Allelopathic appraisal effects of straw extract wheat varieties on the growth of corn

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1 Afrin Journl of Biotehnology Vol. 9(48), pp , 29 Novemer, 2010 Aville online t DOI: /AJB ISSN Ademi Journls Full Length Reserh Pper Allelopthi pprisl effets of strw extrt whet vrieties on the growth of orn Mehri Sffri¹, Vhid Rez Sffri² nd M. H. Tori-Sirhi³* ¹Deprtment of Agronomy, College of Agriulture, Shhid Bhonr University, Kermn, Irn. ²Deprtment of Hortiulture, College of Agriulture, Shhid Bhonr University, Kermn, Irn. ³Deprtment of Biohemistry nd Moleulr Biology, Fulty of Biology, University of Brelon, Brelon, Spin. Aepted 19 Otoer, 2010 Allelopthy is proess in whih seondry metolites produed y plnts, miro-orgnisms, viruses nd fungi ontrol growth nd development of other iologil systems. Some plnts my enefiilly or ntgonistilly ffet other plnts through llelohemil ompounds whih my e relesed diretly or indiretly from live or ded prts nd use llelopthi nd phytotoxi effets. In Kermn provine of Irn, ultivting orn fter winter whet usully uses less growth nd yield, hene, this study ws onduted to estimte the effets of different onentrtions of two ntive Irnin whet (Alvnd nd Flt) strw extrts on germintion, rdile growth, oleoptile length, plnt height, lef re (LA), wet weight (WW) nd dry weight (DW) of two hyrid orn vrieties (single ross 704 nd 647). Results showed tht the strw extrts hd signifint negtive llelopthi effets on oth orn vrieties' growth. Furthermore, sed on the study results, we suggest tht efore orn ultivtion, whet strw nd residues should e eliminted from the field y leving no-till fields fllow to void negtive llelopthi effets of whet strw on orn growth. Key words: Allelopthi, orn, whet strw. INTRODUCTION Future griulturl reserh will need to inorporte eologil, physiologil nd moleulr methods, in order to understnd griulturl rops in situ nd their intertion with the environment. In Kermn provine, it is usul to ulture orn fter winter whet or winter rley, ut orn growth nd finl yield is not s good s fter fllow. Hyrid orn is preferred y frmers over onventionl ntive vrieties euse of its high grin yield s result of heterosis (hyridiztion). Mulhing nd th rop (whet) residues re spred nd left on the soil surfe etween suessive rops. This prtie is wellknown nd is reommended for soil nd wter onservtion (Rhmn et l., 2005). Allelopthy is known s the effets of plnt(s) on other plnt(s) through the relese of hemil ompounds into the environment vi evportion, lehing, spred out from roots nd deomposition of plnt residues; whih hs synergi or ntgonisti effets *Corresponding uthor. E-mil: hossein955@yhoo.om. suh s uto toxiity nd isoltion (Weih et l., 2008). This definition inludes oth motivte nd inhiitory effets depending on the onentrtion of the ompounds. Allelopthy n ply enefiil role in vrious ropping systems suh s mixed ropping, multiple ropping, over ropping, rop rottions, minimum nd no till systems (Ben et l., 2001). Rottionl or smother rops suh s whet (Tritium estivum L.) whih re lssified s plnts with llelopthi effets tht spred out llelohemil ompounds, hve een reported to ply n opposed retion on other plnts nd even their own vrieties. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study ws onduted in growing seson 2008 to 2009 t the reserh lortory nd field of the Agronomy Deprtment, College of Agriulture, University of Shhid Bhonr, Kermn-Irn. The ojetive of this study ws to estimte the effets of strw nd stule extrts of two Irnin whet vrieties (Flt nd Alvnd) prepred t hrvest time on germintion nd growth of two orn

