Contents Brief Introduction to the Biotechnology of Lignocellulose Chemical Composition and Structure of Natural Lignocellulose

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1 Contents 1 Brief Introduction to the Biotechnology of Lignocellulose Definition of Natural Lignocellulose Characteristics of Lignocellulose Composition Complexity of Lignocellulose Structural Inhomogeneity of Lignocellulose Significance of Exploration on Lignocellulose Biotechnology Role in NaturalMaterial Cycle Status and Functions in Green Chemistry andengineering Status and Functions of Lignocellulose Biotechnology in Circulation Economy Strategic Transfer of Raw Materials to the Chemical and Fermentation Industries Lignocellulose Biotechnology Research and DevelopmentProgress Research Development for the Bioconversion of Lignocellulose Problems with and Prospects for the Microbial Transformationof Natural Lignocellulose Enzymes: The Key to Open the Biomass ResourceTreasure References Chemical Composition and Structure of Natural Lignocellulose Main Components of Natural Lignocellulosic Materials Biological Structureof Plant Cell Walls Cellulose Chemical Structureof Cellulose PhysicalStructure ofcellulose PhysicochemicalPropertiesof Cellulose Biosynthesis of Cellulose xi

2 xii Contents 2.4 Hemicellulose Chemical Structureof Hemicellulose Chemical Propertiesof Hemicellulose Biosynthesis of Hemicelluloses PhysiologicalFunctionof Hemicelluloses Lignin Distributionof Lignin Structureof Lignin PhysicochemicalPropertiesof Lignin LigninSynthesis BiologicalFunctionof Lignin Ash Pectin Pigment Cell Wall Protein StructuralProteins Zymoprotein Hydrophobic Protein References Biological Fundamentals for the Biotechnology of Lignocellulose Microbes forthe Degradationof Natural Lignocellulose Cellulose-DegradableMicroorganisms Hemicellulose-DegradableMicroorganisms Lignin-DegradableMicroorganisms Cellulose-DecomposingMicrobialCommunity Animals Capable of DecomposingNatural Lignocellulose Protozoa Invertebrates Properties andhydrolysismechanismof Cellulase EnzymeProperties EnzymaticHydrolysisMechanismof Cellulase Cellulose Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Saccharification Factors AffectingCellulose EnzymaticHydrolysis Cellulase Enzymolysis Hemicellulose Biotransformation Hemicellulose Compositions and Structural Characteristics HemicelluloseDegradationMechanism LigninBiotransformation Related Lignin-DegradingMicroorganisms Related Enzymesof LigninDegradation Mechanismof LigninDegradation

3 Contents xiii 3.7 LignocelluloseMicrobial DegradationProcess NutritionalPropertiesof Lignocelluloses Invasionof Microbesinto Lignocellulose Mechanism of Microbial Degradation of Lignocellulose Ecological Fundamentals of Cellulose Biotechnology DevelopmentofCellulose MicrobialEcology Cellulose Microbes and Carbon Cycle of Earth secosystems Formation of Industrial Ecology and Research Progress of Lignocellulose Biotechnology Ecoindustry References Pretreatment and Primary Refining of Lignocelluloses Introduction Connotation and Development History of Primary Refining of Lignocellulose The Necessity of Pretreatment for Natural Lignocellulose The Proposal on the Component Separation Conceptof Natural Lignocellulose New Ideas of Biomass Feedstock Refining: SelectivelyStructuralFractionation Pretreatment Technology of Natural Lignocelluloses PhysicalPretreatment Chemical Pretreatment Component Separation Evaluation Criteria for Component Separation Research Progress on Component Separation Technologies Developing Prospects for Component Separation Technology Selectively StructuralFractionation Development History of Selectively Structural Fractionation Status Analysis of Selectively Structural Fractionation Technology Development Tendency of Selectively Structural Fractionation Technology References

4 xiv Contents 5 Applications of Lignocellulose Biotechnology in Ecological Agriculture Bio-feed Single-Cell Protein Artificial Rumen FermentationFeed Silage Feed MicrobialSilage Feed Biofertilizers Straw Ecological Fertilizers Lignin Fertilizer Biological Pesticides Biological Pesticides from Trichoderma spp Oligosaccharins Pectinase References Applications of Lignocellulose Biotechnology in Bioenergy Introduction LignocelluloseFermentationof Fuel Ethanol Use of Lignocellulose to Produce Bioethanol Lignocellulose Fermentation to Produce Bioethanol Key Technology of Lignocellulose Fermentation to Produce Bioethanol DemonstrationProject Biohydrogen Introduction of Hydrogen Energy Research Status of Hydrogen Production Technology Development, Status, and Problems of Biological Hydrogen Production Hydrogen Production by the Fermentation of Lignocellulose Biogas Fermentation Biogas Utilization Around the World Physiological and Biochemical Processes of Biogas Fermentation Biogas FermentationProcess Problemsin BiogasFermentation Study of Lignocellulose Biogas Production References Applications of Lignocellulose Biotechnology in the Chemical Industry Introduction Fermentationof Acetone-Butanol Cultivationof Strains Substrate Utilization

