Charcoal production, ecosystem services and wellbeing in Mozambique: searching for win win scenarios in Mopane woodland

Transcription

1 Charcoal production, ecosystem services and wellbeing in Mozambique: searching for win win scenarios in Mopane woodland Pedro Zorrilla Miras 2 pedro.zorrilla miras@ed.ac.uk Mansour Mahamane 1, Frank Vollmer 2, Sophia Baumert 1, Ana Luz, Maria Julieta Matediane 3, James Paterson 2, Emily Wollen 2, Genevieve Patenaude 2, Isilda Nhantumbo 3, Marc Metzger 2, Almeida Sitoe 1, Luis Artur 1, Romana Bandeira 1, Mariana Carvahlo 1, Jone Fernando Junior 1, Janet Fisher 2, Isla Grundy 4, Duncan Macqueen 3, Sa Nogueira Lisboa 1, Natasha Ribeiro 1, Casey Ryan 2, Hemant Tripathi 2 1 University Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique; 2 University of Edinburgh, UK; 3 IIED ; 4 University of Zimbabwe

2 Mozambique is undeniably poor More than 70% of poor households live in rural areas Only 60% of rural people have access to safe water

3 Compounded with important ecological changes High deforestation ( %/yr, Marzoli 2007) & degradation rates (2 3%/yr, Ryan et al. 2012) Photos: Courtesy of Casey Ryan

4 What are the impacts of woodland conversion & degradation and how does this affect the rural poor of MZ

5 Three case studies Niassa Province Marrupa district Zambezia Province Gurue district Gaza Province Mabalane district Maputo

6 7 10 villages selected along a gradient of land use intensity < 140 households per village

7 Scoping visits Participatory mapping Households list GIS mapping: village infrastructure, limits, ES availability Village surveys Biophysical approaches C/N analysis (forests, fields) Biodiversity Bird Social and Economic approaches Qualitative appraisals wealth ranking Seasonal calendar Trend analysis Household survey (260 hh, 80%)

8 Study area First land cover change driver in Mabalane District: Charcoal production Gaza province has highest number of charcoal licences throughout the country. Map: Courtesy of Ana Luz

9 Importance of charcoal for income in Mabalane Sources of Income Charcoal production is one of the main economic activities in the Mabalane district to generate cash income (for 67% of sample) Figure: Courtesy of Frank Vollmer

10 Mopane woodlands Mabalane district

11 Charcoal kiln Mabalane district Photo: Courtesy of Emily Woollen

12 Mabalane district Mopane woodland after charcoal production

13 Mabalane district Farmlands: dry climate and poor quality soil Photo: Courtesy of Emily Woollen

14 Two types of charcoal supply chains identified small scale (village) large scale outsider operators Figure: Courtesy of Sophia Baumert

15 Profit distribution VALUE GENERATION AT VILLAGE LEVEL 1) Local production and selling to wholesalers MZN/sack 2) Outsider production MZN/sack 20% of licences issued Licence fee of association 45 Contribution to village by outsiders 25 Margins for local producers 167 Revenues to village Margins for wholesaler/outsider Total annual % remaining in village % of the total profit generated remains within the communities. When local producers and associations are involved the value can increase to 45%. Table: Courtesy of Sophia Baumert

16 Income distribution 80% of households producing charcoal of the sampled total 60% of hhs <= the mean production Lorenz Curve Income Unequal production pattern Unequal income distribution (Gini = 0.48; official rural Gini = 0.37) Figure and Table: Courtesy of Frank Vollmer

