The valuation on forest ecosystem services and biodiversity in Diebu County, China

Transcription

1 International Workshop - Session 2 The valuation on forest ecosystem services and biodiversity in Diebu County, China Presented by Dr. HU Lile

2 International Workshop on Eco-city and Biodiversity Session 2: Biodiversity November 1, 2014; Kawasaki, Japan The valuation on forest ecosystem services and biodiversity in Diebu County, China *Xiushan LI 1), Dianxia FU 2) 1) Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, CRAES, China 2) Gansu Agriculture University, GAU, China *Corresponding author Keywords: Diebu County; Forest ecosystem service; Biodiversity; Valuation assessment; Conservation measure Introduction Forest ecosystem is the most important terrestrial ecosystem type. It provides mankind with wood, forest products and husbandry products. It also plays environmental regulation functions, for instance, soil and water conservation, climate regulation, clean air, sequestration of carbon and release of oxygen, maintenance biodiversity, prevention and control disasters. In addition, it also supports cultural values, such as landscape aesthetics, spiritual, religion, education and indigenous knowledge and so on. In recent years, the evaluation of forest ecosystem has risen widespread attention byscholarsand decision maker. To protect and recovery the forest ecosystem and biodiversity, the valuation of the forest ecosystem services and biodiversity of Diebu Country was assessed by method methods of market price, replacement cost, benefits transfer, contingent valuation and so on, for the purpose of enhancing the people s recognition and knowledge on the valuation of forest ecosystem services and biodiversity, and to provide theory basis to decision maker. Diebu Country, which located in the south of Gansu Province and the forest coverage rate reached 61.61%, is a forestry county at upstream of Bailong River. The large areas of virgin forest covered in that land has lots of functions. But due to heavy and long-term logging from the 1960 s to 1990 s, the ecosystem service was decreased and biodiversity was lost apparently. Classification and monetary methods of forest ecosystem service are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Categories of forest ecosystem service and monetary methods Service type Goods and service Monetary method Raw material: wood, medicinal plants, Market price Food: husbandry products, honey, provision vegetable, Energy: fuel, water energy Other: flower, nursery stock Water conservation: regulation of U =10C A(P-E-C water Water purification U =10KA(P-E-C) Soil maintenance Restoration cost: 50Yuan/ m n Soil nutrition Fertilizer Market price: ds p Regulation Carbon sequestration Oxygen production Air purification: product negative oxygen ion Absorb air pollutants Vf 1i p2i pi i 1 Carbon exchange rate:20.4$/t, afforestation cost, on average 199,61 /t Industry Oxygen production and afforestation cost on average, 84.85Yuan/t U = AHK Q -600 /L U =K Q A U =K Q A Cultural Biodiversity maintenance aesthetic, inspiration, religious, education, Tourism CVM TCM,CVM, Physical amount Results and discussion After analyzing statistical data and the local first class surveys report of forest resource, then combined with field investigation, we estimated the total service valuation of forest ecosystem in Diebu County. It is about yuan per year, in which the direct and indirect using economic benefit are and Yuan per year, the latter is times of the former. The valuation of forest ecosystem in Diebu County is highest in water conversation, biodiversity protection and soil maintenance, they account for 58.15% 16.5% 15.2% of total value respective, and the valuation of three of them represents 89.91% of the total value. Besides, the value of wood is Yuan per year, the forest by-product is Yuan per year, and tourism value is Yuan per year, which constitute of 2.46%, 0.6% and 0.98% severally (Table 2). Functi ons Timb er Table 2 Different ecosystem services of the forest ecosystem in Diebu Country 10 8 Yuan/y Direct use value Indirect use value Forest Livest Directo Carbon Water Soil by ock Hydropowesical tion & O non-phy- sequestra Cleaning air conserva conserve productcts products produ- -tion -ancy 2 release Biodiversity conserva -tion Result % Propor tion % % Total 6.0 The direct using value of forestry resource in Diebu County is obviously lower than the environmental regulation service value; therefore, we suggest protection and recovering should be the main countermeasure in protecting and managing forest in that country, besides, the local government should pay more attention to forest by-products and ecological tourism development. And in decision making consider of basin compensation and benefits share with stakeholder. There are another service such as disaster and flood control, pests and diseases control, pollination service. We would research them continue. References: State forestry administration, forestry industry criterion of China, LY/T (2008) Forests ecosystem service function assessment standard, China Criterion Press, Beijing. Jin, F. Zhang, Z., Yu, X. et al. (2005) Forest ecosystem service function and valuation assessment in Qilian mountain, Gansu province. China Water and Soil Conservation Science,, 5~57. Diebu county forestry bureau of Gansu province ( ) Survey report on planning and design of forests restoration in Diebu county. [R]. Diebu county annals editor committee, Diebu Couty annals (2007) [M], Lanzhou University Press. Diebu county statistic bureau, Annual book of Diebu county ( ) [M].