5 Contents xv Continuous Fermentation and Immobilized Cell Fermentation SolventRecoveryProcess Present Situation and Problems of Cellulosic Butanol Fermentation Technology Production of Organic Acids Lactic Acid and Polylactic Acid LevulinicAcid Citric Acid ,3-Butanediol Production Microorganisms Used to Produce 2,3-Butanediol ,3-ButanediolMetabolic Pathwayof Strains MicrobialTransformationof 2,3-Butanediol Xylitol Production Microorganisms Used to Produce Xylitol Regulation of Microbial Xylitol Synthesis In Vivo Xylitol Microbial Conversion Furfural Production Raw Materials forfurfuralpreparation Methods to Prepare Furfural Preparation and Separation of Furfural Using HemicellulosefromSteam-ExplodedCorn Stover Xanthan Gum Production Production Strains and Their Transformation Improvements of Xanthan Gum Production Technology Bacterial Cellulose Production Strains for Bacterial Cellulose Production BiosyntheticPathway of Bacterial Cellulose MicrobialTransformationof Bacterial Cellulose Biotransformation of Lignin into Chemical Products Enzymatic Synthesis of Lignin-Based PolymerMaterials Lignin Biodegradation Products References Applications of Lignocellulose Biotechnology in the Pulp and Papermaking Industry Introduction Biopulping Mechanism of Biopulping Microorganisms and Enzymes of Biopulping Industrialization and Economic Analysis of Biopulping Problems of Biopulping

6 xvi Contents 8.3 Biobleaching Hemicellulosein the Raw Materials andpulp Mechanism of Xylanase in the Bleaching Process Efficiency of Xylanase in the Biological Bleaching Process Biological Bleaching Process Bioassisted Bleaching Technology Development of and Prospects for Xylanase Technology Biobleaching of Lignin-Degrading Enzymes Application of Biotechnology in Other Aspects of Pulp and Paper Genetic Engineering Technology in ModifyingPapermakingMaterials Application of Microbial Fermentation in Sulfite Pulp Waste Liquid References Applications of Lignocellulose Biotechnology in Other Industries Application in the Textile Industry Structureand Performanceof Cotton Fiber Regenerated Cellulose Fiber and Related Textiles Applicationin EnvironmentalProtection Application of White-Rot Fungi Applications of Straw in Restoring Materials of EcologicalEngineering References Ecological Industry Model for Biotechnology of Lignocellulose Introduction Cleaner Production Theory Circular Economy Industrial Ecology Concept Development for Industrial Ecology Methods of Industrial Ecology Research Fields and Characteristics of Industrial Ecology Significance of the Study of Industrial Ecology Industrial Ecology Park Construction Objectives and Features of an Eco-industrial Park Industrial Ecology Park Design Building of Industrial Ecology Park

7 Contents xvii 10.6 Comprehensive Utilization of Lignocellulose and Process Analysis of the Ecological Industry Direct Conversionof Lignocelluloses Industry Overview of Lignocellulose Comprehensive Utilization Problems in the Comprehensive Utilization of Lignocellulose Application of Ecological Industry Concept in the Comprehensive Utilization of Lignocellulose Eco-industry and Its Role in the Industrial Structureof EcologicalAgriculture Technical System and Research for Comprehensive Utilization of Natural Lignocellulose Typical Examples for an Ecological Industry Model of Lignocellulose Biotechnology Ecological Plate and Fertilizer of Straw Ecological Industrial Chain of Enzymatic Hydrolysisand FermentationFuel Butanol Fermentation from Hemicellulose of Straw and Its Comprehensive Utilization Ethanol Fermentation and Coproduction of Organic Fertilizers from Sweet Sorghum Production of Ethanol and Isoflavones from Steam-Exploded Radix puerariae by Solid-StateFermentation Clean Retting of Marijuana Fiber by Steam ExplosionPretreatment Converting Pennisetum hydridum into Fuel Ethanol with Coproduction of Electricity andpaper Pulp Selective Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic Materials and Its Ecological Industry Chain References Research Methods for the Biotechnology of Lignocellulose Research Methods for the Cellulose Primary Refining Process Introduction Research Methods for Morphology andstructure oflignocellulosein PrimaryRefining Research Methods for Components in the PrimaryRefining Process [8] Research Methods for the Function Group Contentin PrimaryRefining [5] Research Methods for the Techniques of the PrimaryRefining Process

8 xviii Contents 11.2 Research Methods for the Microbial and Enzymatic HydrolysisProcess of LignocellulosicMaterials Introduction Research Methods of Resource Science for Cellulose DegradationMicroorganisms Breeding Methods for Cellulose-Degrading Microorganisms Determination Methods for Structure and Activity of Enzymes Related to Cellulose Degradation Research Methods for Lignocellulose HydrolysisMechanism Cellulase Recycling and Immobilization Methods Research Methods for Fermentation Engineering of Lignocellulose Introduction Generation and Removal of Fermentation Inhibitors During Primary Refining of Lignocellulose Cellulase Production with Fermentation and Its Isolation Methods Cellulose SugarPlatform Integration of Fermentation and Separation forcellulase Research Methods for Hemicellulose Fermentation Research Methods for Lignocellulose Degradation Research Methods for the Biotransformation Process and Engineeringof Lignocellulose Introduction Research Methods for the Scale-Up and Scale-Down of the Biotransformation Process and Engineeringof Lignocellulose Integration Research Methods for the Biotransformation Process andengineeringof Lignocellulose Research Methods for Cellulose Biotransformation Ecological Industrial Chain Analysis Methods for Cellulose Biotransformation Process Technology and Economy Cellulose BiotransformationProcess Life Cycle References Erratum... E1

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