Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery

Transcription

1 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 1 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery Chainsaw Husqvarna -257 The saw is well known in Russia and is widely used in Canada. The norms for a feller specified in the Eastern Canada make 7 m 3 /hour (for a pine-tree) on felling and about 2 m 3 /hour on felling and delimbing that makes twice as much as the Russian rates. It is basically connected with smaller tree-length logs and with bad state of health and physical form of our population. But at the same time our feller costs cheaper. In a good lespromchoz a feller costs about 100 roubles per hour (including taxes and social package), and in Canada 400 roubles per hour. The cost price of harvesting and tree trimming by hand makes just over 200 roubles (about 10 Canadian dollars). TIMBERJACK 1270 B This most advanced machine allows felling, delimbing and cut to assortment. It is used for improvement felling and for final harvesting. Working on final harvesting and cutting a treelength log into equal parts the machine can process 100 trees or about 12 cubic meters per hour and at snow of 1 meter deep up to 10 m 3 per hour (average volume of a tree-length log makes 0.2 m 3 ).

2 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 2 Calculating productivity of a Harvester it is important to take into account distribution of trees on the size. Average volume of a tree-length log, taken from the directories, is estimated by the formula: V = d 2 h ( /h), where d is average diameter on breed, h average height on breed. Hence, at first we average over a diameter and then simply substitute meaning in the formulas. Generally it would be more correct to divide a store from a hectare by quantity of trunks on it. The mistake can amount to 100%! The measurements that have been carried out in our own logging enterprise confirm it: 100 trees make about 12 m 3. The machine is designed for 5 operational years or hours (approximately km run for a lorry on the Russian roads). It is important to notice that at three-shift work resource of the machine will come to the end in 2 years. In all further calculations according to then western recommendations it is accepted that there are 200 workdays in a year, 8 hours in one shift and accordingly 16 hours in two. The cost of the machine is about US dollars. Hence, one cubic meter costs already 4 dollars. For western engineering it is considered normal if the hour-long operational expenses are equal approximately to hour-long expenses on the cost of the machine. According to the given data for the given machine hour-long expenses make about 54 dollars. Thus not taking into account the expenses on the salary the cost of a cubic meter of bucked wood on an allotment is about 8 dollars. To apply these conditions to Russia it is necessary to consider that cost of fuel and spares is more.

3 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 3 Harvester Valmet-701 This lighter machine was developed for severance felling and harvesting pulpwood. It can process trees up to 35 cm. Its productiveness makes 6-8 cubic meters at severance felling with average volume of a tree-length log equal to 0.1 m 3. The value of the machine is about US dollars or according to the experimental data 5 US dollars per cubic meter of pulpwood.

4 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 4 Rottne EGS Rapid Single-Grip Harvester It is a universal machine, but it has limitations on processing trees with a plenty of knots. For the given machine there is interesting comparative data on productivity with sorting production on the cutting area and without it. Average volume of a tree-length log Final felling without sorting, m 3 per hour Final felling with sorting, m 3 per hour Selection felling without sorting, m 3 per hour It is necessary to note, that the western final felling differs from Russian as a rule. In west the final felling is preceded by several other cuttings, while in Russia very often we collide with overmature wood where for the advanced harvester it is difficult to move forward because of a plenty of windfall and underbrush. The given machine costed about US dollars in 1994.

5 Rottne Rapid Snoken 860 Double-Grip Harvester Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 5 Store on a hectare, m 3 This machine differs from the previous one. Its tree trimming and crosscutting head is located on the chassis frame. This allowed to make felling boom lighter and to achieve decreasing of stump s height that improved survey at felling. Productiveness of the machine: Productiveness, m 3 per hour Average volume of a treelength log, m The machine costs about US dollars. There is also interesting data of 1994 on the structure of charges per one hour of its work: Shock-absorption Repair and servicing 36 Fuel 6 Petroleum products 2.16 Wages and taxes Total

6 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 6 Bell Feller-Buncher. Until the invention of a harvester harvesting was conducted by feller-bunchers. It is the rather old machine, but its productivity on felling was three times more than the harvester has. The modern felling-bunching machines almost repeat the harvester in everything except the felling head. They are still used in Canada and USA as the technology of harvesting of a tree-length log successfully competes in price with the Finnish technology. TimberJack 608L Feller Buncher. The modern feller-buncher can work on steep slopes and take big bundles.

7 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 7 Productivity of the machine depends on a kind of felling (can be used for severance felling), depends on a store of wood on a hectare, and slightly depends on a volume of a tree-length log as it can grip and disbranch a bunch at a time. Big swinging radius allows moulding of big bunches, which increases productivity of skidding. The machine in that state with stabilizing device for working on steep slopes costs about US dollars. Similar technique for plain area is US dollars cheaper. Productivity makes 30 m3 per hour at store of 130 m3 on a hectare. Cost price of a cubic meter of a tree-length log in a bunch makes 5 US dollars (including salary of an operator). For servicing of a three years old machine 1 hour of mechanic s work per 120 hours of machine s work is needed, that is a good rate even for western techniques.

8 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 8 Horse Logging With Yarding Sledge Horses are still used for skidding. Possible distance of logging is 200 meters, charges make up 12 US dollars per one m 3, and productiveness is 1.5 m 3 /hour. Indeed it s necessary to have a special lorry for horses transportation to their workplace. Farmi JL 501 Skidding Winch It is possible to convert an ordinary agricultural tractor into a skidding by putting onto it additional equipment. The machine is designed for skidding of a tree-length log from a place of felling to a road. Pulling force of the winch makes 5 tones, rope s length is 80 meters, and tractor s power makes horsepower. At the skidding distance equal to 200 m productiveness makes 2-3 m 3 /hour. Single working operator is just a chockerman. The cost of the winch with the tractor makes US dollars.