2 Sffri nd Sirhi 8155 Rdiule length (m) Whet strw extrts onentrtion (%) Figure 1. Effet of strw extrt of Flt whet vriety on rdile length (m) t lortory. Mens followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different using Dunn's new multiple rnge test; α = vrieties: single ross 704 (preoious) nd single ross 647 (not preoious) in lortory nd field. To prepre the whet strw extrt, ut strw ws powdered, then 5 g of this powder ws mixed with 100 ml of distilled wter in n Erlenmeyer flsk nd ws left on stirrer for 12 h t mximum speed, then this suspension ws filtered nd the prepred emulsion ws put in entrifuge t 3000 rps for 15 min. This ws the si medium. Then 0 (distilled wter), 20, 40, 60, 80 nd 100% onentrtions of the entrifuged medium were mde sine the irrigted seeds in Erlenmeyer flsk nd experimentl pots were with different onentrtions of the medium for 28 dys. Control pots were irrigted with distilled wter. The orn seeds were sterilized using n pproved protool s follows: The orn seeds were immersed in Benlte 0.2% (v/v) fungiide solution nd pled on shker for 15 min nd then wshed gently under running tp wter with 5% (v/v) teepol solution. Then the seeds were immersed in 70% (v/v) ethnol solution for three minutes nd rinsed three times with sterile distilled wter. This ws followed y shking in 20% (v/v) Clorox solution ontining 5 drops of Tween 20 for nother 15 min nd finlly, the seeds were gently wshed five times with sterile distilled wter nd dried on filter pper to eliminte remining wter on seed surfe tht my hve used infetion during ulture time. The si medium used for the experiment ws MS (Murshige nd Skoog, 1962) medium supplemented with 30 gl - ¹ (w/v) surose nd 3.79 gl - ¹ gelrite gr s solidifying gent. The ph of the medium ws djusted to 5.7 nd the medium ws dispensed t 50 ml volume into 250-ml Erlenmeyer flsk. Lef re mesurements were rried out with LAM (lef re meter) whih fter gthering leves nd stems, where wrpped in luminum foil nd kept for 48 h in n oven t 70 C, then weighed with digitl sle. The experiment ws rrnged in ompletely rndomized design (CRD) with six tretments nd one replition per tretment. Eh replite ws represented y one orn explnt. Dt otined from the experiments were sujeted to nlysis of vrine (ANOVA). Mens were seprted y Dunn s new multiple rnge test (DNMRT) t the 5% level of signifine nd r hrts were reted y using exel softwre to show the differene etween tretments grphilly. The sttistil nlysis progrm used ws MSTAT-C. RESULTS Lortory studies It ws oserved tht strw extrt from oth whet vrieties t different onentrtions hd signifint effet on oth orn vrieties. As seen in Figure 1, Flt whet strw extrt used signifint redution in rdile length of orn hyrid 647 t onentrtions of 20, 40, 60, 80 nd 100%. It ws oserved tht t 80 nd 100% onentrtions of Alvnd whet residue extrt, orn rdile growth signifintly deresed (Figure 2). The signifint deline of oleoptile length strted from 20 to 40% onentrtions of whet strw extrt in oth the orn hyrids (Tle 2). These results indite tht inresing onentrtions of Flt nd Alvnd whet strw extrt deresed oleoptile length in oth hyrids. Highest llelopthi effets on oleoptile height ppered t 80 to 100% whet strw extrt (Tle 3). Field experiments Tle 1 shows the effet of 28 dys irrigtion with strw extrt. It ws oserved tht Flt whet residue extrt hd signifint effet on rdile length of orn hyrids

3 8156 Afr. J. Biotehnol. Rdiule length (m) Whet strw extrts onentrtion (%) Figure 2. Effet of strw extrt of Alvnd whet vriety on rdile length (m) t lortory. Mens followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different using Dunn's new multiple rnge test; α = Tle 1. Effet of strw extrt of Alvnd nd Flt whet vrieties on rdile length (m) t field. Whet strw extrts onentrtion (%) RL 704 Flt RL 704 Alvnd RL 647 Flt RL 647 Alvnd RL = Rdile length; 704 nd 647 = orn single ross vrieties; Alvnd nd Flt = whet vrieties. Mens followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different using Dunn's new multiple rnge test; α = nd 647. The effet of Alvnd whet strw extrt ws similr to tht of Flt extrt on oleoptiles height whih grdully deresed from 20% whet strw onentrtion on oleoptiles length (Figure 3). The llelopthi effets strted ppering from onentrtion of 40%; nd oleoptile height ws signifintly redued t 80 to 100% whet strw extrts (Figure 4). The results in Tle 4 whih ompre the effet of whet strw extrt of Flt nd Alvnd vrieties on orn, showed signifint lef re redution from 40 to 60% onentrtion. Results indited tht whet strw extrts from Alvnd nd Flt vrieties tended to suppress growth nd development, redue prolifertion nd regenertion of plnt prts nd eventully redue plnt weight of orn hyrids 647 nd 704. The llelopthi effets of extrts of Alvnd nd Flt whet strw on wet nd dry weight n e seen in Tles 5 nd 6, whih showed tht 40% or higher onentrtion hd negtive llelopthi effets on wet nd dry weight of orn vrieties. DISCUSSION High yield n e hieved in sustinle griulture y identifying nd eliminting ftors tht redue the yield of griulturl produe. This study imed to show tht the strw/stule extrt of whet vrieties Flt nd Alvnd hd signifint negtive effets on growth of orn hyrids 647 nd 704. Previous reserhers hve mentioned tht whet strw extrt hs phenoli ompounds tht pper

