If this is the case, cementitious mortar coatings will provide effective and long-term protection against the growth of bacteria and mould.

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1 PRODUCT INFORMATION TW PAGEL - MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS REPAIR SYSTEM POSTFACH POSTFACH D ESSEN WOLFSBANKRING ESSEN Germany TELEFON TELEFAX INFO@PAGEL.COM TW PAGEL - MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER STORAGE CONTAINERS - REPAIR SYSTEM 1. Historically proven mortar technology The use of cementitious mortars goes as far back as to the Romans, who used it to line drinking water storage containers, drinking water storage reservoirs and for coating aqueducts. The advantage of cementitious mortar is that it provides an alkaline environment, which strongly inhibits the growth of microorganisms. However, this only works for the interior coating of drinking water tanks if the alkalinity of the cement-bound mortar coating is preserved over long periods of time. If this is the case, cementitious mortar coatings will provide effective and long-term protection against the growth of bacteria and mould. One of the historic mortar systems weak points is that, when the mortar is too porous and the drinking water too aggressive, the calcite will be washed from the cement stone because of the high capillary action. PAGEL TW MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS are not affected by this and are virtually 100% resistant to the ingress of aggressive waters. The DVGW (German Technical and Scientific Association for Gas and Water) has therefore specified the following limit values in DVGW Work Sheet W300: Water/cement ratio: w/c 0.50 True porosity: 12 Volume% However, we still believe that these limit values are too high and that they should be lowered. During the latest review of the DVGW Work Sheet W300 (Appendix 10), a second mortar class with a water/cement ratio of w/c 0.40 was defined with the support of Dr. Breit (VDZ Research Institute of the Cement Industry) and professor Dr.-Ing. Breitbach (Koblenz University of Applied Science). This limit value for the mortar class with water/cement ratios of w/c 0.40 applies to PAGEL spray mortars, whose density is increased as a result of their spray application, and, synonymously, to areas of application where mortar coatings are applied by hand to ceilings, walls and floors, and during the application of which the mortar s density is not increased at all or only marginally. REGISTERGERICHT AMTSGERICHT ESSEN HRA 7942 PERS. HAFT. GESELLSCHAFTTERIN: PAGEL SPEZIAL-BETON BETEILIGUNGS-GMBH GESCHÄFTSFÜHRER HANS-FERDINAND FLOTTMEIER WILHELM G. HEIL REGISTERGERICHT AMTSGERICHT ESSEN HRB 2271 GERICHTSSTAND ESSEN BANKKONTEN COMMERZBANK ESSEN KONTO (BLZ ) BIC: COBADEFFXXX IBAN: DE DEUTSCHE BANK ESSEN KONTO (BLZ ) BIC: DEUTDEDEXX IBAN: DE STEUER-NR. 111/5774/0079 UST.-IDNR. DE

2 PAGEL definition - The principle underlying all PAGEL TW MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS: Water/cement ratio: w/c 0.40 True porosity: 10% These limit values are setting new standards when it comes to cementitious coatings and enables building owners, engineers and planners to more reliably assess the durability of cementitious repair mortars used for coatings, and, by virtue of their technical material properties, clearly set this group of products apart from conventional construction materials. ph value of TW PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS: TW PAGEL MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS have a constant ph value of ph 12 at water/cement ratios w/c 0.40, and are simultaneously very ductile, which can, in particular in large projects, when dealing with difficult geometries and/or in areas that are hard to reach, can mean that that the mortar has to be pumped into the tank over long distances. The above applies to the following PAGEL products: TW10 PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS TW20 PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS TW40 PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS TW10 White PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS TW20 White PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS TW40 White PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS For thin coatings: TW05 PAGEL SCREEDING COMPOUND FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS Water/cement ratio: w/c 0.50 Aggregate: Free from pyrite 2. PAGEL TW product philosophy: The reasoning behind this concrete technology Areas that require a coating but cannot be coated with TW PAGEL MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS for reasons related to the coating s resistance to aggressive waters, are also not suitable for coating with other cementitious competitor materials. Mortars do not only have to be as waterproof as possible, but it must also be possible to apply them safely and densely. The bonding agent matrix of TW PAGEL MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS have been enriched with very fine inorganic additives (including microsilica), which increase the mortar s surface area, make it dense and ductile, give it good adhesive properties and make it highly stable. It is also one of the concrete s additives (high-performance plasticiser) that is responsible for the reduction of the water/cement ratios (w/c 0.40), while at the same time ensuring that the mortar s ductility is maintained.

3 During the cement s hydration, this concrete additive is fully consumed (just as in normal concrete) and is consequently no longer present in the cured mortar matrix (no microbial contamination hazard). Impermeability The cementitious mortar s total porosity is the result of: o Capillaries o Gel pores The gel pores do not transport any water inside the cement stone and could, theoretically, be deducted from the total porosity. (When the gel pores are deducted from the total porosity, the capillarity in the TW PAGEL - MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS only makes up a small percentage of the total porosity). - Total porosities: When testing the total porosities of TW20 PAGEL - MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS and deducting the gel pore percentage from the total porosity, the result is water permeable porosities (tested using a mercury porometry measurement of approx. 1.0% as a minimum). The total porosity limit value specified by the DVGW Work Sheet W300: 12% (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dietrich, Rostock University: A mortar with such a low level of porosity can practically be considered waterproof ). This is very important, because a material that is virtually impermeable (to water), will also be resistant to the calcite being washed out. - Calcite dissolution capacity Under the Drinking Water Ordinance, the limit value of a drinking water s calcite dissolution capacity is 5 mg/l. When taking into account that the water may contain other aggressive components - especially in view of the high level of impermeability of TW PAGEL - MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS - calcite dissolution capacities of up to 20 mg/l are generally perfectly acceptable. As the water that dissolves the calcite is not able to penetrate the mortar matrix, it is also not possible for it to dissolve - leach - it from inside. - ph value stability The ph value is stable and permanently ranges from ph = 4.5 to ph = 14 - Wear resistance Running the drinking water tanks, constantly filling and emptying them of drinking water / raw water, as well as the hygienic stress, all cause the mortar coatings to wear. For this reason, TW PAGEL - MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS also conform to the CE regulations for screed coatings specified under DIN EN The CE declaration of conformity in turn confirms the mortars wear resistance.

