Invasion history: Anoplophora glabripennis, Asian longhorn beetle

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1 Asian, Anoplophora glabripennis Alert Species Please report any sightings as soon as possible.. Overview Short description of Anoplophora glabripennis, Asian Distribution map Adults are black and lustrous, 20-35mm long and 7-12mm wide. Antennae 11-segmented, each segment blue-black with a whitish base. Antennae 1.5-2x body length in males (1.3x in females). Each elytron has around 20 white (sometimes yellow) spots. Larvae up to 50mm, cream-coloured with a hard brown head. The similar non-native A. chinensis is distinguished by having numerous small protuberances (granulae) at the base of the elytra. Description of Anoplophora glabripennis, Asian status in GB Not established in GB, though there have been a number of interceptions; Haack et al (2010) notes 27 in post-entry locations such as warehouses between 1994 and 2008, with no interceptions at ports of entry. Habitat summary: Anoplophora glabripennis, Asian GB Distribution from NBN Atlas Anywhere with suitable hardwood trees; agricultural areas, natural & planted woodlands, ruderal/disturbed areas, scrub, urban areas. Overview table Author's name: D.S.Hubble Environment: Terrestrial Last updated: November 27th 2015 Species status: We try to keep these factsheets up to date, however if you notice any issues please contact us Native range: Functional type: Hong Kong, North Korea, South Korea Herbivore England: Scotland: Wales: Location of first record: Not found in the wild in GB. Intercepted occasionally at post-entry locations such as warehouses. Date of first record: 1994 Invasion history: Anoplophora glabripennis, Asian Origin China, Hong Kong, Korea. In its native range, adults are found on a wide range of deciduous trees, particularly Populus (15 poplar species), Salix matsudana (Chinese willow), Ulmus (2 elm species), and Acer (9 maple species). Other recorded hosts include Aesculus chinensis (Chinese horsechestnut), Alnus sp. (alder), Betula platyphylla (Asian white birch), Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive), Fraxinus sp. (ash), Hippophae rhamnoides sinensis (sea-buckthorn), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple),

2 (ash), Hippophae rhamnoides sinensis (sea-buckthorn), Malus sylvestris (crab-apple), Platanus orientalis (oriental plane) and Tilia tuan (Tuan lime) among others, some of which may be used for egg-laying but are unsuitable for larval development. First Record Not yet recorded in the wild in GB. First interception Pathway and Method Not yet recorded in the wild in GB; in other areas introduction has been via hardwood timber and timber products (especially packing materials), or by deciduous nursery products. In GB, interceptions have been of specimens in untreated hardwoods (where larval stages are well protected, and may emerge in a wide range of locations including warehouses, retail outlets and locations post-retail) such as packaging materials, and the risk is especially associated with commodities from China (Forestry Commission 2010). Species Status In the US, the beetle was discovered in New York (1996), Chicago (1998), New Jersey (2002 & 2004), Worcester, MA (2008) and Ohio (2011). In Canada, it was first identified as a quarantine pest of concern in 1998, and discovered in the Totonto area in Following eradication, attempts, no beetles were found in 2006, although a cluster of 16 infested trees were found in January 2007, within the zone subsequently regulated by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). Occasional specimens have been found elsewhere in the US (e.g. Sacramento CA) but have not been able to establish or infest trees. Therefore, in North America, the species is considered to be introduced and under ongoing eradication. In Europe, the beetles were also found in Austria (2001), France (2003), Germany (2004) and Lombardy, Italy (2007), Veneto, Italy (2009), the Netherlands (2010), with a single specimen in Poland (2003). As in North America, these populations are under eradication, and in Europe can be considered introduced but not established. Beetles have been found in other locations but have not progressed beyond ports of entry or post-entry sites such as warehouses e.g. Australasia (4 between 2005 & 2008), New Zealand (6 between 1995 & 2006), Netherlands (3 in 2008) and elsewhere in the EU (6 between 2003 & 2008) (Haack et al 2010) Ecology & Habitat: Anoplophora glabripennis, Asian Dispersal Mechanisms Adults disperse locally by flying and as stowaways on land vehicles. Although adults are strong fliers, 98% of adult beetles disperse less than 600m (often 50-75m) from their release point, but this can extend to approximately 1km for males and 1.45km for gravid females (Smith et al 2002). International and other long-distance dispersal is mediated by trade in timber, firewood, containers, pallets and other solid wood products, particularly packing materials; also the nursery trade. Reproduction Females mate multiple times with a single male, but will also mate with multiple males; males display mate-guarding behaviour. Females produce eggs throughout their life; a single female averages 35 eggs in total on Populus in China, 68 on Acer saccharum (Keena 2000), and 128, 47 and 31 on A. platanoides, A. rubrum and S. nigra, respectively. Daily oviposition of viable eggs averaged 1.2, 0.46 and 0.36 eggsd on A. platanoides, A. rubrum and Salix nigra respectively. Eggs are laid in slits cut by females in the bark of branches (around the join with the trunk) and this may cause some resin bleeding. Eggs hatch after 7 to 17 days, depending on time of year and temperature, in JuneJuly during a one-year cycle and in SeptemberOctober during a two-year cycle. Newly hatched larvae feed under the bark, after two moults boring into the wood in the late third or fourth instar. Feeding continues under the bark for one more instar, by which time the larvae are approximately 50 mm long. Tree damage increases as the larvae grow, with galleries in the heartwood up to 10 mm in diameter and several cm long. Larvae may overwinter in the wood. When mature, the larvae pupate (usually in the spring) within a well-defined chamber, packed at one end with distinctive wood shavings. After development, adults spend about 7 days within the pupal chamber before emerging via round 6-12mm exit holes. There can be one or two generations per year, and fecundity is negatively correlated with bark thickness (Smith et al 2002) with secondary substances and nutritional value also likely to affect reproductive success. Known Predators/Herbivores