4 Sffri nd Sirhi 8157 Tle 2. Effet of strw extrt of Alvnd nd Flt whet vrieties on oleoptile length (m) in lortory. Whet strw extrts onentrtion (%) CL 704 Flt CL 704 Alvnd CL 647 Flt CL 647 Alvnd CL = Coleoptile length; 704 nd 647 = orn single ross vrieties; Alvnd nd Flt = whet vrieties. Mens followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different using Dunn's new multiple rnge test; α = Tle 3. Effet of strw extrt of Alvnd nd Flt whet vrieties on oleoptile heigth (m) in lortory. Whet strw extrts onentrtion (%) CH 704 Flt CH 704 Alvnd CH 647 Flt CH 647 Alvnd CH = Coleoptile height; 704 nd 647 = orn single ross vrieties; Alvnd nd Flt = whet vrieties. Mens followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different using Dunn's new multiple rnge test; α = Coleoptile length (m) Whet strws extrt onentrtion (%) Figure 3. Effet of strw extrt of Alvnd nd Flt whet vrieties on oleoptile length (m) in field. Mens followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different using Dunn's new multiple rnge test; α = 0.05.

5 8158 Afr. J. Biotehnol. Coleoptiles height (m) C Whet strws extrt onentrtion (%) Figure 4. Effet of strw extrt of Alvnd nd Flt whet vrieties on oleoptile height (m) in field. Mens followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different using Dunn's new multiple rnge test; α = Tle 4. Effet of strw extrt of Alvnd nd Flt whet vrieties on lef re (m) in field. Whet strw extrts onentrtion (%) LA Flt 704 LA Flt 647 LA Alvnd 704 LA Alvnd LA = Lef re; 704 nd 647 = orn single ross vrieties; Alvnd nd Flt = whet strw extrt vrieties. Mens followed y the sme letter(s) in the sme olumn re not signifintly different using Dunn's new multiple rnge test; α = to hve toxi effets on orn seedlings. These effets were most proly due to phenoli ompounds like feruli id, oumri id, vnilli id nd hydroxyl enzoi id whih influened ell divisions on orn vrieties, 647 nd 704; they lso restrited their lef res (Dis, 1991; Weih et l., 2008). It seems tht extrts prepred t hrvest time impede wter sorption y the orn root nd rdile due to the presene of phenoli ompounds whih my ultimtely redue plnt photosynthesis nd use redution of wet nd dry weight. These results were similr to those of other reserhers who hve studied the effet of whet strw extrt on orn. Rizvi et l. (2000) reported tht different whet strw extrts hve different llelopthi effets on wild ot in whih root length of orn seedlings deresed y 25 to 45 nd 47 to 62%. Rhmn et l. (2005) reported tht winter whet nd rye hve llelopthi effet on following whet ulture, this ws speilly oserved in no-till systems whih lerly show llelopthi effet(s) due to presene of whet strw on soil surfe. In tilled systems, there were no reports of llelopthi effets of whet strw on orn growth, euse most residues re eliminted. Also, results of this study were not lwys onsistent with those of previous reserh investigtions sine Ben et l. (2001) reported tht floting whet seeds in rley strw extrt for 24 to 48 h hs no effet on whet seed germintion. The results of this study re onsistent with Oussm (2003) who estimted the effet

6 Sffri nd Sirhi 8159 Tle 5. Effet of strw extrt of Alvnd nd Flt whet vrieties on dry weight (g) in field. Whet strw extrts onentrtion (%) DW Flt 704 DW Flt 647 DW Alvnd 704 DW Alvnd DW = Dry weight; 704 nd 647 = orn single ross vrieties; Alvnd nd Flt = whet vrieties. Mens followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different using Dunn's new multiple rnge test; α = Tle 6. Effet of strw extrt of Alvnd nd Flt whet vrieties on wet weight (g) field. Whet strw extrts onentrtion (%) WW Flt 704 WW Flt 647 WW Alvnd 704 WW Alvnd WW = Wet weight; 704 nd 647 = orn single ross vrieties; Alvnd nd Flt = whet vrieties. Mens followed y the sme letter in the sme olumn re not signifintly different using Dunn's new multiple rnge test; α = of llelopthy in two durum whet vrieties (Tritium durum L.). Bsed on the results in Tle 3, it ws oserved tht strw extrt of whet vriety Flt t 60% onentrtion showed highest negtive effet on oleoptile height of orn hyrid 647, nd it is onluded tht this extrt hd high onentrtion of llelopthi ompounds tht prevented oleoptile growth. These results were onsistent with those of Rizvi et l. (2000) who reported the effet of whet strw extrt on wild ot. Bsed on present results regrding the effets of whet strw extrt on oleoptile length (Tle 2), it ppered tht whet strw extrt hs speil ompounds tht redue plnt height whih prevent the tion of gierellins (GA3) nd indole eti id (IAA) euse these nturl growth regultors ply role in plnt height inrese; hene, it ppers tht phenoli ompounds suppress their tion (Dis, 1991; Oussm, 2003). Conlusion Possile joint tion of hemils in determining llelopthi tivity is n re of study tht lrgely remins negleted with utilized moleulr nd iothenologil tools suh s gene mpping nd QTL (quntittive trit loi) (Su et l., 2006) to study the geneti ontrol of quntittive hrteristis. It is possile tht iotehnology my eventully mke possile the prodution of highly llelopthi rops through the use of trnsgeni tehnology to inrese llelohemil prodution dequte enough to effetively ontrol plnt (weeds) growth nd development. Mjority of frmers in Kermn provine usully ultivte orn fter whet hrvest without removl of whet strw nd stule from the field whih my proly prevent high yield mount; so sed on this study, reserhers or frmers interested in higher yield of orn n e dvised to tke pproprite tion to eliminte llelopthi nd phytotoxi effets of whet residues, hene, deep disking my eliminte whet strw residues from the field nd mke whet-orn rottion more sustinle nd eonomil in this re. REFERENCES Ben HM, Ghorl H, Kremer RJ, Oussm O (2001). Allelopthi effets of rley extrts on germintion nd seedlings growth of red nd durum whets. Agronomie, 21: Dis LS (1991). Allelopthi tivity of deomposing strw of whet nd ot nd ssoited soil on some rop speies. Soil Till. Res. 21: Murshige T, Skoog F (1962). A revised medium for rpid growth nd iossys with too tissue ultures. Physiol. Plnt, 15: Oussm O (2003). Allelopthy in two durum whet (Tritium durum L.) vrieties. Agri. Eosyst. Environ. 96: Rhmn MA, Chikushi J, Sifizzmn M, Luren JG (2005). Rie strw

7 8160 Afr. J. Biotehnol. mulhing nd nitrogen response of no-till whet following rie in Bngldesh. Field Crop Res. 91: Rizvi SJH, Rizvi V, Thir M, Rhimin MH, Shimi P, Atri A (2000). Geneti vrition in llelopthi tivity of whet (Tritium estivum L.) genotypes. Whet informtion servie, 91: Su JY, Tong YP, Liu QY, Li B, Jing RL, Li JY, Li ZS (2006). Mpping quntittive trit loi for post-nthesis dry mtter umultion in whet. J. Integr. Plnt Biol. 48: Weih M, Didon UME, Ro_nnerg-Wstljung AC, Bjorkmn C (2008). Integrted griulturl reserh nd rop reeding: Allelopthi weed ontrol in erels nd long-term produtivity in perennil iomss rops. Agri. Syst. 97: