DIFFERENT SEEDLING RAISING METHODS AFFECT CHARACTERISTICS OF MACHINE-TRANSPLANTED RICE SEEDLINGS

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1 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice DIFFERENT SEEDLING RAISING METHODS AFFECT CHARACTERISTICS OF MACHINE-TRANSPLANTED RICE SEEDLINGS CHENG, S. R. 1,2 ASHRAF, U. 1,3 ZHANG, T. T. 1,2 MO, Z. W. 1,2 KONG, L. L. 1 MAI, Y. X. 1 HUANG, H. L. 1 TANG, X. R. 1,2* 1 Deprtment of Crop Science nd Technology, College of Agriculture, South Chin Agriculturl University, Gungzhou, Gungdong , Chin 2 Scientific Oserving nd Experimentl Sttion of Crop Cultivtion in South Chin, Ministry of Agriculture of the P. R. Chin, Gungzhou, Gungdong , Chin 3 Deprtment of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Fisld 38040, Pkistn These uthors hve contriuted eqully to this work. *Corresponding uthor e-mil: tngxr@scu.edu.cn; phone/fx: (Received 4 th Oct 2017; ccepted 12 th Fe 2018) Astrct. Present study ws imed to select the suitle seedling rising method with high seedling qulity for the mchine-trnsplnted rice. The seeds of two rice cultivrs i.e., Xingyxingzhn nd Wufengyou 615 were grown under four different seedling-rising methods i.e., the trditionl seedlingrising method (TWSM), the dry seeded nursery rising method (DSBM), the wet seeded rising method (WSBM), nd the sustrte seeded nursery rising method (SSBM). Results showed tht the highest seed germintion nd seedling estlishment rtes were recorded in SSBM followed y DSBM, nd TWSM. Rice seedlings grown in SSBM hve mximum seedling length, longer leves nd lef sheth s well s dry iomss thn other estlishment methods. Further, numer of roots, root length, root surfce re nd root dimeter were lso found significntly (P 0.05) higher thn those seedlings which were estlished y norml frmer prctice (TWSM). Additionlly, higher proline, protein nd solule sugrs contents nd SPAD vlues (n indictor of chlorophyll contents) were lso recorded in SSBM. Hence, SSBM would result in improved rice seedlings, compred to those under trditionl nursery, dry ed nurse nd wet ed nursery. Keywords: physiologicl chrcter, root growth, rice nursery, seed germintion, seedling-rising methods Introduction Rice (Oryz stiv) is the most importnt cerel crop tht feeds more thn hlf of the world s popultion (Ruiz-Sánchez et l., 2010; Aid et l., 2015; Krgo et l., 2016). Rice rnks first mong the cerel crops in Chin nd it hs een cultivted for more thn 7000 yers go, feeding more thn 65% of the popultion of Chin s stple food (Ivnic nd Mrtin, 2008). In Chin, rice covers n re of million hectre with n nnul production of million tons. Hence, rice production in Chin contriutes to food security not only for Chin ut lso for the rest of the world (Yo et l., 2007; Ashrf et l., 2015). Seedling trnsplnting hs mny dvntges over direct seeding; however, mnul trnsplnttion of rice nursery is time consuming nd slow process (Ehsnullh et l., 2014) s compred with mechnicl trnsplnttion. The ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

