Pulp and Paper - Industrial Raw Material & Forest Policy

Transcription

1 Pulp and Paper - Industrial Raw Material & Forest Policy H.D. KULKARNI ITC Limited - Bhadrachalam Paperboards & Specialty Papers Division Sarapaka , Khammam District Andhra Pradesh, India hd.kulkarni@itc.co.in Abstract The pulp and paper industry is one of the key industrial sectors contributing to the Indian economy. Paper mills in India continue to face challenges with forest-based raw material as it is a fiber-deficit country. Out of the annual production capacity of nearly 3.56 million tons of paper and board in India, around 37% (1.45 million tons) is produced by 28 major wood-based mills and the rest (63%) by waste paper and agro-based mills. To meet this production, in addition to the use of secondary fiber, the annual requirement of wood and bamboo is 5.15 million tons (wood = 3.69 and bamboo = 1.46 million tons) out of which wood is mostly being procured through farm forestry plantations. Bamboo is procured through private plantations and from government forests. The estimated availability of wood through the farm sector is around 1.3 million tons, leaving a shortfall of 3.29 million tons. The projected demand for paper and board by 2005 and 2010 is 4.6 and 6.6 million tons respectively, for which there is going to be a huge shortfall of wood and bamboo. India has 130 million ha (40% of land area) classified as degraded forest and wastelands potentially available to grow the required raw materials. Nearly, 31 million hectares of the above land is degraded forestland and 2 million hectares would be enough to meet these needs. However, paper mills face problems growing plantations on these lands under current forest policies. Therefore, the strategy adopted by the mills to meet the ever-growing demand for wood on a sustainable basis is through farm forestry activities. New international systems such as Forest Stewardship Council certification for plantation wood, for manufacture of various products and carbon sequestration initiatives are new to India, and need to be incorporated into forest policy. This paper reviews the present and future raw material scenario in respect of demand and supply and discusses forest policy issues for growth and sustainability. INTRODUCTION The paper industry is the third largest industry worldwide. Paper and paperboard play a very important role in our daily life. In India, the pulp and paper industry is one of the most important in the industrial sector and is more than a century old. The per capita consumption of paper in India is only around 4 kg. With increasing annual growth rate, the per capita consumption is also expected to reach the level of 7 kg by India is a fiber deficient country. No single fiber is able to meet the growing demand for paper and boards. Currently Indian paper mills are using bamboo (7%), wood (30%), Agricultural residues (32.4%) and waste paper (30.6%). At present there are about 380 paper mills in existence with a production capacity of about 3.94 million tons per aannum. While, 37 per cent of the total production capacity is shared by 28 forest-based mills (Table 1) with a capacity of 1.45 million tons, a great majority of mills (241 mills) use waste paper and other non-conventional raw materials to make paper. Presently, 135 mills are lying closed (Anon, 1996; Rao, et. al., 1998; Rangan, 2000). There are about 111 agro-based mills with a total production capacity of 1.28 million tons. However, many of the agrobased paper mills are on the verge of closure due to their inability to conform to the pollution control norms. The startling fact is that in India, the pulp and paper industries consume only 3 per cent (Table 2) of the total national requirement of wood, the major consumption being fuelwood (Lal, 1993, 2000). The wood-based paper mills use bamboo, Eucalyptus, Leucaena, Casuarina and Acacia woods as the raw materials. Mills procure wood from

