Forest Landscapes and Global Change

Transcription

1 Forest Landscapes and Global Change

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3 João C. Azevedo Ajith H. Perera M. Alice Pinto Editors Forest Landscapes and Global Change Challenges for Research and Management

4 Editors João C. Azevedo Department of Environment and Natural Resources Polytechnic Institute of Bragança Bragança, Portugal Ajith H. Perera Ontario Forest Research Institute Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Sault Ste Marie, ON, Canada M. Alice Pinto Department of Environment and Natural Resources Polytechnic Institute of Bragança Bragança, Portugal ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (

5 Preface Climate change, urban sprawl, abandonment of agriculture, intensification of forestry and agriculture, changes in energy generation and use, expansion of infrastructure networks, habitat destruction and degradation, and other drivers and pressures of change are occurring at increasing rates globally. They affect ecological patterns and processes in forest landscapes and modify ecosystem services derived from those ecosystems. Consequently, the landscapes that are rapidly changing in response to these pressures present many new challenges to scientists and managers. Although it is not uncommon to encounter the terms global change and landscape together in the ecological literature, there has been no adequate global analysis of drivers of change in forest landscapes and their ecological consequences. Providing such an analysis is the goal of this volume: an exploration of the state of knowledge of global changes in forested landscapes, with an emphasis on their causes and effects, and the challenges faced by researchers and land managers who must cope with these changes. This book was based on the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Group International Conference that took place in Bragança, Portugal, in September 2010 under the theme Forest Landscapes and Global Change: New Frontiers in Management, Conservation and Restoration. The event brought together more than 300 landscape ecologists from almost 50 countries and 5 continents, who came to expand their knowledge and awareness of global changes in forest landscapes. We hope that the syntheses in this book, prepared by a diverse group of scientists who participated in the conference, will enhance the global understanding of a range of topics relevant to change in forest landscapes and stimulate new research to answer the questions raised by these authors. First, we introduce the broad topic of forest landscape ecology and global change. This is followed by chapters that identify and describe major agents of landscape change: climate (Iverson et al.), wildfire (Rego and Silva), and human activities (Farinaci et al.). The next chapters address implications of change for ecosystem services (Marta-Pedroso et al.), carbon fluxes (Chen et al.), and biodiversity conservation (Saura et al.). A subsequent chapter describes methodologies for detecting and monitoring landscape changes (Gómez-Sanz et al.) and is followed by a chapter v

6 vi Preface that highlights the many challenges facing forest landscape managers amidst global change (Coulson et al.). Finally, we present a summary and a synthesis of the main points presented in the book (Azevedo et al.). Each chapter was inspired by the research experience of the authors, augmented by a review and synthesis of the global scientific literature on relevant topics, as well as critical input from multiple peer reviewers. The intended audience for this book includes graduate students, educators, and researchers in landscape ecology, conservation biology, and forestry, as well as land-use planners and managers. We trust that the wide range of topics, addressed from a global perspective by a geographically diverse group of contributing authors from Europe, North America, and South America, will make this volume attractive to a broad readership. We gratefully acknowledge the following peer reviewers who helped improve the content of this book: Berta Martín, Bill Hargrove, Bob Keane, Colin Beier, Don McKenzie, Eric Gustafson, Franz Gatzweiler, Geoff Henebry, Kurt Riitters, Maria Esther Núñez, Michael Ter-Mikaelian, Tom Nudds, and Yolanda Wiersma. As well, we thank Geoff Hart for assistance with editing and Janet Slobodien and Zachary Romano for assistance with publishing. We also thank FCT (the Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal), CIMO (the Mountain Research Centre, Portugal), and IPB (the Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal) for their support during the preparation of this volume. Bragança, Portugal Sault Ste Marie, ON, Canada Bragança, Portugal João C. Azevedo Ajith H. Perera M. Alice Pinto

7 Contents 1 Forest landscape ecology and global change: an introduction... 1 João C. Azevedo, Maria Alice Pinto, and Ajith H. Perera 2 Climate as an agent of change in forest landscapes Louis R. Iverson, Anantha M. Prasad, Stephen N. Matthews, and Matthew P. Peters 3 Wildfires and landscape dynamics in Portugal: a regional assessment and global implications Francisco C. Rego and Joaquim S. Silva 4 Humans as agents of change in forest landscapes Juliana S. Farinaci, Tatyana B. Ruseva, Catherine M. Tucker, Tom P. Evans, and Mateus Batistella 5 Changes in the ecosystem services provided by forests and their economic valuation: a review Cristina Marta-Pedroso, Lia Laporta, Vânia Proença, João C. Azevedo, and Tiago Domingos 6 Carbon fluxes and storage in forests and landscapes Jiquan Chen, Ranjeet John, Ge Sun, Steve McNulty, Asko Noormets, Jingfeng Xiao, Monica G. Turner, and Jerry F. Franklin 7 Forest landscape change and biodiversity conservation Santiago Saura, Emi Martín-Queller, and Malcolm L. Hunter Jr. 8 Landscape assessment and monitoring Valentín Gómez-Sanz, Robert G.H. Bunce, and Ramón Elena-Rosselló vii

8 viii Contents 9 Forest landscape management in response to change: the practicality Robert N. Coulson, Andrew Birt, and Maria D. Tchakerian 10 Forest landscape ecology and global change: what are the next steps? João C. Azevedo, Maria Alice Pinto, and Ajith H. Perera Index

9 About the Editors João C. Azevedo is a Professor at the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal, and the Vice-coordinator of the Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Portugal. Currently, he is involved in national and international projects dealing with the interactions of landscape change with the provision of ecosystem services. He serves as President of APEP (IALE- Portugal) and as Regional representative of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology Working Party. Ajith H. Perera is a senior research scientist and leads the Forest Landscape Ecology Program at the Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Canada. He has over 25 years of research experience in landscape ecology, much of it focused on understanding patterns and processes of boreal forest fire regimes. M. Alice Pinto is a Professor at the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal, and a researcher at the Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), Portugal. Her research has focused on the evolutionary processes underlying patterns of genetic diversity using the honeybee as the model system. Currently she is using the tools of landscape genomics to unravel the complex patterns and processes of Iberian honeybee evolution. ix

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11 Contributors João C. Azevedo CIMO, Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal Mateus Batistella Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil EMBRAPA Satellite Monitoring, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Andrew Birt Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Robert G.H. Bunce Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia Jiquan Chen Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Robert N. Coulson Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Tiago Domingos IN+, Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Environment and Energy Section, DEM, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Ramón Elena-Rosselló Ecología y Gestión Forestal Sostenible (ECOGESFOR) Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain Tom P. Evans Department of Geography and Vincent and Elinor Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Juliana S. Farinaci Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil xi

12 xii Contributors Jerry F. Franklin School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Valentín Gómez-Sanz Ecología y Gestión Forestal Sostenible (ECOGESFOR) Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain Malcolm L. Hunter Jr. Department of Wildlife Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA Louis R. Iverson USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH, USA Ranjeet John Landscape Ecology and Ecosystem Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Lia Laporta IN+, Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Environment and Energy Section, DEM, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal Cristina Marta-Pedroso CIMO, Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal Emi Martín-Queller Department of Forest Management and Economics, ETSI Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain Stephen N. Matthews USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH, USA School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Steve McNulty Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Raleigh, NC, USA Asko Noormets Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Raleigh, NC, USA Ajith H. Perera Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada Matthew P. Peters USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH, USA Maria Alice Pinto CIMO, Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal

13 Contributors xiii Anantha M. Prasad USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH, USA Vânia Proença IN+, Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research, Environment and Energy Section, DEM, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Francisco C. Rego Centro de Ecologia Aplicada Prof. Baeta Neves, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Tatyana B. Ruseva Department of Government & Justice Studies, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA Santiago Saura Department of Forest Management and Economics, ETSI Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain Joaquim S. Silva Centro de Ecologia Aplicada Prof. Baeta Neves, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Ge Sun Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Raleigh, NC, USA Maria D. Tchakerian Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Catherine M. Tucker Department of Anthropology and Center for the Study of Population and Environmental Change, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA Monica G. Turner Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA Jingfeng Xiao Earth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA