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1 EVALUATION OF TOLERANCE TOWARD SALINITY TENSION IN VARIOUS GENOTYPES OF CUMIMUM CYMINUM IN LABORATORY CONDITION Fereshte Shah Mohammadi *, Mohammad Zabet, Mohammad Gader Qadri, Mohammad Sayari Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran *Corresponding authors: ( ABSTRACT A high percentage of medicines using by developed countries people have herbal origin. With respect to progressing development of salt lands and lack of favorable farming lands to agriculture, detection of resistant against salinity is so important. Choosing medical her bals resistant against salinity is so important. Selecting plants resistant to salinity during germination through hydroponic cultivation is considered as low cost and reliable method to saving time.in this study, germination power of plants seeds under sa linity tension for Cuminum cyminum is evaluated. In this research, treatment consisted of 5 concentrations of salt, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 Deci Siemens per meter (ds / m) and used genotypes includes Sabzevar, Khosf, Ghouchan, Sarayan, Kashmar, Gonabad, Zirkooh,Esfrayn, Tabas, Torbatejam and with 3 repetitions. This study performed in Birjand University Research laboratory during which the effect of salinity on 10 Cumimum genotypes. The results indicate a reduction in germination rate, root length, shoot length, hypocotyl length, dry weight, wet weight, length of the plant, root shoot ratio, seed vigor. This decline was different in plants. Based on test results, Sabzevar genotypes was better in understudied genotypes in respect of tolerance to salinity. KEY WORDS:, Environmental tension, Germination, Medical herbals INTRODUCTION Plants are usually exposed to different environmental stresses which limit their growth and productivity as well as cause considerable loss to worldwide agricultural production (Shao H.B et al., 2008). One of the most important factors affecting plant growth and the production of secondary metabolites is the salt stress ( Nikolova, 2005). Salinity of soil or water is one of major stress obstacles to increase production in plant growing areas throughout the world and especially in arid and semi-arid regions it can severely limit plant production (Jamil M et al., 2006). According to Sreenivasulu et al (Sreenivasulu et al., 2007) the adverse effects of salts on plant growth may be divided into three broad categories: (i) a reduction in osmotic potential of the soil solution that reduces plant available water and thus creates a water stress in plants, (ii) a deterioration in the physical structure of the soil such that water permeability and soil aeration are diminished, and (iii) increase in the concentration of the certain ions that have an inhibitory effect on plant metabolism (specific ion toxicity) and mineral nutrient imbalances and deficiencies or (iv) a combination of these factors. cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a member of Umbelli- ferae and annual plant which originated in the Iran, Egypt, Turkistan and East Mediterranean. But, it is widely cultivated in Iran, China, India, Morocco, South Russia, Japan, Indonesia, Algeria and Turkey; specially, in arid and semi-arid regions ( Tuncturk R., 2006). Iran is one of the most important cumin exporters in the world market ( Kafi M., 2002). Leaf shape, short leaves, color and E. Neamatollahi is agronomy Msc student in Zabol University from Iran surface cover of plant parts are representative adaptation of cumin to drought conditions (Kizil, 2003). Furthermore, the plant is relatively salt resistant and has no much needs of soil fertility (Fouly et al., 1983). But in production of medicinal plants, seed germination is very important problem. The seeds are occasionally sown in seedbeds having unfavorable moisture because of the lack of rainfall at sowing time (Angadi et al., 2003), which results in poor and unsynchronized seedling emergence (Mwale S.S et al., 2003). A major constraint to seed germination is soil salinity, a common problem in irrigated areas of Iran, with low rainfall (Kaya et al., 2003). Soil salinity may affect the germination of seeds either by creating an osmotic potential external to the seed preventing water uptake, or through the toxic effects of Na+and Clions on the germinating seed ( Khajeh- Hosseini, 2003). Salt and osmotic stresses are responsible for both inhibition or delayed seed germination and seedling establishment (Almansouri, 2001). Volume-3 Special Issue DAMA International. All rights reserved. 83

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS This research performed in research laboratory of Birjand university s Agriculture Faculty. Cumimum seeds were placed under tension of different sodium chlorid density and their germination properties were measured by treatments. The experiment was performed as factorial (both first and second factors) and by complete random block format while 3 times repeated. First factor included 5 salinity density and second factor included 10 different Cumimum echotype. Salt salinity levels used in this test were 1,3,5,7 and 9 ds/m and applied echotypes in Sabzevar, Khosf, Ghouchan, Sarayan, Kashmar, Gonabad, Zirkooh,Esfrayn, Tabas, Torbatejam. First, not damaged seeds are separated and disinfected. To disinfect seeds we use hypochlorite sodium 10% for 30 seconds. Then seeds transfer to sterilized petri dishes with a smooth Whatman paper on the bottom. In each treatment, 15 petri dishes is used and 15 seeds will be in each petri dish. 5 ml of emulsions will be added to each petri dish depends on related treatment. Then, petri dishes are closed by Parafilm and put in growing room (germinator) with 50% humidity, 24 C for day and 22 C for night and in 16 hours daylight and 8 hours night. Counting germinated seeds was doing daily and recorded in pre-designed tables. The seeds considered as Gemma which their radicle is at least 2 mm. In laboratory, properties such as germination percentage, germination speed, radicle length, plumule length, plant length, cotyledon, plant fresh weight (SFW), plant dry weight (SDW), and seed power index and radicle length ratio to plumule. The calculation is as below: 1- Percentage germination (GP): GP = (N i /S) Germination speed(gr) GR = ΣN i /T i.. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Radicle length: All simple and interacted effect between genotypes and different levels of salinity was in 0.01 significant level (table 1). Comparing salinity effect mean on radicle also showed that radicle length was different in various salinity level and most radicle length was 1 ds/m in salinity and the smallest radicle length in salinity was 9 ds/m (table 3). According results by comparison of traits under studied by experimenting genotype, most radicle length was in Sabzevar and least radicle length was in Ghoochan genotype (table 2). Plumule: There was significant difference 0.01 between species, different levels of salinity and salinity interaction between species in terms of plumule length (Table 1). Comparing salinity effect on plumule showed that salinity level 1 and 3 ds/m have most plumule length placing in one group while plumule length was decreased by increasing salinity in the way that least plumule length was related to salinity 9 ds/m (table 3). Sabzevar has most plumule length and Ghoochan least plumule length (Table 2). Cotyledon length: There was significant difference 0.01 between species, different levels of salinity and salinity interaction between species in terms of cotyledon length (Table 1). Observing Comparison table of salinity effect on cotyledons showed that most cotyledon lenght in salinity was 3 ds /m and the least in salinity was 9 ds / m (Table 3). Based on the comparison of the genotypes, Sabzevar has highest and Ghoochan has lowest cotyledon lenght (Table 2). Fresh weight: Between species and species interaction effect in salinity in term of plant fresh weight was not significant while salinity levels in level 0.01 had significant level (table 1). Comparing means also showed that genotypes have no difference in fresh weight and are placed in one group (table 2). By comparing mean 3 it was declared that most plant fresh weight related to treatment 3 ds/m and least plant fresh weight was related to 7 ds/m (table 3). Dry weight: According to the results of analysis of variance between the different species of plant dry weight was not significant (Table 1). In respect of dry weight, there is no significant difference between genotypes and placed in a group (Table 2). Comparing salinity level mean showed that most of plant dry weight was related to treatment 5 ds/m and lowest plant dry weight was related to salinity 7 ds/m (table 3). Percentage and germination rate: All work and interaction between species and different salinity levels in 01/0 was significant (Table 1). Sabzevar genotype has the highest percentage of germination rate and germination rate was in lowest rate in (Table 2). In salinity level 3 ds/m, the most germination percentage and in salinity 1 ds/m, the most Volume-3 Special Issue DAMA International. All rights reserved. 84

3 germination speed was available and in salinity lelvel 9 ds/m, the lowest percentage and speed of germination was available. Seed power index: seed power index in species, salinity levels and interaction interactions between species and salinity 01/0 level showed significant differences (Table 1). Observing seeds power mean of species showed Sabzevar and Ghouchani had most and lowest power, respectively (Table 2). The highest and lowest seed vigor in salinity level was 1 and 9 ds/m, respectively (Table 3). Radicle length rate to plumule (R/S): among species, salinity level and interaction of species in salinity, there wasn t a significant difference (table ). As shown in Table 2, most of R / S ratio related to Khosef. genotype was with associated with the least amount of R / S ratio of Nvtyp Ghouchan 43/4 (Table 2). Salt rate and lowest R/S was related to Ghooochan genotype with 4.43 rate (table 2). Comparing treatment means showed that the highest ratio of radicle to plumule, equivalent of 53/6 was treated with 1 ds/m and the lowest R/S ratio was related to salinity 7 ds/m and equals to 4.62 (table 3). Plant length: Between species, salinity levels and species interaction in salinity, there was significant difference in term of plant length in level 0.01 (table 1). The most plant length with was related to Sabzevar and lowest was related to Ghoochan with mm length (table 2). Comparing salinity level effect on palnt length was also showed that highest plant length in salinity level 1 ds/m with length and lowest in salinity level 9 ds/m with length and as a result, Sabzevar genotype has higher resistance to salinity tension while Ghoochan has lowest resistance. The results showed that by increase of salinity on germination speed cumin genotypes were significantly decreased that this is approved by Safdarnejad, (1996,) Penuels et al, (1997) and Shalhevet and Salami et al. (1993). Pujol (2000) believe that salinity tension reduces seeds germination. Also Davazadh Imami researches (1381) declared that by increasing salinity, percentage and germination speed in medical herbals seeds like other agriculture products. Rubio-Casal., et al (2003) reported that increasing salinity causes delay in germination, reducing numbers of germinated seeds that by increasing density of cholorid sodium, radicle and plumule lengths as well as medical herbal seeds power index will be decreased. Movahedi et al. (1391) reported that salinity tension leads to significant reduction of seed power index and Cumimum dry weight. While considering table 3 we observe that dry weight in salinity 5 ds/m has highest value and lowes value is in salinity 7 ds/m. also, in salinity level 3 ds/m, the highest fresh weight and in salinity 7 ds/m has lowest fresh value. Table (1): The analysis results of under studied traits variance Ns, * and **, respectively, indicating no significant differences were significant at the 5% and 1% respectively. Volume-3 Special Issue DAMA International. All rights reserved. 85

4 Table 2: Comparison of traits affected by cultivars Table 3: Comparison of under studied traits mean affected by testing tension. REFERENCES Almansouri M., Kinet J.M., and Lutts S. and May (2001). Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Plant Soil. 231: Angadi S.V., and Entz M.H. (2002). Water relations of standard height and dwarf sunflower cultivars. Crop Sci. 42: El-Fouly M.M. (1983). Micronutrients in arid and semiarid areas: level in soils and plants and needs for fertilizers with reference to Egypt. Proc. 15th Coll. Int. Potash Inst. (Bern), p.163. Jamil M., Lee DB., Jung KY., Lee SC., Rha E.S. (2006). Effect of salt (NaCl) stress on germination and early seedling growth of four vegetables species. JCEA. 7(2): Kafi M. (2002). Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) Production and Processing. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad press. PP: 195. Kaya M.D., Ipek A., and Ozturk A. (2003). Effects of different soil salinity levels on 27: Khajeh-Hosseini M., Powell A.A., and Bingham I.J. (2003).The interaction between salinity stress and seed vigour during germination of soybean seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. 31: Kizil S., Arslan N. and Ipek A. (2003). A research on adaptation of different cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) lines in diyarbakır ecological conditions. Agri. Sci. J. 9(3): Volume-3 Special Issue DAMA International. All rights reserved. 86

5 Mwale S.S., Hamusimbi C. and Mwansa K. (2003). Germination, emergence and growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in response to osmotic seed priming. Seed Sci. Technol. 31: Nikolova M.T, Ivancheva S.V. (2005). Quantitative flavonoid variations of artemisia vulgaris L. and Veronica chamaedrysl. in relation to altitude and polluted environment. Acta Biol. Szegediensis. 49: Omami E.N., Hammes P.S., Robbertse P.J. (2006). Differences in salinity tolerance for growth and water-use efficiency in somen amaranth(amaranthusspp.) genotypes. New Zeal J.Crop Hort. Sci. 34: Ponnamperuma F.N Effects of flooding on soils. In: Kozlowski TT, ed. Flooding and plant growth. New York: Shao H.B., Chu L.Y. and Jaleel C.A. (2008). Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical Nchanges in higher plants. C R Biologies. 331(3): Sreenivasulu N., Sopory SK. and Kavi Kishor P.B. (2007). Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in plants by genomic approaches. Gene. 388(1-2):1-13 Tuncturk R. and Tuncturk M. (2006). Effects of different phosphorus levels on the yield and quality components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Res. J. Agri. Biol. Sci. 2(6): Volume-3 Special Issue DAMA International. All rights reserved. 87