3 The forest ecosystem service value of Diebu county Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science Prof. Dr. Xiushan Li

4 Study site Diebu county is located in the south of Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gannan. The terrain in northwest is higher, while in southeast is lower. The altitude is from 1600 to 4920 meters. Mean annual precipitation is about 568mm, average temperature is about 7.5, and the annual average frost-free period are 14 days. Forests cover rate is 60%, others are grassland 20%, farmland %. The national territorial area of Diebu county is 510,829.6 hm 2, among which, The total forest area is hm 2, and the forest coverage is about 61.61%, living tree volume is about 51,5,944 m. In passed 0 years(1966~1998),wood cutting20,40,000m,growth amount 11,865,000m,58.0%

5 Forests ecosystem is very important It provides us with wood, forest products and husbandry products, and so on. It also plays environmental regulation functions, for instance, soil and water conservation, water purification, climate regulation, clean air, sequestration of carbon and release of oxygen, maintenance of biodiversity, prevention and control disasters.

6 Clear cutting in history Diebu County has rich forests in the upstream of Bailong River. However, since the 1960s the state-owned forest enterprises and local forestry department heavily exploited the forests for three decades, even including clear cutting.

7 Wood and fuel production Provision service The forest services including types: provision services, regulation services, cultural services. First, forests provide us wood and fuel

8 Animal husbandry, honey bee, clear water Provision service Provision services include Animal husbandry, pollination, clean water

9 Medicinal plants, vegetables Provision service Provision services also include medicinal plants, vegetable

10 Water conservancy and purification Regulation Service The second type of forest value is regulation services: include: Water conservancy and purification

11 Soil conservation Regulation Service Include Soil conservation

12 Maintenance of Biodiversity Regulation Service There are a total 144 families of higher plants, 481 genera and more than 1600 species; 18 species of terrestrial vertebrates, of them 10 species are listed as the first class national protected animals. Insects have 17 orders, 160 families and 1012 species.

13 Maintenance of Biodiversity Regulation Service There are many medicinal plants

14 Flood control. Regulation Service Regulation services include flood control and disaster prevention.

15 Pollination Regulation Service Provision pollinators and pollination service is very important for agriculture

16 Carbon Sequestration and Oxygen production Regulation Service Carbon sequestration in wood and soil

17 Air polution purification Regulation Service Air pollution purification and release negative oxygen ions

18 Habitat of animal Regulation Service Habitats of animals, such as snow leopard, Giant Panda.

19 Cultural Service Home land of Tibetans Landscape Aesthetic value The last type of forest values is Cultural services: Diebu county are beautiful and there are high aesthetic value and high potential for tourism.

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21 Assessment of valuation 1. Discussed with stakeholder, find out main issue 2. Data collection Diebu County Statistical Year book and annuals published,combined the statistics from Diebu Forestry Bureau, Bailong River Forestry Administration Diebu Branch, Meteorological Bureau, Water Resource Bureau. questionnaires and statistical analysis by contingent valuation methodcvm.

22 Methodology Demonstration of Value Market price: Market price of products and services, timber, wood and by products, livestock products Replace cost method: water purification replaced by the cost of sewage treatment, nutrients production, storage or sedimentation by market price of fertilizers. Benefit transfer: research results of the same type of ecosystem services elsewhere, such as carbon storage and nutrients. Contingent valuation: non-marketvalue, willingness to pay-wtp

23 Demonstration of Value. Data analysis Service type Goods and service Monetary method provision Regulation Cultural Raw material: wood, medicinal plants, Food: husbandry products, honey, vegetable, Energy: fuel, water energy Other: flower, nursery stock Water conservation: regulation of water Water purification Soil maintenance Soil nutrition Carbon sequestration Oxygen production Air purification: product negative oxygen ion Absorb air pollutants Biodiversity maintenance aesthetic, inspiration, religious, education, Tourism Market price U 调 = 库 A(P-E-C) U 水质 =10KA(P-E-C) Restoration cost: 50Yuan/ m Fertilizer Market price: Carbon exchange Vf = dsrate:20.4$/t, p1 i p2i pi afforestation cost, on i= 1average 199,61Yuan/t Industry Oxygen production and afforestation cost on average, 84.85Yuan/t U 负离子 = AHK 负离子 (Q 负离子 -600)/L; U 二氧化硫 =K 二氧化硫 Q 二氧化硫 A U 滞尘 =K 滞尘 Q 滞尘 A CVM TCM, CVM, Physical amount n

24 Result Demonstration of Value The value of clear cutting of forests The forest in Diebu county had supplied about 0.9 Mio. m wood during 1966 and 1998, and consumed forest resource about 2.04 Mio. m. The direct economic benefit brought by local forest reached 24 Mio. Yuan. The volume of living trees in this area is about 51,5,944 m, the potential economic benefit of which is about Mio. Yuan if cut all trees and the outturn rate is 44.05%. Then we got the total forest direct economic benefit is about Mio Yuan.

