Jitka Klimešová. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague

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1 Jitka Klimešová Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague

2 How to measure clonal traits? Specialized PhD course on below-ground trait assessment Standard protocols how to measure clonal and bud bank traits

3 Plant functional traits Why we need to go belowground?

4 Long, Broad and Sharpsight

5 Functional traits: affect plant fitness are easy to measure their interspecific variability should be higher than interspecific variability They respond to environmental gradients They covary with other traits

6 Challenge Trait Function Dispersal Establishment Persistence

7 Challenge Hard trait Easy trait Dispersal in space Dispersal distance seed mass, dispersal mode in time Propagule longevity seed mass & shape Establishment seedling growth Seed mass, Relative growth rate Seed mass, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf water content (LWC) Persistence seed production Fecundity Seed mass, aboveground biomass Competitive ability Competitive response Plasticity Reaction norm SLA, LWC height, aboveground biomass Holding space / longevity Lifespan Life-history, stem density Acquiring space Vegetative spread clonality Response to disturbance resprouting, palatability resprouting ability Response to stress phenology Onset of flowering, SLA, LWC Weiher et al Challenging Theophrastus

8 Trait Seed mass Seed shape Dispersal type Clonality LWC, SLA Height Aboveground biomass Life-history Onset of flowering Resprouting ability Stem density Function dispersal distance, longevity in seed bank, establishment success, fecundity longevity in seed bank dispersal distance, longevity in seed bank space acquisition RGR, plasticity, stress tolerance, evergreeness, leaf longevity competitive ability competitive ability, fecundity plant longevity, space holding ability, disturbance tolerance stress avoidance, disturbance avoidance disturbance tolerance plant longevity, carbon storage Weiher et al Challenging Theophrastus

9 Trait Seed mass Seed shape Dispersal type Clonality LWC, SLA Height Aboveground biomass Life-history Onset of flowering Resprouting ability Stem density Function dispersal distance, longevity in seed bank, establishment success, fecundity longevity in seed bank dispersal distance, longevity in seed bank space acquisition RGR, plasticity, stress tolerance, evergreeness, leaf longevity competitive ability competitive ability, fecundity plant longevity, space holding ability, disturbance tolerance stress avoidance, disturbance avoidance disturbance tolerance plant longevity, carbon storage Weiher et al Challenging Theophrastus Westoby 1998 LHS strategy scheme

10 plant height, stem-specific density, leaf area, leaf mass per leaf area, nitrogen content per unit of leaf mass, and diaspore mass. Díaz et al Nature

11 Are not we missing anything?

12 Data in TRY database in 2016 New Phytologist Volume 213, Issue 4, pages , 13 OCT 2016 DOI: /nph

13 Trait Seed mass Seed shape Dispersal type Clonality LWC, SLA Height Aboveground biomass Life-history Onset of flowering Resprouting ability Stem density Function dispersal distance, longevity in seed bank, establishment success, fecundity longevity in seed bank dispersal distance, longevity in seed bank space acquisition RGR, plasticity, stress tolerance, evergreeness, leaf longevity competitive ability competitive ability, fecundity plant longevity, space holding ability, disturbance tolerance stress avoidance, disturbance avoidance disturbance tolerance plant longevity, carbon storage Weiher et al Challenging Theophrastus Westoby 1998 LHS strategy scheme Clonality + Bud bank = modular traits

14 Trait Seed mass Seed shape Dispersal type Clonality LWC, SLA Height Aboveground biomass Life-history Onset of flowering Resprouting ability Stem density Function dispersal distance, longevity in seed bank, establishment success, fecundity longevity in seed bank dispersal distance, longevity in seed bank space acquisition RGR, plasticity, stress tolerance, evergreeness, leaf longevity competitive ability competitive ability, fecundity plant longevity, space holding ability, disturbance tolerance stress avoidance, disturbance avoidance disturbance tolerance plant longevity, carbon storage Weiher et al Challenging Theophrastus Westoby 1998 LHS strategy scheme Clonality + Bud bank = modular traits

15 Laliberté 2017 Below ground frontiers in trait based plant ecology. New Phytologist New Phytologist Volume 213, Issue 4, pages , 13 OCT 2016 DOI: /nph

16 McCormack et al Building a better foundation: improving root trait measurements to understand and model plant and ecosystem processes. New Phytologist New Phytologist , 13 MAR 2017 DOI: /nph

17 Challenge Hard trait Easy trait Dispersal in space Dispersal distance seed mass, dispersal mode in time Propagule longevity seed mass & shape Establishment seedling growth Seed mass, Relative growth rate Seed mass, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf water content (LWC) Persistence seed production Fecundity Seed mass, aboveground biomass Competitive ability Competitive response Plasticity Reaction norm SLA, LWC height, aboveground biomass Holding space / longevity Lifespan Life-history, stem density Acquiring space Vegetative spread clonality Response to disturbance resprouting, palatability resprouting ability Response to stress phenology Onset of flowering, SLA, LWC economy Acquiring resources photosynthesis, uptake of nutrients Conserving resources turnover and storage SLA, specific root length Resorption and storage

18 Challenge Hard trait Easy trait Dispersal in space Dispersal distance seed mass, dispersal mode in time Propagule longevity seed mass & shape Establishment seedling growth Seed mass, Relative growth rate Seed mass, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf water content (LWC) Persistence seed production Fecundity Seed mass, aboveground biomass Competitive ability Competitive response Plasticity Reaction norm SLA, LWC height, aboveground biomass Holding space / longevity Lifespan Life-history, stem density Acquiring space Vegetative spread clonality Response to disturbance resprouting, palatability resprouting ability Response to stress phenology Onset of flowering, SLA, LWC economy Acquiring resources photosynthesis, uptake of nutrients Conserving resources turnover and storage SLA, specific root length Resorption and storage

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20 Clonal plants have larger extinction debt

21 1) Competition Johansson et al 2011 Folia Geobotanica The relationship between plant species response (declining but still occurring vs disappeared) to years of abandonment of management in seminatural grasslands in Sweden

22 Clonal multiplication and generative reproduction is negatively correlated

23 2) Multiplication Herben et al 2012 Oikos 2015 Estimate of normalized reproductive effort of individual life-span categories is predicted as number of seeds per m 2 per year of a plant with seed mass equal to 1mg.

24 Clonal plants can share nutrients in patchy habitat

25 3) Nutrient acquisition Nutrient acquisition Scaled trait value SLA Height Seed mass Scaled trait value Spread Annual Clonal Bud bank Ellenberg nutrients Ellenberg nutrients Herben et al. in prep.

26 Clonal plants can deal with disturbance

27 Frequency vs. severity Disturbance severity R 2 = Disturbance frequency [log10(yrs)] Disturbance severity Disturbance severity Woody species Disturbance frequency [log10(yrs)] Annuals Disturbance frequency [log10(yrs)] Points are species

28 stem root

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30 Goal of the course: Ecological relevance of clonal, bud bank and longevity traits (modular traits) Practical measurements, standard methods

31 Aarssen, Evol. Ecol. 2008

32 growth in horizontal dimension Aarssen, Evol. Ecol. 2008