' " ' 'Minnesota,,s _'_ Fprest StatistncHI s_,o_ 1987: An ' Forest. Inventory Update Jeroid T. Hahn and W. Brad Smith

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1 "_:_/_ ' " ' 'Minnesota,,s Agriculture _'_ Fprest StatistncHI s_,o_ 1987: An ' Forest Forest NorthCentra_ Experiment General Report Technical NC-118 Inventory Update Jeroid T. Hahn and W. Brad Smith S _'_ :;Fiyill _

2 North Central Forest Experiment Station Forest Service--U.S. Department of Agriculture 1992 Folwell Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota Manuscript approved for publication June 9, =

3 FOREWORD Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) is a continuing endeavor as mandated by the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974, which was preceded by the McSweeney-McNary Forest Research Act of The objective of FIA is to periodically inventory the Nation's forest land to determine its extent, condition, and volume of timber, growth, and depletions. Up-to-date resource information is essential for framing intelligent forest policies and programs. USDA Forest Service regional experiment stations are responsible for conducting these inventories and publishing summary reports for individual States. The North Central Forest Experiment Station is responsible for Forest Inventory and Analysis work in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. We were aided in making area estimates by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota forest industry, and Region 9 of the Forest Service.

4 CONTENTS Pa#e Update Highlights... 1 Timberland... 1 Timber Volume... 1 Net Growth... 1 Removals... 1 Biomass... 1 Background... 1 Methodology... 2 Land Base Change... 2 Growth and Mortality... 3 Regeneration... 3 Removals... 3 Literature Cited... 3 Appendix... 5 Metric Equivalents of Units Used in this Report... 5 Tree Species Groups in Minnesota... 5 Definitions... 5 Tables... 10

5 MINNESOTA'S FOREST STATISTICS, 1987: AN INVENTORY UPDATE Jerold T. Hahn, Principal Mensurationist, and W. Brad Smith, Research Forester UPDATE HIGHLIGHTS The growth processor used in this study does not accommodatecatastrophic mortality. Therefore the estimate of balsam fir volume should be 60 to 70 Timberland million cubic feet lower because of loss from spruce Timberland area declined from 13.7 million acres in budworm attacks primarily in St. Louis, Lake, and 1977to 13.5 million acres in 1987, a loss of less than Cook Counties in the Aspen-Birch Unit. This would 1 percent, represent a reduction of about 10percent in the reported balsam fir volume in the Unit. The impact on Aspen is still the dominant forest type with 5.3 mil- forest area would be a shift of acres from the older lion acres or 39 percent of Minnesota's 1987 timber- age classes balsam fir (50 to 70 years) to the youngest landarea. ageclass. The area of maple-birch forest type climbed 1.2 per- Additional loss may have also occurred in elm becent to 1.3 million acres as Minnesota's second- cause of the increase in dutch elm disease in the growth forests continue to mature. State. As much as 10 to 15 percent of the reported volume may be affected. Red pine is still the most popular plantation species as shown by the 70,000-acre gain in the red pine forest type since This estimate is based on Removals information received from Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and forest industry experts. Annual growing-stock removals climbed sharply from 194 million cubic feet in 1976to 251 million cubic feet in Major industrial expansion in the wa- Timber Volume ferboard and pulp industry in northern Minnesota is Growing-stock volume in 1987 was 13.7 billion cubic primarily responsible for the increase. feet, 14 percent higher than the 12.0 billion cubic feet reported in Average growing-stock volume per acre in 1987was 1,013 cubic feet, compared with 881 Biomass cubic feet in Tree biomass totaled 797 million green tons in Sawtimber volume totaled 30.9 billion board feet in Of this volume, 73 percent was in growing-stock 1987, up 30 percent from the 1977figure adjusted to trees, 14percent was in cull trees, and 13percent was conform to changed volume equations, in trees less than 5 inches d.b.h. The average green weight per cubic foot (including Net Growth bark) for softwood species was 45 pounds; the average for hardwoods was 53 pounds. Annual net growth increased from 26 cubic feet per acre per year in 1976to 36 cubic feet in 1986.The 1976 figure was adjusted to conform to changed volume BACKGROUND equations. Current facts about the Nation's forest resources Mortality declined from 0.8 percent of inventory in such as area, timber volume, biomass, and prospective 1976 to 0.6 percent in Much of the decline is supply and demand are essential for forming sound attributed to increased management activity re- management practices and policies. The Forest and flected by the update. Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974

6 (RPA) requires the Forest Service to make and keep The term "update", as it is used here, is an estimate of current a comprehensive inventory and analysis of current forest statistics derived by modeling the dyrenewable forest and rangeland resources, namic change in a forest from a known time in the The most recent field inventory data available for past. The major components of this change are land Minnesota are dated 1977; however, tree growth mod- change, removals. growth, mortality, regeneration, and els developed at the North Central Forest Experiment Station have made it possible for the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) work unit to update inventory data METHODOLOGY to estimate the current resource. The purpose of this Land Base Change report is to present updated statistics for Minnesota that will be used for the 1990 RPA assessment. The The basic sample design used by FIA in the North tables provide data by Forest Survey Unit (fig. 1) and Central Region is a two-phase sample consisting of (1) represent the timberland base as of January 1, a photo sample to estimate forest-nonforest area and NORTHERN PINE _,,. _ ASPEN-BIRCH L" l_.. ca_, ran I_ r CENTRAL HARDWOOD PRAIRIE Figure 1.--Minnesota's four Forest Survey Units.