25 The product value of animal husbandry Demonstration of Value The animal husbandry in Diebu county mainly consisted of breeding cow, sheep and Fern hemp pig, fresh milk and other dairy product are the chief products. The total value of animal husbandry is 5.8 million Yuan.

26 The value of hydropower Demonstration of Value In theory, the hydroenergy in Diebu is stored about 807,400 kilowatt, and the available part is around 650,000 kw, which account for 80.5% of the total hydroenergy. At present, there hydropower dams singed contract 8 of them completed and working. Based on this condition, we got the total value brought by hydropower is over 7.9 million yuan.

27 The value of water conservation Demonstration of Value The average annual rainfall in Diebu county is around 568 mm, and the evapotranspiration is about 75% of the annual precipitation, the water storage of forest interception is 44.7 million m. We allowed the unit reservoir cost is yuan per ton, and water purification cost is 2.09 yuan per ton, then the value of regulating water content and purifying water are about 27.1 million and 9.4 million yuan respectively, which means the gross water conversation value is over 66.5 million yuan.

28 The value of soil conversation Demonstration of Value The total nitrogen, phosphorus and kalium in Diebu forest soil account for 0.22%, 0.06% and 2.1% respectively. The percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in DAP (diammonium phosphate) are 14% and 15.01%. Then we got the total value of soil conservation brought by forest is about 96 million yuan.

29 The value of carbon sequestration and oxygen generation Demonstration of Value The annual quantity of dry matter produced by forest is about 285,900 t, forest need t, so the storage volume is t. In this condition,we calculated that the annual value of carbon sequestration is about 0.8 million yuan, and the value of oxygen generation is about 1.1 million yuan. Consequently, the total value of carbon sequestration and oxygen generation provided by Diebu forest is 4.9 million yuan.

30 The value of cleaning environment Demonstration of Value The average content of air anion is 126/cm in Diebu county, the value of air anion provide by local forest is about 0.55 Mio. Yuan. The dust-retention ability of broad-leaved forest and coniferous forest are kg/(hm 2 a) and.2 kg/(hm 2 a) separately, the cost for cutting dust is 170 yuan per ton. Besides, the absorptive capacity for SO 2 of broad-leaved forest is 88.65kg/(hm 2 a), while the coniferous forest is kg/(hm 2 a), and the cost for cutting SO 2 is 600 yuan per ton. Then the consequence after calculation shows the value of dustretention is 0.12 Mio. Yuan, SO 2 absorption is 2.9 Mio. Yuan. The value of cleaning environment in Diebu county is.5 Mio. Yuan.

31 The value of biodiversity protection Demonstration of Value The value for protecting forest biodiversity is surveyed with questionnaire, and used CVM to analysed final result. Then the primary result shows that every native people willing to pay 4.98 yuan for protecting biodiversity averagely, meanwhile, the willingness to accept is yuan per person. Due to less income and fewer population in county, WTP is only about 6 million Yuan. It is only the price of one pare Panda. So we extension the auestionare area to hospital city Lanzhou.In the end, the value of forest biodiversity protection is 104 million yuan in Diebu county.

32 Tourism value Demonstration of Value The forest ecosystem in Diebu county is pretty complete and has variety of plant species, which has significant value in science, cultural instruction and traveling. The tourist industry in this region is in developing now, some typical tourist routes like La Zikou scenic spots of revolutionary significance are exploiting but has not formed scale. In 2011, the overall visitors came to Diebu county increased to180,600, and the tourism income is above 6.2 million yuan.

33 Summary Demonstration of Value The order of the values are as follows: water conservation > biodiversity protection> soil conservation> carbon sequestration and oxygen generation > wood providing> Hydroelectric power> indirect non-physical(value of forest recreation)> products from animal husbandary> cleaning environment > forest by-product. The direct and indirect using value of ecosystem services in Diebu was 0.7 million yuan and 789 million yuan, the latter was 25.7 times more than the former.

34 Thank you for your attention