3 Insectivorous birds such as woodpeckers have been shown to have a notable impact on early stage larvae, at least where the beetle population is small as in Italy (Herard et al 2009) with woodpeckers often cited as the most important predator of this beetle. Although work has taken place to identify and catalogue the natural enemies of wood-boring species (Smith et al 2007), few are known to affect A. glabripennis. One known parasitoid is the beetle Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Colydiidae), with Sclerodermus guani (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) also having a possible parasitoidal relationship. There has been a considerable amount of research undertaken on fungal pathogens such as Metarhizum anisopliae (e.g. Shanley et al 2009, Hajek et al 2008). Resistant Stages Larvae and pupae can overwinter in wood; spending much of their life cycle in wood means that chemical control often does not reach them. Habitat Occupied in GB Not yet found in the wild in GB. Intercepted occasionally at post-entry locations such as warehouses. Distribution: Anoplophora glabripennis, Asian Not yet found in the wild in GB. Impacts: Anoplophora glabripennis, Asian Environmental Impact A wide range of tree species could be attacked and killed, with the potential to alter species composition of wooded habitats and reduce biodiversity, with secondary impacts on other habitats such as wetlands. There would also be loss of tree coverwooded habitat due to eradication measures, and therefore a requirement for replanting. Adults feed on twigs, leaf petioles and primary leaf veins. Larval tunnellingfeeding damages the vascular system and so disrupts sap flow, while older larvae tunnelling into the heartwood destroys trees' structural integrity with death occurring in 3-5+ years. An early symptom of infestation is resin bleeding from egg-laying slits. Symptoms of advanced infestation include yellowing, wilting and premature dropping of leaves, branch dieback, and ultimately tree death. Health and Scoial Impact No direct human health effects. Social impacts via financial impacts, loss of aesthetic quality and amenity shade trees. Economic Impact In the US, an estimated 30-35% of trees in urban eastern states are susceptible to attack with the potential for urban areas to lose up to 35% of tree canopy cover and 30% of trees (1.2 billion trees), an estimated loss of $669bn (GAO 2006). Additionally, maple timber and syrup industries are at risk, along with tourism associated with the famous autumn colours of New England. A further impact in the US is the cost of eradication with APHIS and the states of New York, Illinois and New Jersey and local governments collectively spending more than $800m from 1997 to If the beetle spreads from its current urban environment into natural forests, it has the potential to impact 71 billion trees valued at over $2 trillion dollars (GAO 2006), also seriously altering the community structure and diversity of North American forests, with additional impacts on wetlands. Similar impacts (although possibly at different scales) may occur in other areas of introduction. References & Links: Anoplophora glabripennis, Asian Identification Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (2009) Forest Health Alert: Asian long-horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). [accessed ]. Biology, ecology, spread, vectors Hajek, A.E., Lund, J. & Smith, M.T. (2008) Reduction in fitness of female Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) infected with Metarhizium anisopliae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 98,

4 Herard, F., Maspero, M., Ramualde, N., Jucker, C., Colombo, M., Ciampitti, M. & Cavagna, B. (2009) Anoplophora glabripennis (Col.: Cerambycidae) infestation in Italy. EPPO Bulletin, 39(2), ISSG (2009) Ecology of Anoplophora glabripennis. [accessed ]. Keena, M. A. (2000) Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) fecundity and egg viability on Acer saccharum in the laboratory. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rpt. NE USDA Newton Square, PA. Shanley, R.P., J. Leland, J., Keena, M., Wheeler, M.M. & Hajek, A.E. (2009) Evaluating the virulence and longevity of non-woven fiber bands impregnated with Metarhizium anisopliae against the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biological Control, 50, Smith, M.T., Bancroft, J. & Tropp, J. (2002) Age-specific fecundity of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on three tree species infested in the United States. Environmental Entomology, 31(1), Smith, M.T., Fuester, R.W., Tropp, J.M., Aparicio, E.M., Tatman, D. & Wildonger, J.A. (2007) Native natural enemies of native wood-borers: potential biological control agents for the Asian longhorned beetle USDA Interagency Research Forum GTR-NRS-P-28. Management and impact Fallon, D.J., Solter, L.F., Keena, M.A., McManus, M., Cate, J.R., & Hanks, L.M. (2004) Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes on the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Biological Control, 3 0, GAO (2006) Invasive Forest Pests: Lessons Learned From Three Recent Infestations May Aid in Managing Future Efforts. US Government Accountability Office report GAO Haack, R.A., Herard, F., Sun, J. & Turgeon, J.J. (2010) Managing invasive populations of Asian Longhorned Beetle and Citrus Longhorned Beetle: A worldwide perspective. Annual Review of Entomology, 5 5, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (2009) Forest Health Alert: Asian long-horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). [accessed ]. Poland, T.M., Haack, R.A., Petrice, T.R., Miller, D.L., Bauer, L.S. & Ruitong, G. (2006) Field evaluations of systemic insecticides for control of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in China. Journal of Economic Entomology, 99(2), Shimazu, M., Zhang, B. & Liu, Y. (2002) Fungal pathogens of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and their virulences. Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1(1), Smith, M.T., Turgeon, J.J., Groot, P., Gasman, B. (2009) Asian Longhorned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky): Lessons Learned and Opportunities to Improve the Process of Eradication and Management. American Entomologist, 55(1), Smith, M.T. & Wu, J. (2008) Asian longhorned beetle: renewed threat to northeastern USA and implications worldwide. International Pest Control, 50(6), Wei, J-R., Yang, Z-Q., Hao, H-L. & Du, J.W. (2008) (R)-(+)-limonene, kairomone for Dastarcus helophoroides, a natural enemy of longhorned beetles. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 10(4), General FERA (2004). Asian s. [accessed ]. Food and Agriculture Organisation (2009) Global Review of Forest Pests and Diseases: A Thematic Study Prepared in the Framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment FAO, Rome.

5 Forestry Commission (2010). Exotic Pest Alert: Asian Longhorn Beetle. [accessed ]. Haack, R.A., Herard, F., Sun, J. & Turgeon, J.J. (2010) Managing invasive populations of Asian Longhorned Beetle and Citrus Longhorned Beetle: A worldwide perspective. Annual Review of Entomology, 5 5,