2 farmers and bamboo from both government and private sources. In all 1.46 million tons of bamboo (20%) is used along with 3.69 million tons wood (80%) to produce 1.30 million tons of pulp per annum (Table 3). The current pulp wood (bamboo and wood) requirement for India is 5.15 million tons, which is expected to grow up to 15.3 million tons by For pulp and paper mills, the economics of pulp production favors usage of wood rather than other fiber. However, wood is not available in adequate quantities on a sustainable and continuous basis. With the yawning gap between demand and supply and inconsistent availability of wood there have been no green field investments in wood based paper industries for over two decades. The pulp and paper units have been pleading for allotment of degraded wastelands for industrial plantations. The Indian Paper Manufacturers Association (IPMA) is requesting the Government to allocate 2 million ha of degraded forest wastelands for pulpwood plantations which is 1.5 per cent of total wastelands (130 million ha) and 6.4 per cent of degraded forest wastelands (31 million ha). These figures are based on the average annual productivity of 2 to 4 MT/ha/annum. However, with higher productivity the industrial plantations, at the rate of 125,000 ha annually at 7 years rotation, will require 875,000 ha (0.8 million ha) only. These plantations, based on genetically superior, disease resistant clonal planting stock, supported with sound silvicultural practices and intensive management, can achieve productivity of 20 MT/ha/annum and yield 17.5 million tons of wood annually from the 8th year onwards. That will be more than sufficient for meeting India's entire pulpwood needs of 15.3 million tons by 2020, for meeting paper and paperboards production requirements of 6.6 million tons by 2010, assuming 70 per cent furnish of wood based fiber. Allocation of degraded forest wastelands would be a step in right direction to achieving self-sufficiency in paper and other wood-based products. It would also help in meeting the National Forest Policy objectives of adding 33 per cent of total area under tree cover. In addition, these plantations would generate regular employment opportunities for 125,000 rural people, for planting and maintenance operations from the commencement of the project and 175,000 additional people would be employed for harvesting, logging and transport operations regularly from the 8th year onwards, besides improving the living standards of the surrounding populace. However, the Government response to this offer is lukewarm. Table 1. Paper mills and fiber source. Category of the Mill Fiber Source % No. of Mills Production Capacity (million tons) Wood Based Agro Based Waster Paper Based Total Table 2. Annual present consumption of wood in India. Uses Million tons % Fuel Wood Timber Pulpwood Total

3 Table 3. Wood and bamboo requirements of wood-based paper mills (in tons/annum). Company Name Bamboo Wood Total ITC Ltd., Bhadrachalam Paper Div Tamil Nadu News Print Ltd., Century Pulp and Paper Mills Ltd., Mysore Paper Mills Ltd Orient Paper Mills Ltd., JK Corp Ltd., Central Pulp Ltd., Sirpur Paper Mills Ltd., BILT Ballarpur BILT Sewa BILT Yamunagar BILT Chowdwar BILT AP Rayon's, BILT Total Sesasaye Paper and Boards Ltd., Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills Ltd., West Coast Paper Mills Ltd., Hindustan News Print Ltd., Kottayam Hindustan News Print Ltd., Naogaon Hindustan News Print Ltd., Kachar Hindustan News Print Ltd., Total Total The corporate sector, at present, is not allowed to participate in reforestation of degraded forestlands and the ownership/leasing of agricultural land is also restricted. Under the ceiling on the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1973, an individual or company can hold not more than 4.05 ha of double crop wet land class 'A' and ha of worst category dry land class 'K'. It would be appropriate to raise ceiling limits for wastelands or permit long term leasing of reasonably large areas of plantable non-forest wastelands for pulpwood plantations. The Government owns and manages the entire forestland. The Government of India in 1894 laid down first National Forest Policy. That policy was revised in The current National Forest Policy was adopted in However, this policy does not incorporate many of the important recommendations made by the National Commission on Agriculture, 1976, viz., integrated planning for development of forest resources, plantations and wood based industries, achieving self-sufficiency in timber and wood based products through intensively managed plantations, etc. Participation of the private sector, even in reforestation of degraded forest lands, is not allowed as per the guidelines issued by the Government of India under the provisions of the Forest Conservation Act, 1980 and National Forest Policy, The guidelines on Joint Forest Management (JFM) issued on by Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Government of India read as follows: "Developing partnership between communities and Forest Department facilitated by NGOs." It would be appropriate now to include industry as well and for it to read as "Developing partnership between communities, Forest Departments and industry facilitated by NGOs." 3