7 (2) a ground phase, which is a subsample of the photo Regeneration sample, to provide information about the volume and condition of the forest. Although STEMS regeneration routines for the Lake States had not been fully developed at the time of New photo work for an update of the entire region the update, the outcome was not significantly affected. would be too costly and time consuming with current Most trees that became established on harvested land technology. However, we've found that for update or in seedling stands at the beginning of the update periods of 10 years or less, area change at the State would not have grown to merchantable size by the end level can be estimated using trend analysis and gath- of the 9-year period. ering information from local resource managers. These data then provide the first-phase area factors to be applied to the updated plots. Removals We assumed the timberland area for public and Removals data were derived by trend analysis using industry ownerships was stable during the update periodic pulpwood (Blyth and Smith 1985), saw log period. For all other ownerships, a modest annual (Blyth et al. 1981), and veneer (Blyth and Smith 1984) decline of about 0.1 percent was assumed, which reports and base year data for all removals provided in reflects the resource managers' view that urbanization the 1977 Minnesota report (Jakes 1980). Removals and agricultural expansion have not seriously eroded attributed to loss of timberland were made by adjustthe timberland base of the region, ing plot expansion factors to arrive at a specified set of The timberland area figures presented here repre- current area figures by forest type. Estimates of sent the most recent data available at the time the timber removals in the Lake States may be reviewed in update was processed. The reader is cautioned to more detail in a recent article, "Tracking Timber contact the appropriate public agency to verify or Demand in the Lake States" (Smith and Blyth 1986). update area figures for any analysis that may be The Lake States version of STEMS was modified to sensitive to local changes in the timberland base, such simulate actual removals. Computerized management as recently designated reserved or deferred forest guides (Brand 1981) were used to select a subset of lands. Area and volume figures would have to be inventory plots that were eligible for silvicultural adjusted accordingly for any ownerships affected by treatment during the update period. These guides significant changes in the timberland base. were used in lieu of detailed information on Minnesota Public agencies are able to provide detailed informa- management strategies. A special removals algorithm tion about management plans that outline the policies scanned each selected plot to determine if it would be and programs designed to ensure a viable forest cut. The volume from cut plots was accumulated until resource into the future. Additional information is the estimated volume of growing-stock removals by available about non-industrial private owners and their species was reached. Volume estimates were produced objectives in the North Central Station report, "The using volume equations developed for the Lake States Private Forest Landowners of Minnesota" (Carpenter (Hahn 1984, Smith 1985). et al. 1985). All area and volume figures for the update were reviewed by personnel from the Minnesota Depart- Growth and Mortality ment of Natural Resources, the National Forest Sys- (We used the Stand and Tree Evaluation and Mod- tem, industry resource managers, and other private eling System (STEMS) (Belcher 1981) to update to the individuals to assure reasonableness and consistency. year ,547 forest inventory plots established A more detailed description of the methodology will be during the 1977 field survey.) STEMS is a distance- presented later in a publication on inventory updating independent, individual tree growth model designed to procedures in the North Central Region. simulate tree growth and mortality for a diverse range of forest conditions. LITERATURE CITED Growth and mortality functions were calibrated and Belcher, D. W The user's guide to STEMS: the validated with data from throughout the Lake States stand and tree evaluation and modeling system. (Buehman 1983, Holdaway and Brand 1983, 1985). Test Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-70. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Departprojections over a range of forest conditions produced ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central reliable results when compared with remeasurement Forest Experiment Station. 49 p. data from the Lake States. Adjustment factors derived from recent remeasurement data in the Lake States Blyth, James E.; Smith, W. B Pulpwood producwere used to fine tune the model and improve preci- tion in the North Central Region by county, sion (Holdaway 1985). Resour. Bull. NC-85. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department

8 of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central For- Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest est Experiment Station. 25 p. Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. _ 10p. Blyth, James E.; Zollner, Jack; Smith, W. B Primary forest products industry and timber use, Holdaway, Margaret R Adjusting STEMS Minnesota, Resour. Bull. NC-55. St. Paul, MN: growth model for Wisconsin forests. Res. Pap. NC- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 267. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 54 p. Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 8 p. Blyth, James E.; Smith, W. B Veneer industry and timber use, North Central Region Resour. Holdaway, Margaret R.; Brand, G. J An evalua- Bull. NC-76. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of tion of the STEMS tree growth projection system. Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Res. Pap. NC-234. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Experiment Station. 16 p. Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 20 p. Buchman, Roland G Survival predictions for major Lake States tree species. Res. Pap. NC-233. Holdaway, Margaret R.; Brand, G. J An evaluation of Lake States STEMS85. Res. Pap. NC-269. St. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. Station.7p. 10p. Brand, Gary J Simulating timber management Jakes, Pamela J Minnesota forest statistics, in the Lake States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-69. St. Paul, Resour. Bull. NC-53. St. Paul, MN: U.S. De- MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Ser- partment of Agriculture, Forest Service, North vice, North Central Forest Experiment Station. Central Forest Experiment Station. 85 p. 25 po Smith,W.B Factorsand equationsto estimate Carpenter, Eugene M.; Hansen M. H.; St. John, D.M. forest biomass in the North Central Region. Res The private forest landowners of Minnesota- Pap. NC-268. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Resour. Bull. NC-95. St. Paul, MN: U.S. De- Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest partment of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Experiment Station. 6 p. Central Forest Experiment Station. 55 p. Smith, W. B.; Blyth, James E Tracking timber Hahn, Jerold T Tree volume and biomass equa- demand in the Lake States. Northern Logger. 35(3): tions for the Lake States. Res. Pap. NC-250. St

9 APPENDIX METRIC EQUIVALENT OF UNITS Ash USED IN THIS REPORT White ash... Fraxinus americana Black ash... Fraxinus nigra Green ash... Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1 acre = 4, square meters or hectare. Balsam poplar... Populus balsamifera 1,000 acres = 405 hectares. Eastern cottonwood... Populus deltoides 1 cubic foot = cubic meter. Bigtooth aspen... Populus grandidentata 1 foot centimeters or meter. Quaking aspen... Populus tremuloides Basswood... Til ia americana 1 inch = 25.4 millimeters, 2.54 centimeters, or meter. Black walnut... Juglans nigra Black cherry... Prunus serotina Butternut... Juglans cinerea Elm TREE SPECIES GROUPS IN American elm... Ulmus americana MINNESOTA1 Slippery elm... Ulmus rubra Rock elm... Ulmus thomasii SOFTWOODS Paper birch... Betula papyrifera Eastern white pine... Pinus strobus Other hardwoods Red pine... Pinus resinosa Boxelder... Acer negundo! Jack pine... Pinus banksiana River birch... Betula nigra White spruce... Picea glauca Black willow... Salix nigra Black spruce... Picea mariana Hackberry... Celtis occidentalis Balsam fir... Abies balsamea Kentucky coffeetree... Gymnocladus dioicus Tamarack... Larix laricina Northern white-cedar... Thuja occidentalis Other softwoods DEFINITIONS Eastern redcedar... Juniperus virginiana Scotch pine... Pinus sylvestris Acceptable trees.-growing-stock trees of commercial species that meet specified standards of size and HARDWOODS White oak quality. White oak... Quercus alba Basal area.-the area in square feet of the cross Swamp white oak... Quercus bicolor section at breast height of a single tree. When the Bur oak... Quercus macrocarpa basal area of all trees in a stand are summed, the Select red oak result is usually expressed as square feet of basal Northern red oak... Quercus rubra area per acre. Other red oak Northern pin oak... Quercus ellipsoidalis Biomass.--The total above-ground weight, excluding Black oak... Quercus velutina foliage, of all live trees reported in green tons. Hickory Biomassismadeup of 5 components: Bitternut hickory... Carya cordiformis Grouting-stock bole and stump.--biomass of a Shagbark hickory... Carya ovata growing-stock tree from ground level to a 4-inch top. Hard maple Gro_ng-stock top and limbs.--biomass of a Sugar maple... Acer saccharum growing-stock tree above a 4-inch top and all limbs Black maple... Acer nigrum below the 4-inch top. Soft maple Cull bole and stump.-biomass of a cull tree from Red maple... Acer rubrum ground level to a 4-inch top. Silver maple... Acer saccharinum Cull top and limbs.--biomass of a cull tree above a 4-inch top and all limbs below the 4-inch top. 1- to 5-inch trees.--above ground biomass of all live The common and scientific names are based on: Little, Elbert L., Jr Checklist of United States trees 1- to 5-inches in diameter at breast height. trees (native and naturalized). Agric. Handb Commercial species.--tree species presently or Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, prospectively suitable for industrial wood products. Forest Service. 375 p. (Note: Excludes species of typically small size, poor

10 form, or inferior quality such as hophornbeam and Forest trees.-woody plants having a well-developed hawthorn.) stem and usuallymore than 12feet tall at maturity. County and municipal land.--land owned by Forest type.--a classification of forest land based on counties and local public agencies or municipalities, the species forming a plurality of live tree stocking. or land leased to these governmental units for 50 Major forest types are: years or more. Jack pine.-forests in which jack pine comprises a plurality of the stocking. (Common associates in- Cropland.--Land under cultivation within 24 months; including cropland harvested, the crop past failures, clude eastern white pine, red pine, aspen, birch, and cultivated summer fallow, idle cropland used maple.) only for pasture, orchards, and land in soil improve- Red pine.--forests in which red pine comprises a ment crops, but excluding land cultivated in devel- plurality of the stocking. (Common associates include eastern white pine, jack pine, aspen, birch, and opingimprovedpasture, maple.) Cull.--Portions of a tree that are unusable for indus- White pine.-forests in which eastern white pine trial wood products because of rot, form, or other comprises a plurality of the stocking. (Common asdefect, sociatesincludered pine,jack pine, aspen,birch, and maple.) Diameter classes.--a classification of trees based on diameter outside bark, measured at breast height Balsamfir.-Forests in which balsam fir and white spruce comprise a plurality of stocking with balsam (4.5 feet above the ground). (Note: D.b.h. is the fir the most common. (Common associates include common abbreviation for diameter at breast height, aspen, maple, birch, northern white-cedar, and tam- Two-inch diameter classes are commonly used in arack.) Forest Survey, with the even inch the approximate midpoint for a class. For example, the 6-inch class White spruce.--forests in which white spruce and includes trees 5.0 through 6.9 inches d.b.h.) balsam fir comprise a plurality of the stocking with white spruce the most common. (Common associates Farm.--Any place from which $1,000 or more of include aspen, maple, birch, northern white-cedar, agricultural products were produced and sold during and tamarack.) the year. Black spruce.-- Forests in which swamp conifers comprise a plurality of the stocking with black spruce Farmer-owned land.-land owned by farm opera- the most common. (Common associates include tamtors. (Note: Excludes land leased by farm operators arack and northern white-cedar.) from nonfarm owners, such as railroad companies No,hem white-cedar.--forests in which swamp and States.) conifers comprise a plurality of the stocking with Forest industry land.--land owned by companies northern white-cedar the most common. (Common or individuals operating primary wood-using plants, associates include tamarack and black spruce.) Tamarack.--Forests in which swamp conifers com- Forest land.-land at least 16.7 percent stocked by prise a plurality of the stocking with tamarack the forest trees of any size, or formerly having had such most common. (Common associates include black tree cover, and not currently developed for nonforest spruce and northern white-cedar.) use. (Note: Stocking is measured by comparison of Oak-hickory.--Forests in which northern red oak, basal area and/or number of trees, by age or size and white oak, bur oak, or hickories, singly or in combispacing with specified standards.) The minimum nation, comprise a plurality of the stocking. (Common area for classification of forest land is 1 acre. Road- associates include jack pine, elm, and maple.) side, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber Elm-ash-soft maple.-forests in which lowland must have a crown width of at least 120 feet to elm, ash, cottonwood, and red maple, singly or in qualify as forest land. Unimproved roads and trails, combination, comprise a plurality of the stocking. streams, or other bodies of water or clearings in (Common associates include birches, spruce, and balforest areas shall be classed as forest if less than 120 sam fir.) feet wide. Also see definitions for land area, timberland, nontimberland, reserved forest land, stocking, Maple-birch.--Forests in which sugar maple, basswoodland, and water, wood, yellow birch, upland American elm, and red maple, singly or in combination, comprise a plurality Forest industry land.--land owned by companies of the stocking. (Common associates include white or individuals operating primary wood-using plants, pine, elm, and basswood.) 6 Excludes land owned by small sawmill firms sawing Aspen.--Forests in which quaking aspen or bigless than 100,000 board feet annually, tooth aspen, singly or in combination, comprise a

