environment. So, the search achieved to Strategies Savings by Design plan can use at region study. New block brick from polypropylene is suitable for the site of case study because it has the highest thermal resistant to heat transfer toward internal spaces. In additional, it characterized Low conductivity help at saving energy indoor environment in the building. Also, it is helping to achieve thermal comfort to building occupants. And this will impact on the behavior of building occupants towards use equipment where that will use it. Directly that will increase the thermal efficiency in building. The Circle is the suitable shape in the site of case study because it has the lowest total radiation on the building during all the months of the year at 12Hr. In additional, the total radiation increases the heat gain in the building, that effect on to decrease the energy consumption indoor building. The total radiation decreased in all other months and that effect on heat lost, which help on decrease the energy consumption indoor building. Finally, the circle shape is the suitable design for the Climatic conditions.

16 Recommendations: It is recommended to study using plastics in the roof. It is very important to design all parts of building which use the new block to be easy to dismantle and composition. That will help in temporary building. It is useful Increase the fire resistance for the new plastic block of green building to raise the internal protection for occupancy. It is simplified to study the emissions during fire the block in side building. It is useful to study the impact of closing the building along time when use the new block at the internal environment. It is very important to study earthquake resistant for building use the new block. It is simplified to study emission for new block during interaction with surrounding environment.