4 Therefore, policy should be laid down to permit participation of the corporate sector in reforestation of degraded forestlands, at least through Joint Sector companies in association with the State Forest Development Corporation. A comprehensive list for revision of the 1988 Forest Policy is given by Lal (2000). Some of the forest-based industries have been making earnest efforts to secure part of their future raw material supplies through promotion of farm forestry plantations by assisting individual farmers owning marginal lands. High quality nursery stock, technical extension services and buy-back guarantees are provided to the farmers by some of the industrial units and long-term bank finance for eligible farmers is arranged through commercial banks with the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) re-finance assistance (Lal, et.al, 1993b). Fortunately, certain States in India, including Andhra Pradesh, have removed restrictions on felling of plantations of Eucalyptus, Leucaena and Casuarina declaring them to be "Agricultural produce" exempting them from transit regulations. In the Northeastern States homestead bamboo is exempted from transit regulations. However, there is urgent need to extend similar facilities for all other tree species grown by the farmers in other States. The staggering amount of Rs. 124,000 crores (Rs billion) shall be required to reforest 31 million ha of degraded forest lands at Rs.40,000/ha. Government alone cannot allocate financial resources of this magnitude to the forestry sector. Therefore, all sections of society including the corporate sector must be involved in a time bound reforestation programme. One of the reasons for asking for wastelands for industrial plantation is to produce wood at cheaper cost to become internationally cost competitive in the present globalization drive. Presently, the cost of wood-based raw material to Indian mills is around US $ 60/ton compared to $ 17/ton in Indonesia and $ 25/ton in Brazil. THE ROLE OF BAMBOO IN THE PAPER INDUSTRY AND FOREST POLICY In earlier days, usage of bamboo in furnish to produce paper and board was more than 70 per cent. However, there is a drastic shift today in usage of bamboo by paper mills reducing its usage from 70 to 10 per cent per annum. Some mills are going ahead with total hardwood usage in the furnish and giving up bamboo totally. Presently, 15 paper mills use 1.46 million tons per annum of bamboo. Though bamboo is a natural gift to our nation because of stringent regulations there are many hurdles in procurement. If all mills decide to stop usage of bamboo, the consequences are (1) Reduction in employment in bamboo growing areas (especially in the tribal belt). At the rate of 10 man-days for one ton of bamboo produced, nearly 1.10 million mandays of employment per annum are lost. (2) If the bamboo is not regulated as per silvicultural rules (in some forest divisions working plans have expired), there will be no clump development leading to congestion and consequent loss of productivity. Moreover, forest fires may take a heavy toll which is a natural loss. The estimated forest area covered by bamboo in India is nearly 8.96 million hectares which constitutes 11.7 per cent of the recorded forest area and per cent forest cover (Rai and Chauhan, 1998). In Northeastern India alone nearly 2.31 million hectares is covered by bamboo and the potential availability is approximately 2 million tons. Nearly, 20 million tons of bamboo is harvested annually, of which 80 per cent is used locally (Tewari, 1996). The general consumption pattern of bamboo in India indicates that 35 per cent of bamboo is being consumed by pulp and paper industries. While, locals under cottage, construction, furniture and implements industries consume 65 per cent of bamboo. Bamboo resources are said to be dwindling for several reasons and one of them is gregarious flowering causing death of bamboo leading to forest fires. Gregarious flowering of bamboo is taking place now in the Northeastern States, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka and Maharashtra. It is a major concern to the forest policy makers to deal with bamboo flowered areas by laying down policy guidelines for planning timely extraction of bamboo for its utilization without allowing it to fall prey to forest fires leading to its destruction. The current availability of flowering of bamboo in India is approximately 3.5 million tons. 4

5 The present national royalty average for bamboo is Rs per ton, while it is Rs per tone in Andhra Pradesh and only Rs. 80 in India s Northeastern States! There should be a uniform royalty rate for procurement of bamboo, which will help in increasing usage by paper mills. As leasing of bamboo areas is not possible forest policy should be laid down to make it mandatory for Forest Departments to undertake bamboo working/extraction and deliver the same at transit depots to the consumers. A recent "National Workshop on Policy and Legal Issues in Cultivation and Utilization of Bamboo, Rattan and Forest Trees in Private and Community Lands" recommend similar policy changes (KFRI, 2001). Most of the bamboo areas fall in the bio diversity/wild life reserves. Working/extraction of bamboo in these areas is prohibited. Forest policy should consider extraction of flowered bamboo in order to safeguard wildlife from forest fires due to dried bamboo. FOREST STEWARDSHIP COUNCIL (FSC) CERTIFICATION For Indian forestry and the pulp and paper industry, FSC certification is the new bug-bear. Growing public awareness of forest destruction and degradation has led consumers to demand that their purchase of wood and other forest products will not contribute to destruction. In response to these demands, certification programmes for wood products have appeared in marketplace. FSC is a non-profit international ENGO body that promotes environmentally responsible, socially beneficial and economically viable management of world forests. FSC has developed an international standard for Forest Management Certification called Principals and Criteria (P&C) of forest stewardship. For forest management, there are two types of certification: (1) Forest Management Unit Certification and (2) Group Certification. Apart from the above, certification of forest-based products is called "Chain-of-Custody." This refers to an unbroken path of a product from its forest origin to the consumer including all stages of manufacturing, transformation and distribution. Chain-of-Custody provides evidence that the certified product originates from certified well-managed forest. Today, genuinely certified products are reaching the market with FSC seal of approval. Forest Certification commonly acts as an incentive to improve forest management practices. This is because FSCaccredited certification is increasingly being adopted as an element of timber specification by the buyers of wood products. Benefits of forest certification are: Independent assurance for customers, stakeholders and investors of the quality of forest management. Access to markets that specify timber products from well-managed forests. FSC is a market entry tool and protects existing markets and helps in environmental branding of a company/corporation. FSC certified forest based products fetch a premium price in the market. It demonstrates implementation of best practices in forest stewardship. It is a stamp of approval for forestry activities and help in getting international support and publicity from leading ENGO's (UNEP, WCMC, WWF, FSC, etc). Though the Eco-labeling with FSC trademark was launched in the year 1993 for timber wood lots FSC labeled paper products went on sale in 1999 (Anon, 1999). FSC certification is gaining ground as increasing number of customers are demanding FSC labeled products in Europe and other countries. By now, the total FSC certified area is million ha spread over 330 sites in 46 countries (Table 4 & 5). The percentage of total certified area is more for natural forests (Table 6). It is of interest to note that organisations seeking FSC certification are not just industries and private bodies but also Governments of various countries. Figures in table 7 shows that as much as 34.1 per cent of the forests certified are Government-owned. 5