9 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 9 Cable Skidder This logging tractor with a chocker costs US dollars. At skidding of bundles on the distance of up to 500 meters by a single operator, who is a chockerman, its productivity is calculated by the formula L (L is a distance in kilometers). Thus for the skidding distance equal to 300 m productiveness will make 12.9 m 3 /h, that is twice more than the wellknown tractor TDT-55 has. Clark 668D Grapple Skidder. The machine is used for bunch skidding. Productiveness and economic operating characteristic is better than a tractor with a chocker has, though the cost is practically the same. Productiveness Skidding distance Volume of a tree-length log

10 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 10 Special tyres can be used for working on hard soils. In that case the machine is not inferior to caterpillar tractors in rough-terrain performance, and productiveness goes down slightly. Timberjack Clambunk Skidder. Model 933S This machine is meant for skidding of semisubmerged a tree-length log from a harvesting area to a highway. Use of this technique increases output, and underwood is preserved better. It can work on the slopes with angle of a dip reaching 50%. Productiveness: m 3 /h Skidding distance Volume of a tree-length log The machine costs US dollars, servicing charges make a selling value per hours. One mechanician minds 10 machines. Fuel consumption makes 20 liters per hour.

11 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 11 Timberjack 230A 8-Ton Forwarder. Forwarders are usually used to work in pair with harvesters. But sometimes skidders can be used instead of them. On the picture you can see a typical forwarder. Forwarders productivity rates are very dispersed; it is connected with various service conditions and with big range of skidding distances. At small distances the forwarder usually keeps pace with the harvester. On big distances two machines are used on one harvester, but at that money on construction of roads are kept. The machine costs US dollars. For greater maneuverability we are forced to purchase more expensive machines ( US dollars) with 6 6 or 8 8 wheel drive. Patu 805 Loader and 115HD Trailer

12 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 12 This machine suggests interesting and inexpensive decision (a trailer is fastened onto a small tractor). At small rates of movement on cutting areas and on forest roads fluid drive can become disconnected, that allows reaching rather big velocities. The cost of the trailer is $12 000, of the loader $19 000, a tractor of the same firm costs $65 000, thus its TOTAL value makes $ The performance attributes are as follows: carrying capacity 10 m 3, length 11.6m, maximum width 2.6 m, weight 4360 kilograms; ground clearance 56 cm.

13 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 13 Telecarrier TL-3000 Cable Yarder We can t help to pay attention to mountain harvesting with the help of a ropeway. Convenient angles of dips are within 45 65%, though it is possible to work even on the slopes with 150% tilts. The team usually consists of 4 workers: a feller, a chockerman and two operators. Productiveness makes about 7 m 3 /h at average volume of a tree-length log equal 0.24 m 3. The machine costs $ It can be used only in the artificial day.

14 Koehring Feller Forwarder Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 14

15 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 15 This is a very interesting machine. This is a feller-buncher and a forwarder for tree-length material at the same time. It is widely used on final fellings and on construction of roads. Some models have already worked more than 25 years and are still used. In 1985 it costed $ The cost price of a cubic meter of a tree-length log near a road at 600 m of the skidding distance makes about 11 US dollars. At 300 meters of skidding distance and at average 0.2 m 3 of a tree-length log volume productiveness makes 20 m 3 /h. If the distance doubles the productiveness reduces to a half. Fuel consumption is 34 liters per hour. The machine is off-the-shelf on plain surface (up to 20% tilt) with good bearing grounds. The ideology of this machine was determined by the technological level of the seventies. The productivity is limited by the boom tip and by its swinging radius, which is twice as much on modern machines. Vehicle flotation is determined by the tyres design in many respects, and the technological gap in that sphere happened only in the beginning of nineties. Valmet 801 Combi It is the last and the most modern tendency. The machine includes in itself both a harvester and a forwarder and is called a harwarder. It costs a little more than a harvester, and still yields to it in cost price and output, but it s very popular because it simplifies industrial process and administration. Using this machine you don t need to mate productivities of two machines, as it should not stand idle. It is especially popular on improvement and commercial severance fellings. The machine s opportunities are still far from being investigated. It is obvious that at the present moment productiveness decreases if while harvesting a part of logs is temporarily laid on the ground, thus sorting is made after skidding on a highway or right on a bottom timber landing.

16 Steyr Processor Head with Tracked Excavator Carrier Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 16 The machine abnodates and bucks logs near roads or on allotments if ground and relief permit. Output makes 20 m 3 /h. It s value is $ , cost price is about $4,5 per cubic meter. Fuel input is 20 liters per hour. Denis D3000 Stroke Delimber This machine cuts knots and tops of logs near roads or on allotments Limit on the tilt makes 20%. Productiveness is 45 m 3 /h at working near a road. Its value is $ and cost price is about $2.

17 Appendix 6. Western felling and timber-carrying machinery. Page 17 Peterson-Pacific Chain Flail Delimber Debarker Chipper The beginning of the nineties was marked by many changes in a world wood industry. All companies at all levels tried to decrease the cost price. Very often cost saving is solving of an old task by new methods. Thus, the technology of producing of cellulose wood chips in a forest has appeared. And that was not the end, many companies has moved chipvesters on allotments. In this case we mean the machine, which processes trees with branches at a road. The machine abnodates logs by chains, carries out barking and manufacturing of wood chips. It can be quickly reconstructed from producing cellulose to maintaining furnace wood chips, that allows utilizing wastes. Quantity of rind is 2-4% (in last models it is less than 0.5%). The machine costs $ , its weight is 36 tones. Productivity makes m 3 per hour. The maximal diameter is 56 cm. The machine makes wood chips starting with a 5 centimeters diameter under the rind.