2 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice development of modern, lrge-scle, professionl nd commercil production of rice through mechnized plnting plys criticl role to ensure efficient trnsplnting nd mintining rice productivity (Zhu et l., 2007). Presently, mechnized rice trnsplnting technology hs een successfully dopted in Europe, Americ, Jpn nd mny other developed countries, whilst in Chin, the mechnized trnsplnting is still not widely dopted. Recently, report stted tht mechnized rice trnsplnttion ws out 34% t the end of 2014 in Chin (Yng et l., 2003; Li, 2015). Helthy nd well-nourished seedlings with uniform growth (grown on PVC trys to lod to the mchine for trnsplnting) re the prerequisites for uniform trnsplnttion in the field nd these seedlings must meet certin technicl stndrds in the system of mechnicl trnsplnting of rice seedlings (Bisws et l., 2000). To develop stndrd seedlings, s required y the mechnized trnsplnttion, the comptiility mong seedlings cultivtion/growing method, mchine opertionl system, qulity of the rice seedlings must e considered (Zhng nd Gong, 2014). Conventionl nursery rising is often prcticed in pddy soils which is often silty in nture (Mishr nd Slokhe, 2008; Li et l., 2014) which mkes the mnul trnsplnttion difficult. Thus, rther growing rice nursery in the fields, nursery rising in PVC trys nd/or in nursery mt is conducive for mchine trnsplnting. Hence, for mechnized trnsplnting rice technology, indoor seedling/nursery rising on rtificil medi cn lso e prcticed other thn outdoor nursery (tht my e thretened y environmentl extremities). For indoor nursery rising, seedling growing medium my lrgely ffect the growth nd development of rice seedlings. Present study thus focused to test the effect of different nursery mngement methods on germintion, morphologicl growth nd physiologicl chrcters of rice seedlings with the im to determine the est possile nursery rising method for mchine-trnsplnted rice seedlings. Mterils nd methods Experimentl site The seedlings were rised in green house locted t Experimentl Reserch Frm, College of Agriculture, South Chin Agriculturl University, Gungzhou, Chin (23 09 N, E nd 11 m ove the se level) during The region hs sutropicl monsoonl type of climte normlly with yerly verge temperture rnges rnged from 21 to 29 C nd 70-80% reltive humidity nd high rinfll during My-July (Li et l., 2016; Mo et l., 2016). Moreover, the verge temperture, rinfll, nd reltive humidity for experimentl period ws remined 28 C, mm nd 79.60%, respectively. Plnt mteril nd tretment description Seeds of two locl nd widely cultivted rice cultivrs i.e., Xingyxingzhn nd Wufengyou 615, were collected from the College of Agriculture, South Chin Agriculturl University, Gungzhou, Chin. Prior to sowing, seeds of oth rice cultivrs were soked in wter for 48 h in drk chmer t room temperture. Seeds were sown in four different methods i.e., (i) trditionl seedling-rising method in ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

3 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice which the seeds were directly sowed on the wet seeded (TWSM) (tken s control), (ii) the dry seeded rising method in which the seeds were sown in PVC trys covered with ir dried soil collected from pddy fields, nd pplied with distilled wter (DSBM), (iii) the wet seeded rising method in which the seeds were sown in PVC trys covered with well cultivted puddled soil, collected from pddy fields (WSBM), nd (iv) the sustrte seeded rising method in which seeds were sown in PVC trys covered with sustrte (griculturl orgnic wste product including rice husk, otined from Linyungng Herod Fertilizer Technology Co., Ltd, Chin) nd spryed with distilled wter (SSBM). The dimensions of PVC trys used for nursery rising ws 58.5 cm 28.5 cm. The seeding density of oth Xingyxingzhn nd Wufengyou 615 were per m 2. Determintion of seed germintion rte nd seedling estlishment percentge To determine seed germintion rte nd seedling estlishment percentge, seedlings from n re of 15 cm 15 cm re from ech estlishment method were crefully uprooted (out 60 seedlings) t 15 dys fter sowing (DAS), wshed thoroughly with tp wter nd then with distilled wter nd the seedlings were grded in to: ) full mture seedlings, nd ) young seedlings (one-hlf of the height of the full mture seedlings). The numer of full mture seedlings, young seedlings nd non-germinted seeds were counted. The seed germintion rte nd seedling estlishment percentge ws recorded s: Rice germintion rte (%) = (numer of full mture seedlings + numer of young seedlings) / (totl germinted nd un-germinted seeds) 100 Percentge of seedling estlishment (%) = (Numer of full mture seedlings / totl numer of germinted nd un-germinted seeds) 100 Morpho-physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings The seedlings of oth rice cultivrs t 10, 15 nd 20 DAS were smpled for morpho-physiologicl prmeters while for the estimtion of physio-iochemicl trits, the seedlings were seprted into roots nd shoots nd stored t 80 C. Seedling length, first lef sheth length, length of first nd second leves ws mesured with mesuring ruler. Seedling fresh nd dry iomss (seedlings were plced in oven t 80 C till constnt weight) per 100 seedlings were recorded y n electric lnce (Srtorious, Jpn). The numer of primry nd secondry roots ws counted mnully wheres root length, root surfce re nd root dimeter of 4 well mture seedlings were recorded y root scnner (WinRHIZO, ProLA2400, Cnd) ccording to Oršnić et l. (2011). SPAD vlues of seeding SPAD vlues chrcterized s chlorophyll contents, were recorded from 10 seedlings of ech tretment with SPAD meter SPAD-502 (Konic Minolt, Jpn) ccording Asi et l. (2009) which provided precise, rpid nd nondestructive estimtion of lef chlorophyll contents. ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

4 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice Estimtion of proline, protein nd solule sugr The proline content ws determined ccording to Celik nd Atk (2012). Fresh lef smples (0.3 g) were homogenized with 4 ml of 3% sulfoslicylic cid nd heted t 100 C for 10 min. After cooling, 2 ml of filtrte, 2 ml of cid ninhydrin, nd 2 ml of glcil cetic cid ws tken in test tue nd oiled in wter th t 100 C for 30 min. The rection ws terminted on ice, nd the rection mixture ws then extrcted with 4 ml of toluene. The solution ws vortex mixed nd 3 ml of the upper toluene extrct ws centrifuged t 4000 g for 5 min. The sornce ws red t 520 nm. Protein content ws ssyed using the coomssie rillint lue G-250 (CBB-G) method s descried y Aminin et l. (2013) nd the sornce ws red t 595 nm. The solule sugr contents of the rice leves were estimted y the method of Krim et l. (2012) with minor modifictions. Leves (0.2 g) were ground with liquid nitrogen to fine powder nd then dded 15 ml of distilled wter to het t 100 C for 20 min. After cooling, 0.1 ml of filtrte nd 5 ml of enthrone sulfuric cid solution were mixed nd then heted t 100 C for 10 min nd the sornce ws recorded t 620 nm. Experimentl design nd dt nlysis Tretments were rrnged ccording to completely rndomized design (CRD) with three replictions. The dt were nlyzed y n nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) technique with sttisticl softwre Sttistix 8.0 (Anlyticl, Tllhssee, Florid, USA) while the differences mong mens were seprted y lest significnt difference (LSD) test t the 5% significnce level. The Sigm Plot 12.5 (Systt Softwre Inc., Sn Jose, CA, USA) ws used to mke the figures. Results Germintion nd seedling estlishment The highest germintion rte nd the percentge of seedling estlishment were oserved in SSBM tretment for oth cultivrs (Fig. 1). DSBM nd SSBM significntly incresed germintion rte for Xingyxingzhn y 9.69% nd 10.53%, respectively, nd for Wufengyou 615 y 3.66% nd 3.85%, respectively. However, WSBM tretment oviously reduced germintion rte y 4.40% nd 3.77% for Xingyxingzhn nd Wufengyou 615, respectively (Fig. 1 A, B). Seedling estlishment ws sustntilly incresed in SSBM y 23.66% nd 13.52% for Xingyxingzhn nd Wufengyou615, respectively. For Xingyxingzhn, DSBM tretment significntly incresed seedling estlishment percentge ut WSBM tretment show opposite trend. For Wufengyou 615, DSBM nd WSBM did not ffect the seedling estlishment percentge significntly (Fig. 1 C, D). Morphologicl growth Different seedling estlishment methods sustntilly ffected morphologicl chrcters of oth rice cultivrs. For Xingyxingzhn, seedling length, length of first lef sheet, length of first nd second lef s well s dry iomss were recorded mximum in SSBM nd the vlues were 0.40, 22.01, 66.81, 27.93, 45.37% nd 14.49, 13.65, 77.37, 28.41, 26.00%, nd 5.64, 0.72, 65.96, 19.77, 12.39%, higher thn TWSM t nd 20 DAS, respectively (Tles 1 nd 2). ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

5 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice Tle 1. The seedling length nd shoot dry weight of rice seedlings in response to different seedling rising methods Cultivr Xingyxingzhn Wufengyou 615 Tretment Seedling length (cm) Shoot dry weight (mg) TWSM c DSBM c WSBM SSBM TWSM DSBM c WSBM c SSBM Different lowercse letters followed y the men of different tretments in the sme column within one vriety indicte significnt difference t P < 0.05 level. TWSM: trditionl seedling-rising method, DSBM: dry seeded nursery rising method, WSBM: wet seeded rising method, nd SSBM: sustrte seeded nursery rising method Tle 2. Effects of different seedling rising methods on lef nd lef sheth length First lef sheth length (cm) First lef length (cm) Second lef length (cm) Cultivr Tretment TWSM c 10.42c DSBM Xingyxingzhn WSBM c 11.17c SSBM TWSM Wufengyou 615 DSBM WSBM c c SSBM Different lowercse letters follow y the men of different tretments in the sme column within one vriety indicte significnt difference t P<0.05 level. TWSM: trditionl seedling-rising method, DSBM: dry seeded nursery rising method, WSBM: wet seeded rising method, nd SSBM: sustrte seeded nursery rising method For Wufengyou 615, seedling length ws considerly reduced under ll seedling estlishment methods t ll smpling intervls, compred with TWSM. Moreover, SSBM ws found sttisticlly t pr (P 0.05) with TWSM nd/or higher thn other seedling estlishment methods regrding length of first lef sheet (t ll smpling intervls), first leve length (t 10 nd 15 DAS). The second lef length were recorded mximum in DSBM t 10 DAS while t 15 nd 20 DAS, the second lef length ws highest in SSBM. The dry iomss were lso remined mximum in SSBM (higher thn other two seedling estlishment methods) ut sttisticlly similr (P 0.05) with TWSM t 10, 15 nd 20 DAS. Overll, the morphologicl prmeters were incresed with n increse in seedling ge (from 10 to 20 DAS) in oth Xingyxingzhn nd Wufengyou ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

6 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice Xingyxingzhn 120 A TWSM DSBM WSBM SSBM B 100 Germintion (%) Percentge of seedling estlishment (%) C c D 20 0 Xingyxingzhn Wufengyou 615 Figure 1. The seed germintion rte nd percentge of seedling estlishment in response to the different seedling rising methods for Xingyxingzhn (A, C) nd Wufengyou 615 (B, D). Different lowercse letters followed y the men of different tretments within one vriety indicte significnt difference t P < 0.05 level. TWSM: trditionl seedling-rising method, DSBM: dry seeded nursery rising method, WSBM: wet seeded rising method, nd SSBM: sustrte seeded nursery rising method Furthermore, differentil responses of oth rice cultivrs regrding root morphologicl chrcters were noted under different seedling estlishment methods. For exmple, root numers, root length, root surfce re nd root dimeter were higher in modified seedling estlishment methods thn TWSM whilst SSBM proved etter thn other methods (Tle 3). For Xingyxingzhn 44.41, 36.42, 19.81, nd 3.37, 13.52, 19.01, 33.33%, nd 19.15, 23.24, 13.94, 85.71% higher root numers, root length, root surfce re nd root dimeter were recorded in SSBM t 10, 15 nd 20 DAS, respectively. Similrly, for Wufengyou 615, 42.51, nd 18.63, % higher root numers 31.95, 32.26, nd 23.25% higher root length, 44.33, nd 40.83% higher root surfce re, 9.68, nd 65.43% higher root dimeter were recorded t 10, 15 nd 20 DAS, respectively. Tle 3. Effects of different seedling rising methods on the morphologicl indexes of root Numer of root Numer of the white root Root length(cm) Dimeter (mm) Cultivr Tretment TWSM 9.12c c 2.77c DSBM WSBM 11.07c c 2.45c SSBM ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