6 Table 4. Percentage of FSC certified forest in each region. S.No. Region FSC certified forest (%) 1. Asia-Pacific Europe Africa North-America Latin-America Table 5. FSC certification in Asia-Pacific region. S.No. Country Area ('000 ha) 1. Bhutan Indonesia Malaysia New Zealand Soloman Islands Japan, PNG, Philippines, Sri Lanka and others 35.0 Table 6. Percentage of total certified area by forest type. S.No. Forest Type FSC certified Area (%) 1. Natural Plantation Natural/Plantation 10.5 Table 7. Percentage of total FSC-certified area, by tenure. S.No. Tenure FSC-certified Area (%) 1. Government Industrial Non-industrial Communal Private Communal/ Private Resource manager Group 2.9 Like other Governments, the Indian Government needs to take note of the changing realities and act quickly to avoid adverse consequences for forest-based industrial trade, as illustrated by the following example. A buyer in Europe wanted FSC-certified Rosewood timber from India. The supplier had no access to FSC-certified Rosewood, as no such FSC-certified forest exists. Such trade opportunities are lost and it may become a phenomenon in coming days if Government doesn t immediately undertake action to lay-down forest policy facilitating certification. FSC encourages and supports national and regional initiatives for developing standards for certification of forest management. If forests are to be certified, it requires a third party role for inspection and assessment. Will the Government of India permit a third party role for certification of Government forests? FSC certification for farm forestry plantations in India appears difficult at this juncture given the FSC-P&C viz., 6

7 1. 10 per cent of plantation area to be designated as "conservation zone." 2. 5 per cent of plantation area to be designated as "protected area." 3. Natural forest management explicitly included within plantation objectives. 4. No more than 75 per cent of plantation-managed area is with a single tree species. To adhere to the above FSC-P&C, farmers would need to plant and maintain tree woodlots of different species for a longer time without harvesting in conservation zones and protected areas for wildlife. Which Indian farmer can accept and dedicate his agricultural land for the above purposes? Moreover, with small and marginal farmers, satisfying the above criteria appears impractical. Hence, FSC certification of farm forestry plantations promoted by paper mills appears difficult! The only option is that the Government allocates wastelands wherein the paper mills can grow pulp wood, plants and maintains various tree species to conserve and protect bio-diversity and simultaneously meet the FSC-P&C. Further, involving the paper industry in JFM may help the establishment of commercially viable forests as well as sustain the local community practicing totally sustainable forestry. For certification to work, the confusion and squabbling of diverse interests will therefore have to be resolved and suitable forest policy evolved. HARNESSING OPPORTUNITIES FROM CDM/CARBON CREDITS In recent years, global warming and climate change have become international issues for both industrialized and developing countries. Country commitments to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) are now being translated into corporate commitments to reduce GHG. Many corporations in developed countries are turning to corporations in developing countries and forming strategic alliances to meet their emission reduction commitments. In the first place they are financing efficiency improvement programmes, fuel substitutions, adoption of renewable sources of energy and carbon offset (forestry) creation initiatives in-lieu of carbon credits that would accrue from such investments. Secondly, they are purchasing carbon credits from developed countries or from carbon funds. And now "GHG- Registries" are open for corporate accounting of GHG for trading (ERT, 2000; WRI, 2001). The Koyoto Protocol makes provision for Annex-I parties to take into account afforestation, reforestation and deforestation and other agreed Land Use, Land Use change and Forestry (LULUCF) in meeting their commitments under Article-3 (Watson, et.at., 2000; Vine, et.al., 2001). One of the ways suggested is to make project based activities aiming at reducing GHG or enhancing carbon stocks in a specified period through carbon sequestration under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). This is being implemented in 19 countries and is under initial stages of implementation. Carbon credits under CDM could offer potential financial gains for the pulp and paper industry by way of farm forestry initiatives as carbon offsets. ITC INITIATIVE FOR CARBON CREDITS THROUGH CLONAL FORESTRY The Forestry sector can play an important role in stabilising GHG emissions by helping in reducing emissions as well as by increasing the size of carbon sinks. The trees grown and harvested at maximum Mean Annual Increment (MAI) age are more effective carbon sinks than old growth trees in forests, referred to as "Carbon Cemetery Forests". Tree growth culminates when MAI culminates. In other words the carbon stored in the forest is proportional to MAI (Jepma and Munasinghe, 1998). Fast growing species will therefore, be better than slow growing species as the area required for afforestation to sequester carbon will be less in comparison to slow growing/old trees. Matured forests serve as carbon reservoirs but not necessarily as carbon sinks. In farm forestry the lock-in-period of carbon is 8-10 years but most of the wood is utilised for meeting wood based secondary products like pulp and paper, plywood, packaging, furniture, etc which further enhances the carbon lock-in-period for a longer period of time (Singh, et.al., 2000). 7