17 Conceptualization of multidimensional wellbeing Alkire Foster method for well being aggregation (decomposability; focus on acute well being) List of well being dimensions, Indicators, cut off lines and weightings Dimensions Indicators Deprived if Nested weighting scale Human capital 1. Sanitation 2. Water 1. The household s sanitation facility is not improved (according to the MDG guidelines), or it is improved but shared with other households 2. The household does not have all year long access to clean drinking water (according to the MDG guidelines) or clean water is more than 30 minutes walking from home 0.66 (6.7) 0.66 (6.7) 1. Health 1 (under five mortality) 3. Any child has died in the household 0.66 (6.7) 1. Health 2 (access to health care) 4. Illnesses remain undiagnosed and untreated by professional health specialists 0.66 (6.7) Social capital Economic capital 1. Formal Education (illiteracy, highest qualification achieved) 1. Food security 2. Access to services, associations and credit 1. Assets owned 5. No household member is able to read and write and no household member achieved at a minimum EP1 or attended the Portuguese colonial school system. 1. Household did experience a food shortage in the past 2. The household did not receive advice from an extension agent during the last 12 months, and did not receive a credit in the last 12 months, and is currently not a member in an agricultural or forestry association. 1. If do not own more than one of: radio, TV, telephone, bicycle, bed, motorbike or refrigerator and do not own a car or truck 0.66 (6.7) (16.6) (16.6) (16.6) 1. Housing (floor, roof, walls) 2. The household has sand or smoothed mud floor, the household has grass or poles roof; the household has sand, mud, grass or poles walls (16.6) Table: Courtesy of Frank Vollmer

18 Integrating tools approach Scenarios of the future Cenário A Cenário B Cenário C Bayesian belief networks Current land cover map GIS Scenarios of the future maps Land cover map in 2035 Ecosystem services map in 2035 QUICK Scan Ecosystem services Rural well being

19 Identification of main land use change drivers in Mozambique Scenarios approach

20 Scenarios approach Identification of main land use change drivers in Mozambique Construction of scenarios narratives Evaluation of the narratives Final construction of scenarios at national and provincial scale

21 Resulting scenarios: Cenário A Public policies stronger promoting international and large scale private sector as the main development motor and a reduced local voice (participation) accompanied with low implementation of social and environmental policy provisions.

22 Resulting scenarios: Cenário B Local organizations push the government to increase the public involvement in rural development an improvement of the public services. The proliferation of internet based technologies, increases the voice of local organizations Empowered citizens improve the organization of civil society There is also a real commitment of the government for improving education and training and for practicing of a more open and transparent governance.

23 Resulting scenarios: Cenário C Large parts of Mozambique s land are in long term private leases or concessions At the same time an improvement in education, empowerment and environmental stewardship allows some communities to self organise and improve their well being.

24 BBN approach First internal BBN draft Workshops for construction of BBN Workhops at 3 scales video

25 BBN workshops at village scale video

26 BBN workshops at province scale

27 BBN approach First internal BBN draft Workshops for construction of BBN Analysis of results: first version of the BBN Adaptation to data availability Evaluation and corrections Population with data video

28 Mabalane Charcoal BBN

29 Resulting BBN Interventions e.g. Adapt charcoal licensing process to communities Outsider drivers of change e.g. Charcoal demand Land use/land cover change e.g. farmland, type of forest (mopane, simbiri, etc) Access processes and barriers Ecosystem services e.g. firewood, wild animals, grazing, Well being components e.g. firewood collection time, food security

30 Scenario A

31 Scenario A

32 Scenario B

33 Scenario C

34 Scenario B POOREST HH

35 Scenario B POOREST HH

36 Scenario B POOR HH

37 Scenario B BETTER OFF HH

38 Resulting maps from the modelling Current Current Land use map map Scenario A Land use map in 2035 Scenario B Land use map in 2035

39 Comparison of future charcoal availability maps Current Charcoal availability map Scenario A Charcoal availability map in 2035 Scenario B Charcoal availability map in 2035

40 Thank you

41 Charcoal production, ecosystem services and wellbeing in Mozambique: searching for win win scenarios in Mopane woodland Pedro Zorrilla Miras 2 pedro.zorrilla miras@ed.ac.uk Mansour Mahamane 1, Frank Vollmer 2, Sophia Baumert 1, Ana Luz, Maria Julieta Matediane 3, James Paterson 2, Emily Wollen 2, Genevieve Patenaude 2, Isilda Nhantumbo 3, Marc Metzger 2, Almeida Sitoe 1, Luis Artur 1, Romana Bandeira 1, Mariana Carvahlo 1, Jone Fernando Junior 1, Janet Fisher 2, Isla Grundy 4, Duncan Macqueen 3, Sa Nogueira Lisboa 1, Natasha Ribeiro 1, Casey Ryan 2, Hemant Tripathi 2 1 University Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique; 2 University of Edinburgh, UK; 3 IIED ; 4 University of Zimbabwe