11 plurality of the stocking. (Common associates include Marsh.-Nonforest land that characteristically supbalsam poplar, balsam fir, and paper birch.) ports low, generally herbaceous or shrubby vegeta- Paper birch.-forests in which paper birch com- tion and that is intermittently covered with water. prises a plurality of the stocking. (Common associates include maple, aspen, and balsam fir.) Merchantable.-Refers to a pulpwood or saw log section that meets pulpwood or saw log specifica- Balsam poplar.--forests in which balsam poplar tions, respectively. comprises a plurality of the stocking. (Common associates include aspen, elm, and ash.) Miscellaneous federal land.--federal land other than National Forest. Gross area.--the entire area of land and water as determined by the Bureau of the Census. Miscellaneous private land.-privately owned land Growing-stock trees.--live trees of commercial other than forest-industry and farmer-owned land. species qualifying as acceptable trees. (Note: Ex- Mortality.--The volume of sound wood in growingcludes rough, rotten, and dead trees.) stock and sawtimber trees that die annually. Growing-stock volume.--net volume in cubic feet National Forest land.--federal land that has been of growing-stock trees 5 inches d.b.h, and over, from a 1-foot stump to a minimum 4 inch top diameter legally designated as National Forest or purchase outside bark of the central stem. Cubic feet can be units, and other land administered by the USDA Forest Service. converted to cords by dividing by 79 cubic feet per solid wood cord. Net annual growth of growing-stock.--the annual Hardwoods.--Dicotyledonous trees, usually broad- change in volume of sound wood in live sawtimber and poletimber trees and the total volume of trees leaved and deciduous, entering these classes through ingrowth, less vol- Idle farmland.--includes former cropland, orchards, ume losses resulting from natural causes. improved pastures, and farm sites not tended within the past 2 years and presently less than 16.7 percent Net annual growth change in the volume of sawtimber.--the of live sawtimber trees annual and the stocked with trees, total volume of trees reaching sawtimber size, less Improved pasture.--land currently improved for volume losses resulting from natural causes. grazing by cultivating, seeding, irrigating, or clearing of trees or brush and less than 16.7 percent Net volume.--gross volume less deductions for rot, sweep, or other defect affecting use for timber stockedwith livetrees, products. Indian land.--all lands held in trust by the United States for individual Indians or tribes, or all lands, Nontimberland.--(a) Woodland and (b) reserved forest land. titles to which are held by individual Indians or tribes, subject to federal restrictions against alienation. Noncommercial species.-tree species of typically small size, poor form, or inferior quality that nor- Industrial wood.--all roundwood products, except mally do not develop into trees suitable for indusfuelwood, trial woodproducts. Land area.--bureau of the Census.--The area of dry Nonforest land.--land that has never supported land and land temporarily or partly covered by forests, and land formerly forested where use for water such as marshes, swamps, and river flood timber management is precluded by development plains (omitting tidal flats below mean high tide); for other uses. (Note: Includes areas used for crops, streams, sloughs, estuaries, and canals less than improved pasture, residential areas, city parks, imone-eighth of a statute mile wide; and lakes, reser- proved roads of any width and adjoining clearings, voirs, and ponds less than 40 acres in area. powerline clearings of any width, and 1- to 40-acre Forest Inventory and Analysis.--The same as the areas of water classified by the Bureau of the Bureau of the Census, except minimum width of Census as land. If intermingled in forest areas, streams, etc., is 120 feet and minimum size of lakes, unimproved roads and nonforest strips must be etc., is 1 acre. more than 120feet wideand more than 1acrein area to qualify as nonforest land.) Live trees.--growing-stock, rough, and rotten trees 1 a. Nonforest land without trees.-nonforest land inch d.b.h, and larger, with no live trees present.

12 b. Nonforest land with trees.--nonforest land with not meet regional specifications for freedom from one or more trees per acre at least 5 inches d.b.h, defect primarily because of rot; that is, when more than 50 percent of extra cull volume in a tree is Nonstocked land.--timberland less than 16.7 per- rotten. cent stocked with growing-stock trees. Other removals.--growing.stock trees removed but Rough trees.--(a) Live trees of commercial species not utilized for products, or trees left standing but that do not contain at least one merchantable 12-foot "removed" from the timberland classification by saw log or two saw logs 8 feet or longer, now or land use change. Examples are removals from cul- prospectively, and/or do not meet regional specificatural operations such as timber stand improvement tions for freedom from defect primarily because of work, land clearing, and changes in land use. roughness or poor form, and (b) all live trees of noncommercial species. Ownership.--Property owned by one owner, regardless of the number of parcels in a specified area. Salvable dead trees.-standing or down dead trees that are considered merchantable by regional stan- Pasture and range.--land which is currently im- dards. proved for grazing by cultivation, seeding, or irrigation, plus land on which the natural plant cover is Saplings.--Live trees 1 to 5 inches d.b.h. composed principally of native grasses, forbs, or shrubs valuable for forage. Sapling-seedling stands.--(see stand-size class.) Pastured timberland.-timberland for which the Saw log.--a log meeting minimum standards of diamprimary use is wood production, but is presently eter, length, and defect, including logs at least 8 feet used for grazing, long, sound and straight and with a minimum diam- Physiographic elass.--a measure of soil and water eter outside bark (d.o.b.) for softwoods of 7 inches (9 conditions that affect tree growth on a site. The inches for hardwoods) or other combinations of size physiographic classes are: and defect specified by regional standards. Xeric sites.--very dry soils where excessive drainage seriously limits both growth and species occurrence. Example: sandy jack pine plains, trees between the stump and the saw log Saw log portion.--that part of the bole of sawtimber top. Xeromesic sites.--moderately dry soils where ex- Saw log top.--the point on the bole of sawtimber cessive drainage limits growth and species occur- trees above which a saw log cannot be produced. The rence to some extent. Example: dry oak ridge, minimum saw log top is 7 inches d.o.b, for softwoods Mesic sites.-deep, well-drained soils. Growth and and 9 inches d.o.b, for hardwoods. species occurrence are limited only by climate. Hydromesic sites.--moderately wet soils where in- Sawtimber stands.--(see stand-size class.) sufficient drainage or infrequent flooding limits growth and species occurrence to some extent. Ex- Sawtimber trees.--growing-stock trees of commerample: better drained bottomland hardwood sites, cial species containing at least a 12-foot saw log or Hydric sites.--very wet sites where excess water two noncontiguous saw logs 8 feet or longer, and seriously limits both growth and species occurrence, meeting regional specifications for freedom from Example: frequently flooded river bottoms and defect. Softwoods must be at least 9 inches d.b.h. spruce bogs. Hardwoods must be at least 11 inches d.b.h. Poletimber stands.--(see stand-size class.) Sawtimber volume.-net volume of the saw log Poletimber trees.--growing-stock trees of commertional 1/4-inch rule, from stump to a minimum 7 portion of live sawtimber in board feet, Internacial species at least 5 inches d.b.h, but smaller than inches top d.o.b, for softwoods and a minimum 9 sawtimber size. inches top d.o.b,for hardwoods. Reserved forest land.--forest land sufficiently productive to qualify as timberland but withdrawn from Seedlings.--Live trees less than I inch d.b.h, that are timber utilization through statute, administrative expected to survive. Only softwood seedlings more regulation, designation, or exclusive use for Christ- than 6 inches tall and hardwood seedlings more than mas tree production, as indicated by annual shear- 1 foot tall are counted. ing. Short-log (rough tree).--sawtimber-sizetrees of Rotten trees.--live trees of commercial species that commercial species that contain at least one merdo not contain at least one 12-foot saw log or two saw chantable 8- to 11-foot saw log but not a 12-foot saw logs 8 feet or longer, now or prospectively, and/or do log.

13 Site class.--a classification of forest land in terms of when the trees reach 5 inches d.b.h. Stands are inherent capacity to grow crops of industrial wood grouped into the following stocking classes: based on fully stocked natural stands. Overstocked stands.--stands in which stocking of trees is percent or more. Site index.--an expression of forest site quality Fully stocked stands.-stands in which stocking of based on the total height of free-growing dominant trees is from to percent. or codominant trees of a representative species in Medium stocked stands.--stands in which stockthe forest type at age 50. ing of trees is from 61.0to percent. Softwoods.-Coniferous trees, usually evergreen, Poorly stocked stands.--stands in which stocking having needles or scale-like leaves, of trees is from 16.7 to 60.9 percent. Nonstocked areas.-timberland on which stocking Stand.--A growth of trees on a minimum of I acre of of trees is less than 16.7 percent. forest land that is stocked by forest trees of any size. Timber removals from growing stoek.--the vol- Stand-age class.--age of the main stand. Main stand ume of sound wood in live sawtimber and poletimber refers to trees of the dominant forest type and trees removed annually for forest products (instand-size class, cluding roundwood products and logging residues) Stand-area class.--the extent of a continuous for- and for other removals. Roundwood products are ested area of the same forest type, stand-size class, logs, bolts, or other round sections cut from trees. and stand-density class. Logging residues are the unused portions of cut trees plus unused trees killed by logging. Other Stand-size class.--a classification of forest land removals are growing-stock trees removed by culbased on the size class of all live trees; that is, tural operations such as timber stand improvement sawtimber, poletimber of seedlings and saplings, work, and by land clearing and changes in land use. Only those types contributing to no more than 16 Timber removals from sawtimber.--the net boardpercent stocking at a point will be used to determine foot volume of live sawtimber trees removed for forstand size class. Remember that stands with less than 16.7 percent stocking in growing stock trees est products annually (including roundwood products will be classified as non-stocked. Non-commercial and logging residues) and for other removals. trees are not used for determining stand size Timberland.-Forest land producing or capable of classes, producingcrops of industrial wood and not with- Sawtimber stands.-stands with at least the all drawn from timber utilization. (Note: Areas qualifylive stocking in sawtimber and poletimber trees and ing as timberland are capable of producing more with the sawtimber stocking equal to or larger than than 20 cubic feet per acre per year of annual growth the poletimber stocking, under management. Currently inaccessible and in- Poletimber stands.-stands with at least half of operable areas are included, except when the areas the all live stocking in sawtimber and poletimber involved are small and unlikely to become suitable trees and with the poletimber stocking larger than for producing of industrial wood in the foreseeable the sawtimber stocking, future.) Also see definition of pastured timberland. Sapling-seedling stands.-stands with more than Tree biomass.--the total aboveground weight (inhalf of the all live stocking in saplings and/or seedlings. cluding the bark) of all live trees. Tree size class.--a classification of trees based on State land.--land owned by States, or land leased to diameter at breast height, including sawtimber these governmental units for 50 years or more. trees, poletimber trees, saplings, and seedlings. Stocking.--The degree of occupancy of land by trees, Upper stem portion.--that part of the bole of measured by basal area and/or the number of trees sawtimber trees above the saw log top to a minimum in a stand by size or age and spacing, compared to top diameter of 4 inches outside bark or to the point the basal area and/or number of trees required to where the central stem breaks into limbs. fully utilize the growth potential of the land; that is, the stocking standard. A stocking percent of 100 Urban and other areas.--areas within the legal indicates full utilization of the site and is equivalent boundaries of cities and towns; suburban areas to 80 square feet of basal area per acre in trees 5 developed for residential, industrial, or recreational inches d.b.h, and larger. In a stand of trees less than purposes; schoolyards; cemeteries; roads; railroads; 5 inches d.b.h., a stocking percent of 100 would airports; beaches; power lines; and other rights-ofindicate that the present number of trees is suffi- way; or other nonforest land not included in any cient to produce 80 square feet of basal area per acre other specified land use class.

14 Water.--Bureau of the Census.--Permanent inland Table 5.-Area of timberland by forest type, stand-size water surfaces, such as lakes, reservoirs, and ponds class, and Forest Survey Unit having 40 acres or more of area; streams, sloughs, Table 6.--Net volume of growing stock on timberland estuaries, and canals one-eighth of a statute mile or by forest type, stand-age class, and Forest morein width. SurveyUnit Noncensus.--Permanent inland water surfaces, such as lakes, reservoirs, and ponds having 1 to 39.9 Table 7.--Net volume of sawtimber on timberland by acres of area; streams, sloughs, estuaries, and canals forest type, stand-age class, and Forest Sur- 120 feet to one-eighth of a statute mile in width, vey Unit Table 8.-Growing stock volume and periodic growth Windbreak.--A group of trees less than 120feet wide on timberland by forest type, component of used for the protection of soil, cropfields, and build- growth, and Forest Survey Unit ings in use. Table 9.-Growing stock volume and periodic growth Wooded pasture.--improved pasture with more on timberland by species group, component than 16.7 percent stocking in live trees but less than of growth, and Forest Survey Unit 25 percent stocking in growing-stock trees. Area is Table 10.-Sawtimber volume and periodic growth on currently improved for grazing or there is other timberland by forest type and component of evidenceofgrazing, growth Wooded strip.--an acre or more of natural continu- Table ll.--sawtimber volume and periodic growth on ous forest land that would otherwise meet survey timberland by species group and compostandards for timberland except that it is less than nent of growth 120feet wide. Table 12.-Net volume of growing stock on timberland Woodland.--Forest land incapable of producing 20 by species group and forest type cubic feet per acre of annual growth or of yielding Table 13.-Net volume of sawtimber on timberland by crops of industrial wood under natural conditions species group and forest type because of adverse site conditions. (Note: Adverse Table 14.-Net volume of growing stock on timberland conditions include shallow soils, dry climate, poor by species group and diameter class drainage, high elevation, steepness, and rockiness). Table 15.-Net volume of sawtimber on timberland by species group and diameter class TABLES Table 16.--Annual net growth mortality and removals Table 1.--Area of land by land use class and Forest of growing stock and sawtimber on timber- Survey Unit, 1977and 1987 land by softwoods and hardwoods Table 2.--Area of timberland by ownership class and Table 17.--Net volume of short-log trees on timberland Forest Survey Unit by species group and diameter class Table 3.--Area of timberland by forest type, stand-age Table 18.-Net volume of short-log trees on timberland class, and Forest Survey Unit by species group and diameter class Table 4.--Area of timberland by forest type, site-index Table 19.--All live tree biomass on timberland by class, and Forest Survey Unit species group and tree biomass component 10

15 Total land 50, , , , , , , _ , ,137.1 Water (Bureau of Census ) 3, , , , Tota] land and water 53, , , , , , , , ,461.1 Table 1.--Area of land by land class and Forest Survey Unit, Minnesota, 1977 and 1987 (In thousand acres) Forest survey unit All units Aspen-birch Northern pine Central hardwood Prairie Land use class Forest land Timberland Jack pine Red pine White pine Balsam fir White spruce Black spruce 1, , Northern white-cedar Tamarack Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood 1, , Aspen 5, , , , , , Paper birch Balsam poplar Nonstocked Subtotal 13, , , , , , , , Woodland 1, , Reserved 1, , , , Total 16, , , , , , , , Nonforest land Cropland 26, , , , , ,247.4 t6, ,837.3 Pasture and range 1, , Other 6, , , , , , , ,591.0 Total 34, , , , , , , , , ,586.5 Table 2.--Area of timberland by ownership class and Forest Survey Unit, Minnesota, 1987 (In thousand acres) Forest survey unit... Aspen- Northern Central Ownership clas All units birch pine hardwood Prair!e National forest i, , Bureau of land mgmt Miscellaneous fed State 2, t28.6 1, County and municipal 2, , , Indian Forest industry Farmer 3, , , ?2.0 Misc. private-corp Misc. prtvate-ind v. 1, _ All, owners 13, , , , _4

16 jack pine Red ptne Whtte ptne Balsam fir White spruce Black spruce Northern white-cedar Tamarack t 20.9 Oak-hickory E m-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood t Aspen 2, Paper birch Balsam poplar Nonstocked All types 5, " " , (Table continued on next page) 79.4 t_ Table 3.--Area of timberland by forest type, stand-age c ass, and Forest Survey Unit, Minnesota, 1987 (In thousand acres) ALL UNITS Stand-a c}as_ e Forest type Al1 ages dack pine i Red pine White pine Balsam fir t8.3 - Whtte spruce Black spruce 1, Northern white-cedar Tamarack Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood 1, Aspen 5, , , Paper birch t Balsam poplar t Nonstocked All types t _ lv _ ,098.5 lv , ASPEN-BIRCH _ -dack pine Red pine t.3 White pine Balsam fir _/ White spruce Black spruce t.4 Northern white-cedar Tamarack _ Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood Aspen 1, Paper birch Balsam poplar _- Nonstocked All types 5_ NORTHERN PINE

17 (Table 3 continued) CENTRAL HARDWOOD Stand-age class(years) Forest type All ages !20 12i+ Jack pine Red pine White pine ? Balsam fir White spruce... Black spruce Northern white-cedar... Tamarack Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood t Aspen Paper birch Balsam poplar Nonstocked All types 1_ , dack pine... Red pine... White pine... Balsam fir... White spruce... PRAIRIE Black spruce... Northern white-cedar... Tamarack Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood Aspen Paper birch... Balsam poplar Nonstocked All types _/ The reader is cautioned to review the highlights section of this report particularly the section titled "Net Growth", before further analysis p_ 03

18 Table 4.--Area of timberland by forest type, site-index class, and Forest Survey Unit, Minnesota, 1987 Jack pine ? Red pine White pine Balsam fir White spruce Black spruce Northern white-cedar Tamarack Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood Aspen 2, Paper blrch Balsam pop]at Nonstocked All types 5, , , (Table 4 continued on next page) (In thousand acres) ALL UNITS All Site-index class (feet). Forest type classes jack pine Red pine White pine Balsam fir White spruce Black spruce 1, Northern white-cedar Tamarack i Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood 1, Aspen 5, , , , , Paper birch Balsam poplar Nonstocked All types 13, , , , ,144 0 lr ASPEN-BIRCH Jack pine Red pine White pine Balsam fir Whtte spruce Black spruce Northern white-cedar Tamarack Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood Aspen 1, Paper birch Balsam poplar Nonstocked All types 5_ , ,352.9 lr NORTHERN PINE

19 (Table 4 continued) CENTRAL HARDWOOD Al1... Site-Index class(feet) Forest type classes Uack ptne Red pine Whtte pine Balsam fir?.6 o White spruce... Black spruce Northern white-cedar... Tamarack Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood Aspen Paper birch Balsam poplar Nonstocked Al1 types 1_ dack pine... Red ptne... White pine... Balsam flr... PRAIRIE White spruce... Black spruce... Northern whlte-cedar... Tamarack Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood Aspen Paper birch... Balsam poplar Nonstocked All types Cn

20 Table 5.--Area of timberland by forest type, stand-size class, and Forest Survey Unit, Minnesota, t987 (In thousand acres) ALL UNITS Stand size class Sapling &...Forest type All classes Sawtimber Poletimber seedling Nonstocked dack pine Red pine White pine 65.? ? Balsam fir White spruce Black spruce 1, Northern white-cedar ?7.2 - Tamarack Oak-hickory E]m-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood 1, Aspen 5, , ,833.3 Paper birch Balsam poplar Nonstocked A]] types 13, , _ , ASPEN-BIRCH Jack pine Red pine White pine Balsam fir White spruce Black spruce Northern white-cedar Tamarack Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Map}e-basswood Aspen 1, Paper birch Balsam poplar Nonstocked AI] types 5, , , NORTHERN PINE dack pine Red pine White pine Balsam fir White spruce Black spruce Northern white-cedar Tamarack Oak-hickory 23? ? E]m-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood Aspen 2, , Paper birch Ba]sam poplar Nonstocked A]] types 5r , lr (Table' 5 continued on next page)

21 (Table 5 continued) CENTRAL HARDWOOD Stand size class Sapling & Forest type All classes Sawtimber Poletimber seedlln 9 Nonstocked Sack pine Red pine White pine? Balsam fir White spruce Black spruce 16.? Northern white-cedar... Tamarack Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood Aspen ? Paper birch ? Balsam poplar Nonstocked 27.? All types 1, J? PRAIRIE Jack pine Redpine White pine Balsam fir - - White spruce Black spruce... Northern white-cedar - Tamarack Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood 49.? Maple-basswood Aspen Paper birch... Balsam poplar 2? Nonstocked 5.? A11 types ?

22 Table 6.--Net volume of growing stock on timberland by forest type, stand-age class, and Forest Survey Unit, Minnesota, 1987 OO (In thousand cubic feet) ALL UNITS Stand-age class(years) Forest type All ages OO jack pine ,720 20,049 39, , , , Red pine ,641 18,837 42, , , ,631 21,124 White pine , , ,016 2,101 Balsam fir , , , ,282 - White spruce it , ?8 6,526 8,53? Black spruce , ,897 56, ,098 2,435 Northern white-cedar , ,365 18, , ,525 Tamarack , ,240 11, ,542 13,283 Oak-hickory , ,505 63, ,053 - Elm-ash-cottonwood , ,069 34, ,459 9,583 Maple-basswood 1, , , , ,400 47,548 Aspen 5, , , ,072 1, ,701 Paper birch 1,250,056 12, , , ,597 3,555 Balsam poplar 5?7,042 23,825 32,011 35,868 98, ,669 3,116 - Nonstooked 12r032 10_ All types 13_711r , , ,079 2_010,100 3_389,193 2,581, ,707 lr581, ,154 ASPEN-BIRCH Jack pine ,315 9,877 2,192 40,854 25,131 10,508 1, Red pine , , ,356 12,576 17,387 23,854 40,364 2,134 1,986 White pine 64_ ,346 15,756 37,508 2,101 Balsam fir _/ ,680 28,251 35,018 96, ,582 39,392 33,043 12,270 - White spruce ,880 21,253 1,216 8, ,663 3,235 21, Black spruce ,187 37,691 46,615 46, ,982 68, ,005 16, Northern white-cedar ,327 2,515 8,747 15, ,369 37, ,681 42,419 90,751 Tamarack ,672 7,512 9,444 3, ,237 9,051 8,753 8,545 2,091 Oak-hickory ,220 4,507 2, Elm-ash-cottonwood ,014 10,520 6,287 7, ,963 43,496 52,846 29,149 4,930 Maple-basswood ,694 15,595 3,673 16, ,402 21,367 56,577 24,976 22,171 Aspen 1, , , , , , ,343 82,246 32,268 - Paper birch ,079 20,501 20,515 59, ,763 83,064 60,323 4,860 1,978 Balsam poplar ,307 8,742 8,555 45, ,140 22,978 27,384 2,426 - Nonstocked , A11 types 5_ r , _ ,270,007 1_057_ , _ , ,429 NORTHERN PINE "_ack pine ,405 10,172 35,561 79, , , Red pine ,140 8,308 31,199 10,644 45, ,684 74,497 19,138 White pine ,142 14, ,506 6,508 - Balsam fir ,958 8, ,113 84, ,776 1,012 - White spruce , Black spruce ,338 3, ,510 14, ,766 3,028 2,014 Northern white-cedar , ,771 5, ,319 46,273 38,774 Tamarack ,122 10,861? 821 7,694 12, ,465 27,204 9,310 Oak-hickory ,616 8, ,895 84, ,619 8,063 - Elm-ash-cottonwood ,782 7,97t ,133 30, ,256 35,570 3,503 Maple-basswood ,612 7, ,098 1t8, ,583 67,922 19,661 Aspen 2,534, , , , , ,184 8,433 - Paper btrch 516,652 2,471 6, , , ,882 30,737 1,577 Balsam poplar 294,259 11,162 21, ,698 83, , Nonstocked 3_231 3_ All types 5,958, t _620,803 1, , T (Table 6 continued on next page)

23 (Table 6 continued) CENTRAL HARDWOOD Stand-age class (years) Fores t type All ages i Jack pine Red pine O White pine Balsam fir 6, , White spruce... Black spruce Northern wh te-cedar... Tamarack O Oak-hickory ,610 10,218 2, (3( , , ,059 45,636 - E]m-ash-cottonwood 108,083 3,689 5,676 3,113 3,562 24,287 25,468 19,778 18,235 4,275 - Maple-basswood ,788 7,208 12,3B6 42,406 74, , ,346 61,930 4,756 Aspen Paper birch B O O Balsam poplar Nonstocked 2m266 2_ All types 1,937,091 4B,090 63,596 71, , , , , , ,634 6,638 'Jack Pine... Red pine... White ptne... Ba}sam fir... White spruce... Black spruce... Northern white-cedar... PRAIRIE Tamarack Oak-hickory 73,071 2, , ,967 10,789 31,911 15,354 Elm-ash-cottonwood 53, ,223 7,830 11,995 9,436 7,909 2,255 6,465 t,150 Maple-basswood Aspen 180.O Paper birch... Balsam poplar Nonstocked 1, All types 459,4t7 22,792 25,411 29,008 62,392 82,398 47,350 59,233 82,332 46,391 2,110 _/ The reader is cautioned to revlew the hlghlights section of this report particularly the section titled "Net Growth", before further analysis _D

24 Table 7.--Net volume of sawtimber on timberland by forest type, stand-age class, and Forest Survey Unit, Minnesota, 1987 _ack pine ,340 44, , , , Red ptne ,?33 2,233 35,450 36, , , ,480 95,301 Whtte ptne , ,246 - Balsam ftr 493, ,881 7,521 40,407 33, ,160 - Whtte spruce 56,599-1,716 1, Black spruce t18, t99 4, ,528 9,600 16, ,438 - Northern white-cedar 393 4t2 1,668 1,579 6,027 2,847 7, , ,743 Tamarack ,153 10,854 9,763 2,752 14, ,220 8,595 Oak-hickory ,234 17,760 3,122 25, , t ,t71 - Elm-ash-cottonwood ,836 13,682 11,330 17,441 46, ,094 12,536 Maple-basswood t, ,787 16,208 6,917 92, , ,719 76,665 Aspen 5, , , , ,226 1,924,136 1, ,782 - Paper btrch 1, ,017 7,744 9, , , ,374 6,105 Balsam poplar ,643 31,768 14,838 70, , ,138 - Nonstocked , All types 13, , , ,297 1,530, ,935 2,785,577 1,481,447 1,488,811 1,063, ,945 ' (Tab]e 7 continued on next page) (In thousand board feet) ALL UNITS Stand-age class(years) Forest type All ages ? Jack ptne 1,008,842 28, , , , ? Red pine 1,846,604 18, , , , , Whlte plne 514, , , Ba sam f r 1,862,704 55, , , ,557 - White spruce 276, , Black spruce 628,475 14, , , Northern white-cedar 1,260,617 6, , , ,673 Tamarack 361, ,217 16,076 Oak-hickory 2, , , , ,698 - Elm-ash-cottonwood 1,603,932 31, ,912 53, , , t27 33,619 Maple-basswood 5,105,256 47, , , , , ,0t7 Aspen 10,075, , ,929 1,755,367 3,390,436 2,204, , ,365 - Paper birch 2,213,685 10, , , , t45,816 11,885 Balsam poplar 1,319,024 42,t , , , ,663 Nonstocked 26,244 24,677 48? All types 30,856, , , ,695 3,563,799 6, ,963,958 4,805,959 2,346,052 2,346, ,023 ASPEN-BIRCH _ack plne , ,149 79,058 81,271 24,654 1, Red ptne , , ,066 44,765 82,741 95, ,183 9,638 7,966 Whtte ptne , ,692 60, ,389 12,037 Balsam fir t ,194 72,675 59, , ,702 42,397 - Whtte spruce ,892 5,634 20, ,403 73, Black spruce ,740 43,839 16, ? ?5 65,30? 155,221 3, Northern white-cedar 86? 205 4,339 6,319 8, ? , , , ,930 Tamarack 94?42 6,988 13,884 2, ,531 16,807 12,713 5,343 Oak-hickory t Elm-ash-cottonwood ,578 17,844 2, ,269 66,845 15,834 Maple-basswood?28 28? 11,021 26, ? ,842 66, ,?69 93,?05 86,653 Aspen 3,6? , , , t, , ,205 82,583 - Paper birch 1,056,702 6,761 32,919 9, , ,442 5,?80 Balsam poplar 60? 8?6 23,482 13,528 9, , ,369 91, Nonstocked , A11 types 10, , , ,956 1,518,653 2,440,843 2,092, , , , ,992 NORTHERN PINE

25 (Table 7 continued) CENTRAL HARDWOOD Stand-aQe class(years)... Forest type Ali ages...1] t _ack-ptne t Red pine White pine Balsam fir White spruce... Black spruce ? Northern white-cedar... Tamarack ? Oak-hickory Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood Aspen Paper birch Balsam poplar Nonstocked , All types 5,357 i9! ,306 78, , , ,?83 1,334, ,!57 PRAIRIE jack _ pine... _ - Redpine - Whitepine - _ - Balsam fir... White spruce - _ Black spruce - _ Northern white-cedar - _ Tamarack Oak-hickory t Elm-ash-cottonwood Maple-basswood 539, ,218 5,283 20, , , Aspen ,401 24,308 13, ,292 23,090 _ 13,021 9,992 - _ Paper birch Balsam poplar 20.? _ 5.807_ Nonstocked All types 1,232,948 26,107 29=413 35,006 _86,454 17!= _ , , ,784 9,929 _/ International 1/4 inch rule. bo

26 Table 8.--Growing stock volume and periodic growth on timberland by forest type, component of growth, and Forest Survey Unit, Minnesota, (In thousand cubic feet)... ALL UNITS _/ Components 1977 growing Survivor Other 2/ Other 1987 growing Forest type stock volume growth Inrowth 9rowth Mortality Net growth Removals removals stock volume dack pine , , , Red pine , White pine Balsam fir , , White spruce Black spruce , Northern white-cedar , Tamarack , Oak-hickory , , Elm-ash-cottonwood , , Maple-basswood 1,430, , ,321 1, Aspen 4,648,232 t, ,576,372 -t,070,990-37,29t 5, Paper birch 995, ,578-56,376 1, Balsam poplar 407, ,569-10,395-2, Nonstocked 8, t , All types 12,017,366 3, ,330,853 3,572,150-1,734, ,532 13, ASPEN-BIRCH dack pine 129,853 25,966 11,447 15, ,825-10, Red pine 177,665 59,518 20,131 6, ,651-10, White pine 51,339 14, , Balsam ftr 468, ,961 54,556 41, ,912-50,644-5, White spruce 49,860 27,863 8,337 17, , Black spruce 470,525 87,523 47,921 33, ,694-5, Northern white-cedar 295,451 54,916 22,772 16, , Tamarack 59,339 13,254 9,248 5, , Oak-hickory 6,353 2, Elm-ash-cottonwood 208,698 49,631 17,756 24,187-23, , Maple-basswood 188,505 62,454 i3,735 25,478-16, , Aspen 1,715, , , , , ,618-11,604 1, Paper birch 508, ,648 46,216 24,775-40, , Balsam poplar 184,726 80,869 13,615 11,727-27, , Nonstocked 3,194 1, All types 4_518f434 1t302, , , ,816 1, ,952-33,375 5, NORTHERN PINE dack pine 335,083 71, , , Red pine , , White pine , , t Balsam fir , , , White spruce , t 5, Black spruce , , , Northern white-cedar , , Tamarack , , t Oak-hickory , , , ,681 Elm-ash-cottonwood , , , Maple-basswood , , Aspen 2,385, , , ,863 2, Paper birch 419, , , ,652 Balsam poplar 203,101 84, , ,259 Nonstocked 2, ,231 All _ypes 5,314_157 t,332_ , , ,301 1,516, ,072 (Table 8-49,580 continued on 5,958,164 next page)