8 By adopting the farm forestry option with fast growing tree species, ITC Bhadrachalam Paperboards promoted clonal plantations spread over 8000 ha by (Kulkarni, 2001). The total plantation area with coppice rotation comes to 16,000 ha (Table 8) which will help generate lakh (1.637 million) million tons of wood and sequestration of carbon to a tune of 8.2 lakh (0.82 million) million tons. The carbon credit works out (at the rate of US $ 20/ton of carbon fixed) to Rs. 81 crores (US $ 16 million). Table 8. Clonal farm forestry plantations and carbon sequestered Year Planting area (ha) Coppice Plantation Total Area (ha) Wood Production (Tonnes) Carbon Sequestered (Tonnes) Carbon Credit ($) Carbon Credit (Rs.) , ,975, ,072, ,971, ,355, ,933, ,256, ,707, ,459, ,958, ,184, ,735, ,934, ,000,000 Total ,636, ,371,000 In a similar way, the pulp and paper industry, if allowed to raise plantations on wastelands, can become instrumental in creating a positive impact on rainfall patterns, retention and recharging of underground water resources, arresting soil erosion and nitrogen runoff. It can also help in raising habitat diversity, timber production and employment generation in addition to being effective towards CO2 emission abatement leading to a win-win situation. Similar to the farm forestry example discussed above, the community effort in protecting forests of more than 10 million ha through JFM initiatives may already be capturing 5-10 million tons of carbon annually. But this community contribution of carbon sequestration to reduce GHG is neither valued nor compensated. It is estimated that if 31 million ha of degraded forest wastelands in India is afforestated and with a productivity of 5.5 tons per ha, nearly 3.32 GT carbon mitigation can be achieved in next 50 years with annual carbon reduction of about GT. Carbon trading, therefore, will be a big business in years to come. The forestry option of carbon sequestration, should therefore, appear to be a logical strategy. Singh et.al. (2000) and Ravindranath et.al. (2001) advocate commercial forestry for carbon mitigation in India for meeting biomass demand and to conserve forest. They further recommended participation of industry, farmers, banks and external agencies to promote commercial forestry activity. 8

9 FOREST POLICY OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Though India has a long tradition of farm forestry, there are many barriers to farm forestry or commercial forestry. These include: a long gestation period, a lack of high yielding quality planting material with a low level of technology input, a lack of forestry extension services, forest policy regulations on planting, harvesting and transport of trees, absence of market institutions, import of timber, pulp and paper, high cost of credit, lack of private participation, and external funding that is available only to Government Forest Departments (and not to farmers or pulp and paper industries) for taking up plantations on large scale. A suitable mechanism should be developed to address the above barriers and forest policy makers should think of long-term strategies rather than short-term or one-time options and formulate policy guidelines. The following actions are recommended: 1. A clear policy to support agro-forestry/farm forestry is needed in view of the ambiguity in the provisions of National Forest Policy, Forest policy should be strengthened for restoring 33% forest/tree cover with the people s participation, equity and efficiency in production, linkage between farmers and industries and export promotion. For this, it is necessary to create an Eco-Fund and develop finance policy to finance parties involved in afforestation/farm forestry activities. 3. New Forest Policy should give special attention to bamboo (Natural bamboo areas, flowered bamboo areas, royalty issues, transit regulation). 4. Restrictions imposed on harvesting and sale of trees grown under agro-forestry/farm forestry need to be removed because such restrictions serve as great impediment in growing of trees on farmlands. 5. Policy should be framed giving the pulp and paper industry the status of "Agro-based" industry to pass on related benefits such as income tax and to reduce permit hassle for procurement of wood/bamboo, free trade of wood etc. Income from trees grown under agro-forestry/farm forestry should be treated like income from agriculture for tax purposes. 6. Marketing of products of agro-forestry/farm forestry needs to be organized under Forest based Market Committees like Agriculture Market Committees. Or for farm forestry plantations treatment be given at par with plantation crops like rubber, teak and coffee by constituting a "National Pulpwood Board." The pulpwood board will help in balancing the demand and supply of wood and the generation of wood through plantations in a sustainable manner at competitive cost. 7. A "National Pulpwood Tree Improvement Institute"should be established to help the paper and board industry to generate quality planting material, develop sound silvicultural practices and to impart quality extension services to growers. 8. The Government of India should take immediate measures for Registration of Clones and formulate certification procedures like seed certification or certification of reproductive material already existing in the agricultural sector. 9. Legal mechanisms for Registration of Nurseries, Certification of Gene Banks and Clonal Planting Stock should be evolved and handled by an independent and competent agency under the Government of India. 10. Land holding under farm forestry plantations should qualify for exemption from land ceiling. 9

10 11. Policy should be laid down to permit participation of the corporate sector in reforestation of degraded forestlands, at least through joint sector companies in association with the State Forest Development Corporation. 12. Private participation should be encouraged in afforestation and direct financing to farmers and industries by external agencies (Foreign Direct Investment) for commercial forestry. 13. Policy should encourage Regional and National initiatives under FSC-P&C and facilitate FSC certification. 14. Under the climate change programme monetary benefits should be passed on to tree growers on the basis of carbon sequestered. 15. Policy should be framed for institutional arrangements for developing baselines, additionality, permanence, leakage, measurements, monitoring, reporting and verification for carbon mitigation through sequestration under the forestry sector. It should decide which carbon pools to include and to establish a "GHG-Registry" for carbon trading. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Author wishes to thank Mr Pradeep Dhobale, Chairman, IPMA Raw Material Sub Committee permitting to utilize data for presentation. Grateful thanks are due to Mr. Sanjay K. Singh for encouraging take up of Forest Stewardship Council Certification and Carbon mitigation projects. Thanks are also due to Dr. Gavin Jordon of Woodmark Soil Association, U.K. for providing data on FSC and Zamil Akhtar for rendering help in preparation of the text. REFERENCES Anon. (1996). Indian paper industry poised for a big leap. Inpaper, 1(1): Anon. (1999). Forestry and Environmental Protection. Certificating the paper chain. Paper India, 2(1): 10. ERT. (2000). The GHG Registry. Brochure-ERT Growing the business of environmental protection. Environmental Resources Trust, Inc. Washington, DC. USA Jepma, C.J. and Munasinghe, M. (1998). Climate change policy: Facts, issues and Analysis. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. KFRI. (2001). Report on National Workshop on Policy and legal issues in cultivation and Utilization of Bamboo, Rattan and Forest Trees in Private and Community lands. Evergreen., 47 (2): 3-6. Kulkarni, H.D. (2001). Eucalyptus hybrid breeding in ITC Bhadrachalam, India. Proc. IUFRO International Symposium developing the Eucalyptus for the future (Unit Improvement and culture of Eucalyptus), Valdivia, Chile. Lal, P. (1993). Farm Forestry in India - Problems and Potential. Proc. National Workshop on Farm Forestry Management. Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal. Lal, P., H.D. Kulkarni and Rao, S.N. (1993b). Improving Land Productivity and Returns from Agroforestry Plantations. Indian Forester., 119 (6): Lal, P. (2000). National Forest policy and raw material supplies for wood based industries in India. Indian Forester., 126 (4): Rai, S.N. and Chauhan K.V.S. (1998). Distribution of Growing Stock of Bamboos in India. Indian Forester, 124(2):

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