BIENVENUE. Colloque Hors-Série Lundi 15 février 2010 de 10h30 à 12h00

Transcription

1 BIENVENUE Colloque Hors-Série Lundi 15 février 2010 de 10h30 à 12h00 History and future challenges of forest biomass utilization for bioenergy in Europe Par : Dominik Röser Chercheur en bioénergie et technologie forestière Institut de recherche forestière de Finlande (Metla)

2 History and future challenges of forest biomass for energy in Europe Dominik Röser Finnish Forest Research Institute, Metla Metsäntutkimuslaitos Skogsforskningsinstitutet Finnish Forest Research Institute

3 builds the future of the forest sector by producing and disseminating information and know-how for the well-being of society / Metsäntutkimuslaitos Skogsforskningsinstitutet Finnish Forest Research Institute

4 Operating Units 9 Research Units all over the country personnel about 800 over 300 researchers over 150 with a doctors degree Budget: 47 million; 70% directly from state financing

5 FINLAND S FORESTS

6 POLAR CIRCLE

7 FOREST COVER Europe 31%, Finland 76 % Finland

8 Forest ownership: State 25% Private (families) 61% Companies 9% Others 5% Jari Parviainen

9 Forests in Finland Forests cover 23 million ha Boreal forests Private forest produce over 80% of roundwood Forestry and forest industries account for 6% of the GDP Forest area in percent of land area by country, 2005 Source: State of Europe s Forests 2007

10 Intensive Forest Mgmt Main tree species Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Spruce (Picea abies) Birch (Betula pubescens/pendula) Rotation period years Forest mgmt Pre-commercial thinning 1-3 thinnings Final felling Soil preparation/planting

11 Thinning Before After

12 WOOD RESOURCES IN 2008 Volume of growing stock is 2200 mill. m³ Annual growth 100 mill. m³ Balance between growth and drain is positive, with an utilization rate of %. Jari Parviainen

13 DRIVING FORCES FOR SILVICULTURAL ORIENTATION IN THE 20th CENTURY Multi-functionality of forests Close-to-nature silviculture Biodiversity oriented Close-to-nature silviculture Intensive Forestry 1900 Tar burning, slashand-burn Private Forest Act 1928 Intensive Forestry Multiple use Forest health Biodiversity Jari Parviainen Forest industry est. Second World war Environmental discussion

14 The 3 forest types in Finland

15 FOREST BIOMASS FOR ENERGY IN THE EU

16 Share of wood-based energy in Europe In 2006 the EU-25 produced energy from renewable energy resources amounting to 110 Mtoe, which is about 14% of total energy use. The major part (65%) of renewable energy was produced from biomass, mainly (60%) forest energy Jari Parviainen

17 Forest energy in Finland 2009 Wood fuels ~20 % of primary energy production 38 Mm 3,16 Modt

18 Use of forest chips in Finland m Small scale use Unspecified Stumps Low quality stemwood Logging residues Small whole trees Small delimbed stems

19 Use of Forest Chips in Finland Year 2008 total use was 4,6 million m 3 Heat and power plants used 4,0 million m 3 Small houses used 0,6 million m 3 58 % logging residues 24 % small diameter trees (whole tree and stem wood) 14 % stumps 4 % heavy, rotten stemwood Source: Finnish Forest Reseach Institute Esa Ylitalo 2009

20 Users of forest energy in Finland & North Karelia > 750 heating plants 70 % of energy production from wood

21 EU Climate policy 20/20/20 targets Demand has been growing faster than supply Availability and proper use of harvesting technology to meet the growing demand

22 Gross inland consumption of energy in the EU27

23 Large scale MW Medium scale 1 50 MW Domestic 5 20 kw Small scale 5 20 kw Finland & Sweden

24 Large scale MW Central Europe Medium scale 1 50 MW Domestic scale 5 20 kw Small scale kw

25 District heating networks Sources: Fortum Oy, Wikipedia District heating plant in Joensuu, Finland 180 MW District heating plant in the Alps, Italy, 550 kw

26 HARVESTING SYSTEMS

27 Forest Energy is local energy! PELLETS OIL Proportion of solids in forest fuels. All loads have the same solid content. (Modified after Nilsson 1983).

28 THINNINGS

29 Thinnings play a key role to meet the demand in the future 20-30m 3 /ha 50-60m 3 /ha

30 Biomass from Thinnings Manual felling and piling of small-sized stems Pile of small-sized delimbed or undelimbed trees near forest road Chipping Felling frame Forest haulage of small-sized trees Transportation to heating plant Heating plant Accumulating feller-buncher

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32 Manual thinning 15%

33 Biomass from Thinnings Due to the small stem volume felling bunching costs are between 8-10 CAD/odt Manual and mechanized felling cost are at the same level Delimbing decreases productivity by % compared to the whole-tree method Subsidy (360 CAD/ha & 10 CAD/solid m 3 )

34 Roadside storages

35 Roadside chipping small scale

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37 Transport

38 LOGGING RESIDUE

39 Integration STAND: 3 Round wood 250 m Forest residues 100 m 42 odt At least one third of the logging residues and stumps will be left in the forest as a fertiliser ROUND WOOD WITH BARK 105 odt 3 HARVESTING FOREST RESIDUES 1 hectare STUMPS 3 Potential m For energy m m = 2,5 i-m odt odt 250 m odt odt m 3 Bark, sawdust and other wood residues odt E.Alakangas 3 SAWMILL/PULP MILL m Wood fuel odt TOTAL WOOD FUELS m = MWh odt Heat production = MWh Electricity production = MWh

40 Logging residues Regeneration areas of spruce, where accumulation of merchantable wood is at least 200 m³ In pine stands and birch stands at least 300 m³ (preferably larger than 1 ha) Forwarding distance preferably under 350 m

41 Piling of logging residue Logging residue procurement Slash piling is integrated into roundwood cutting Piling compensation is ~ 1 CAD/odt

42 Forwarding of logging residue

43 Roadside storage

44 Roadside chipping large scale

45 Transportation large scale

46 Moisture content in long distance transportation 27 tonnes Brittish chip lorry 70 per hour, 2 hours per roundtrip Moisture content > 50% Moisture content ~30% 13 tonnes of wood 14 tonnes of water 18 tonnes of wood 9 tonnes of water 32 m kg/m 3 71 MWh CAD 4.2 / MWh 45 m kg/m MWh CAD 2.25 / MWh

47 Moisture content in long distance tranportation Fuel need MWh/a 130 m3 33 tons 150 km roundtrip 30% 50% Truckloads Chip demand m Costs, CAD CO 2 emissions, t

48 Chipping at plant

49 Bundling

50 STUMPS

51 Stump harvesting and transport

52 Stump lifting heads with splitting knife Photos: A Hirvonen Oy, UPM Forest, Korsun Teräs 52Tmi

53 Storage of stumps Stumps are stored for a long period (1-3 years) in order to remove impurities

54 Transportation stumps

55 Logging residue and stump removal Logging residues Stumps Source: Finnish Forest Reseach Institute Esa Ylitalo 2009

56 ECONOMICS

57 Cost comparison of supply chains % 40 km transportation distance

58 Silvicultural effects Forest regeneration % increased productivity of soil preparation ~5% increased productivity of manual planting work and % machine based planting work Influences on forest regeneration are positive and savings in costs can be higher than the stumpage price paid for the energy wood

59 Drivers for forest biomass in Europe Drivers Green movement Energy dependence Subsidies Policy Resources Rural development Economics Challenges Dispersed private forest ownership Cooperation of all involved stakeholders Technology transfer Security of supply Demand is growing faster than supply Harvesting equipment

60 Drivers for forest biomass in Europe Green movement/energy dependence

61 Drivers for forest biomass in Europe Subsidies German Renewable Energy Act For electricity from biomass up to 20 Mw el /MWh for 20 years quaranteed Bonus system for forest chips Support programs for heating plants Market stimulation for central heating systems fired by split logs, chips or pellets subsidy up to 60 /kwh installed Plants over 500 MWh supply/a: Bavarian support program subsidies up to 30% of the investment Wolnzach, Germany 1.5 MW heat only & 1.5 MW CHP boiler ORC, unmanned Cooperative

62 Drivers for forest biomass in Europe Policy: The Puster Valley, Italy 11 district heating networks 25% of energy from DH Cost 35% below oil price No price increases in 10 years Local forest owners get 40% over the market price

63 Drivers for forest biomass in Europe Resources European Forest Institute Top 11 EU countries having highest forest biomass potential Asikainen 2008

64 Drivers for forest biomass in Europe Rural development/economics: Benefits in Eno, Finland Heat is cheaper for consumers compared to light fuel oil (15 /MWh) Heating centers replace about 1.6 million liters of oil every year This amount is equivalent to approximately loose m³ forest chips Over were saved by the local economy Carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by over tons annually All employment effects of using the forest chips are between 7 10 man years

65 Challenges for forest biomass in Europe Demand is growing faster than suppply: Austria Bavaria

66 Challenges for forest biomass in Europe Dispersed forest ownership Germany Mobilization of private forest owners BWI 2004

67 Challenges for forest biomass in Europe Involvement of all stakeholders

68 Challenges for forest biomass in Europe Technology transfer & Training 104% higher productivity

69 X? Forest industry Sunset industry? - Mills in Latin America and Asia make money, production in Finland looses it Cost competiteveness of pulp and paper sector in Boreal zone vs. in new market areas? - time to cooperate in R&D and technology transfer? + Bioeconomy great future! Substituting oil-based or energy intensive products, materials, fuels etc. with renewable wood-based alternatives? Helsingin Sanomat : StoraEnso reductions Pulpmill, paper mill, sawmill and one paper machine closed: 1100 jobs lost One more pulp&paper integrate next year? How to stay alive during the transition period?

70 Benefits of forest biomass in rural areas Structural changes: Global overproduction of pulp and paper products Decreasing value of end products in pulp Increasing values of energy products Lack of peat Nominal value of production, bill pulp and paper energy year Decline of demand in traditional forest industry Wood consumption of forest industry varies

71 Energy harvest better use of machines capacity in summer

72 EUROPE CASE STUDIES

73 Wick Scotland Wick Wood energy Paradise

74 Technology and Know how transfer

75 Scotland

76 ICELAND

77 Iceland Akureyri Eigilsstadir Reykjavik Vatnajökull

78 Iceland Akureyri Eigilsstadir Vatnajökull Reykjavik

79 Granaglione, Italy /m Overheads Chipping Truck Tractor Forwarding Harvesting 0 Conifer plant Granaglione Small trees Finland Scotland

80 10 years of R&D in Finland Strong and developed markets Development and implementation of proven procurement technology (Multitree felling heads, bundler, chip trucks, etc.) Development of reception stations both in small and large scale Willingness to pay has been increasing Building trust among all stakeholders

81 Amqui, Canada Successful cooperation and transfer of Know-How