2 The Lehstenbach and Steinkreuz Catchments in NE Bavaria, Germany P. Gerstberger, T. Foken, and K. Kalbitz

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1 Contents Part I Introduction 1 Introduction E. Matzner 1.1 General Introduction Goals and Approaches of BITÖK Research Scope of the Synthesis and Problems Addressed References The Lehstenbach and Steinkreuz Catchments in NE Bavaria, Germany P. Gerstberger, T. Foken, and K. Kalbitz 2.1 The Lehstenbach Catchment in the Fichtelgebirge Mountains The Steinkreuz Catchment in the Steigerwald Hillsides References Part II The Changing Environment 3 Trace Gases and Particles in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer at the Waldstein Site: Present State and Historic Trends.. 45 O. Klemm 3.1 Introduction Sites Trends in Sulfur Dioxide Trends in Nitrogen Gases

2 VIII Contents 3.5 Trends in Ozone Trends in Fog Chemistry Aerosol Particles Conclusions References Climate Change in the Lehstenbach Region T. Foken 4.1 Introduction Change of Climatological Elements Consequences of Climate Change Conclusions References Part III Vegetation Response 5 Atmospheric and Structural Controls on Carbon and Water Relations in Mixed-Forest Stands of Beech and Oak. 69 B. Köstner, M. Schmidt, E. Falge, S. Fleck, and J.D. Tenhunen 5.1 Introduction The Study Sites Steinkreuz and Großebene Analysis of Canopy Transpiration and Conductance by Means of Sap Flow Measurements Analysis of Carbon and Water Relations by Structural Variation in Model Systems Conclusions References Impacts of Canopy Internal Gradients on Carbon and Water Exchange of Beech and Oak Trees S. Fleck, M. Schmidt, B. Köstner, W. Faltin, and J.D. Tenhunen 6.1 Introduction Crown Structures of Mature Beech and Oak Trees Leaf Properties A Modelling Study on the Gas-Exchange of Leaf Clouds.. 115

3 Contents 6.5 Discussion Conclusions References IX 7 Soil CO 2 Fluxes in Spruce Forests Temporal and Spatial Variation, and Environmental Controls J.-A. Subke, N. Buchmann, and J.D.Tenhunen 7.1 Introduction Measuring Sites Temporal Variation of Soil CO 2 Efflux Within- and Between-Stand Variation of Soil CO 2 Efflux The Annual C Budget of the Forest Soil Conclusions References Carbon Budget of a Spruce Forest Ecosystem C. Rebmann, P. Anthoni, E. Falge, M. Göckede, A. Mangold, J.-A. Subke, C. Thomas, B. Wichura, E.-D. Schulze, J. Tenhunen, and T. Foken 8.1 Introduction Measuring Site and Quality Control Calculation of Fluxes Results and Discussion Conclusions References Structure of Carbon Dioxide Exchange Processes Above a Spruce Forest B. Wichura, J. Ruppert, A.C. Delany, N. Buchmann, and T. Foken 9.1 Introduction and 13 C Signatures Balances of 13 C and CO Hyperbolic Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (HREA) as a Relevant Measuring Method Results Conclusions References

4 X Contents 10 Modeling the Vegetation Atmospheric Exchange with a Transilient Model M. Berger, R. Dlugi, and T. Foken 10.1 Introduction Short Description of FLAME Model Initialization for the Case Study Comparison of Measured and Modeled Fluxes Conclusions References Fog Deposition and its Role in Biogeochemical Cycles of Nutrients and Pollutants T. Wrzesinsky, C. Scheer, and O. Klemm 11.1 Introduction Site Fog Chemistry Direct Measurement of Fog Deposition Fog Deposition Model Discussion Conclusions References Turbulent Deposition of Ozone to a Mountainous Forest Ecosystem O. Klemm, A. Mangold, and A. Held 12.1 Introduction Site Experimental Setup Big Leaf Model Modelled Fluxes Deposition to the Forest Canopy Deposition to the Forest Ground Synthesis and Conclusions References

5 Contents 13 The Emissions of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) and Their Relevance to Atmospheric Particle Dynamics R. Steinbrecher, B. Rappenglück, A. Hansel, M. Graus, O. Klemm, A. Held, A. Wiedensohler, and A. Nowak 13.1 Introduction Flux Measurement Methods Fluxes of Primary and Secondary BVOC Modelled Versus Measured Isoprenoid Emission Particle Size Distribution and Fluxes Conclusions References XI 14 Trends in Deposition and Canopy Leaching of Mineral Elements as Indicated by Bulk Deposition and Throughfall Measurements E. Matzner, T. Zuber, C. Alewell, G. Lischeid, and K. Moritz 14.1 Introduction Trends of Concentrations Trends of Fluxes and Total Deposition Rates and Trends of Canopy Leaching Conclusions References Phyllosphere Ecology in a Changing Environment: The Role of Insects in Forest Ecosystems B. Stadler and B. Michalzik 15.1 Introduction Ecology of Canopy Insects Interactions Between Insects and Micro-organisms Biotic Interactions and Throughfall Chemistry Beyond the Canopy: Influences on Soil Processes and Ecosystems Synthesis and Future Prospects Conclusions References

6 XII Contents 16 Element Fluxes with Litterfall in Mature Stands of Norway Spruce and European Beech in Bavaria, South Germany B. Berg and P. Gerstberger 16.1 Introduction Discussion Concluding Remarks References The Role of Woody Roots in Water Uptake of Mature Spruce, Beech, and Oak Trees J. Lindenmair, E. Matzner, and R. Zimmermann 17.1 Introduction Root Chamber Method Water Uptake Rates of Coarse Roots for Different Tree Species Time Course of Water Uptake for Spruce Roots in Relation to Climatic and Soil Physical Parameters and Xylem Sapflow Rates Extrapolation from Root to Tree Scale Conclusions References Radial Growth of Norway Spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] at the Coulissenhieb Site in Relation to Environmental Conditions and Comparison with Sites in the Fichtelgebirge and Erzgebirge C. Dittmar and W. Elling 18.1 Introduction Status and Radial Growth of Norway Spruce at the Coulissenhieb Site Growth Influences and Their Temporal and Regional Variations Conclusions References

7 Contents Part IV Soil Response XIII 19 Environmental Controls on Concentrations and Fluxes of Dissolved Organic Matter in the Forest Floor and in Soil Solution K. Kalbitz, T. Zuber, J.-H. Park, and E. Matzner 19.1 Introduction Experimental Design and Sampling Analysis, Calculations and Statistics Long-term DOC and DON Concentrations and Fluxes at a Coniferous and a Deciduous Site Environmental Controls on DOM Dynamics Summary and Conclusions References Response of Soil Solution Chemistry and Solute Fluxes to Changing Deposition Rates E. Matzner, T. Zuber, and G. Lischeid 20.1 Introduction Development of Soil Solution Chemistry Development of Element Fluxes with Soil Solution Element Budgets of the Soil General Discussion Conclusions References Sequestration Rates for C and N in Soil Organic Matter at Four N-Polluted Temperate Forest Stands B. Berg 21.1 Introduction Sequestration of Carbon in SOM Under Growing Stands of Norway Spruce and European Beech A Model Validation Sequestration Rates of Carbon in SOM at the Sites Coulissenhieb and Steinkreuz Sequestration of Nitrogen in SOM Under Growing Stands of Norway Spruce and European Beech at the Site Solling A Model Validation

8 XIV Contents 21.5 How Much Can the Model Explain the N Sequestration? A Validation Sequestration Rates of Nitrogen in SOM in a Norway Spruce Forest at the Sites Coulissenhieb and Steinkreuz The Missing C and N Fractions Can They Be Explained? How Stable Are the Long-Term Stored C and N Fractions in SOM? Concluding Remarks References Riparian Zones in a Forested Catchment: Hot Spots for Microbial Reductive Processes K. Küsel and C. Alewell 22.1 Introduction Site Description of Wetland Sites Sequential Microbial Reductive Processes in Soils: Theoretical Considerations and the Reality in the Lehstenbach Catchment Wetlands of the Lehstenbach Catchment as a Sink for Anthropogenic Nitrate Wetlands of the Lehstenbach Catchment as a Sink for Anthropogenic Sulfate Ecophysiology and Phylogenetic Diversity of Sulfate-Reducing Prokaryotes in Fens of the Lehstenbach Catchment Competing Anaerobic Microbial Processes in Fens of the Lehstenbach Catchment Conclusions References Part V Catchment Response 23 Dynamics of Runoff and Runoff Chemistry at the Lehstenbach and Steinkreuz Catchment G. Lischeid, H. Lange, K. Moritz, and H. Büttcher 23.1 Introduction Statistical Analysis Discharge

9 Contents 23.4 Solute Concentration Conclusions References XV 24 Trends in the Input Output Relations: The Catchment Budgets G. Lischeid, C. Alewell, K. Moritz, and J. Bittersohl 24.1 Introduction Determination of Catchment Budgets Output Fluxes Via Runoff Mean Budgets Changing Catchment Behaviour Conclusions: Long-Term Implications References Part VI Synthesis 25 Biogeochemistry of Two Forested Catchments in a Changing Environment: A Synthesis E. Matzner, B. Köstner, and G. Lischeid 25.1 The Changing Environment Recovery from Acidification of Soils and Waters Fate of Deposited Nitrogen Carbon Sequestration Water Fluxes Between Vegetation and Environment Atmospheric Controls on Processes and Fluxes Criteria of Sustainable Use Overall Conclusions Outlook References Subject Index

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