4 3. Product compositions When cured, TW PAGEL - MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS are defined as mineral systems. The additive added to the concrete gives the mortar its excellent ductility, is consumed during hydration and is practically no longer present in the mortar matrix once it has hardened (Prof. Dr.-Ing. Breit, University of Kaiserslautern). Due to the substances contained in the mortars, they have been hygiene and approval tested in accordance with the DVGW Work Sheets W347 and W270; in addition to being tested for total porosity in accordance with the DVGW Work Sheet W Processing qualities / machine technology The ductility of TW PAGEL - MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS makes it ideal for wet spray application applying using a dense phase conveying system and for delivering it to the site of application in the drinking water tank at low pressure. On site, the mortars can realistically be delivered over distances of up to 60 m, although experienced users have also been able to deliver it over significantly longer distances (80 m). The mortar, which is delivered up to the MAWO PAGEL Sheath Flow - Dense Phase - Wet Application Nozzle using a dense phase conveying system without changing its consistency, is accelerated through the sheath flow compressed air, without any of the spray air finding its way into the mortar. By doing so, as well as accelerating the mortar, this also causes the mortar to be encapsulated in an air mantle. The amount of spray mist generated through this method is very low. The same applies to the rebound. TW10 PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS TW20 PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS TW40 PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS TW10 White PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS TW20 White PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS TW40 White PAGEL MORTAR FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS can be conveyed as a dense phase using conventional delivery pumps (only high current delivery pumps). The conveying screws must be suitable for conveying mortar systems and suitable for conveying mortars with particles up to 4 mm large (if relevant, please consult PAGEL s technical services or user services). When using a conveying hose diameter of 1 ½ or 35 mm, the end of the conveyor hose can be narrowed to create a hose diameter of 1 or 25 mm - depending on the maximum conveying width. The mortars technical material qualities and the adapted processing technology ensure that the mortar density remains consistent and that the mortar remains highly resistant across the entire width and depth of the coating that has been applied. The surfaces of TW PAGEL - MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS do not have to be coated with any additional coatings to make them wear resistant, or require any sealing coats, or: - Sacrificial layers - Films - Wearing courses

5 - Powder coatings - Silicification treatments Structure of layers during application TW PAGEL - MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS can be applied with ease and using minim effort. However, the effort required depends on the required surface structure. If the prepared substratum is not too rough, the mortar can be sprayed on in 2 layers, allowing for a brief waiting period between them, and should then be skimmed as quickly as possible using a flooring trowel. When doing so, it is impossible to avoid creating minor indents with the trowel. If the mortar s surface needs to be very even, its surface can be rubbed down with a plastic-tipped plastering tool. The mortar s surface will be virtually free from pores and cavities regardless of the application method chosen. The pores on the mortar s surfaces self-seal and thus prevent water from ingressing when the structure is being operated. 5. Site supervision On request, PAGEL will be happy to instruct the operators in the use of the MAWO PAGEL Sheath Flow - Dense Phase - Wet Application System for applying TW PAGEL - MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS on site. 6. Experience / References TW PAGEL - MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS have been used on construction sites for around 30 years now. For the past 15 years, without any change to their composition. During this entire period, there has not been a single justified complaint regarding microbial contamination. The smooth mortar surfaces are extremely durable, wear resistant and, when properly treated with cleaning and disinfecting agents, have a very attractive look. Thanks to the mortars ductility, it can also be shaped into stalactites (if desired) on ceiling areas (also available in white), without loosing any of its quality characteristics. The DVGW Work Sheet W300-compliant site inspections regarding total porosity show without a doubt that the lower total porosities during the first inspections are replicated in real application settings and can even be lowered further still. 7. Future prospects / Outlook The German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) tested the products composition, which has not changed over the past 15 years, as part of a research project, to investigate whether the latest concrete technologies could be used to further improve our TW PAGEL - MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS. The results of these investigations, which involved sprayed and hand-applied samples, show very clearly that this product cannot currently be optimised any further. This is because the product s composition, which has now been used in the market for over 15 years, is of such a high quality that it simply cannot be improved even with the latest technologies currently available.

6 When it comes to the latest state of the art concrete technologies, TW PAGEL - MORTARS FOR DRINKING WATER AREAS not only have state of the art product characteristics, but are also designed for on-site application using optimum application technologies. These insights and experiences mean that building owners and planners can enjoy a high level of assurance regarding the safety and durability of these mortar systems. Essen, PAGEL Spezial - Beton GmbH & CO. KG signed Dipl. Ing. Bernd Gehrke