7 Wufengyou 615 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice TWSM c 16.00c 2.67c 3.31c c c c DSBM WSBM c 15.00c 2.84c 3.29c c SSBM Different lowercse letters follow y the men of different tretments in the sme column within one vriety indicte significnt difference t P<0.05 level. TWSM: trditionl seedling-rising method, DSBM: dry seeded nursery rising method, WSBM: wet seeded rising method, nd SSBM: sustrte seeded nursery rising method Physiologicl chrcters nd SPAD vlues Seedling rising methods vrily ffected physiologicl chrcters i.e., lef proline, protein nd solule sugr contents s well s lef chlorophyll contents (in terms of SPAD) vlues of oth rice cultivrs. Lef proline contents were improved significntly (P < 0.05) in rice seedlings rised y SSBM method (except t 15 DAS in Xingyxingzhn) thn other rising method including TWSM t ll smpling stges in oth rice cultivrs (Fig. 2). A TWSM DSBM WSBM SSBM B Free proline content ( μmol/g ) c c c c c 40 Smpling dtes Smpling dtes Figure 2. Effects of different seedling rising methods on proline content in leves of seedlings for two cultivrs (A: Xingyxingzhn; B: Wufengyou 615). Different lowercse letters followed y the men of different tretments within one vriety indicte significnt difference t P < 0.05 level. TWSM: trditionl seedling-rising method, DSBM: dry seeded nursery rising method, WSBM: wet seeded rising method, nd SSBM: sustrte seeded nursery rising method The lef protein contents were remined highest in the seedlings rised y SSBM method which ws remined sttisticlly similr (P 0.05) with WSBM nd TWSM nd minimum were recorded in DSBM t 10 DAS. At 15 DAS, mximum protein contents were recorded in the leves of Wufengyou 615 estlished y DSBM followed y TWSM, SSBM while minimum in WSBM (Fig. 3). Further, t 20 DAS, the lef proline contents were remined sttisticlly similr (P 0.05) for ll seedling estlishment methods. The SSBM resulted in higher solule sugr contents for oth rice cultivrs t 10 nd 15 DAS, however, t 20 DAS; the mximum solule sugrs were recorded in TWSM whilst minimum in WSBM nd DSBM in Xingyxingzhn ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

8 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice nd Wufengyou 615, respectively (Fig. 4). Overll, the solule sugr contents were incresed with increse in seedling ge from 10 to 20 DAS for Xingyxingzhn, nd incresed from 10 to 15 DAS nd then reduced to 20 DAS in Wufengyou 615. Furthermore, ll seedling rising methods remined sttisticlly similr (P 0.05) for lef protein contents for Xingyxingzhn t ll smpling stges, while ffected differently t 10 nd 15 DAS for Wufengyou 615 (Fig. 3). Regrding SPAD vlues, mximum vlues were recorded t SSBM t ll smpling stges nd the vlues of percentge increse were 15.21, 17.56, nd 24.12% in Xingyxingzhn t 10, 15 nd 20 DAS (Fig. 5). For Wufengyou 615, highest SPAD vlues were recorded in the seedlings rised y SSBM method t ll smpling stges nd the vlues were significntly higher thn other seedling rising methods nd TWSM. 20 A TWSM DSBM WSBM SSBM B Solule protein content ( μg/g ) c c 10 Smpling dtes Smpling dtes Figure 3. Effects of different seedling rising methods on solule protein content in leves of seedlings for two cultivrs (A: Xingyxingzhn; B: Wufengyou 615). Different lowercse letters followed y the men of different tretments in the sme column within one vriety indicte significnt difference t P < 0.05 level. TWSM: trditionl seedling-rising method, DSBM: dry seeded nursery rising method, WSBM: wet seeded rising method, nd SSBM: sustrte seeded nursery rising method Solule sugr content ( mg/g ) A TWSM DSBM WSBM SSBM c c c c d B 10 c c Smpling dtes Smpling dtes Figure 4. Effects of different seedling rising methods on solule sugr content of seeding for two cultivrs (A: Xingyxingzhn; B: Wufengyou 615). Different lowercse letters followed y the men of different tretments within one vriety indicte significnt difference t P < 0.05 level. TWSM: trditionl seedling-rising method, DSBM: dry seeded nursery rising method, WSBM: wet seeded rising method, nd SSBM: sustrte seeded nursery rising method ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

9 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice A TWSM DSBM WSBM SSBM B SPAD vlues c c 20 Smpling dtes Smpling dtes Figure 5. Effects of different seedling rising methods on SPAD vlues of seeding for two cultivrs (A: Xingyxingzhn; B: Wufengyou 615). Different lowercse letters followed y the men of different tretments within one vriety indicte significnt difference t P < 0.05 level. TWSM: trditionl seedling-rising method, DSBM: dry seeded nursery rising method, WSBM: wet seeded rising method, nd SSBM: sustrte seeded nursery rising method Correltion nlysis There ws no significnt correltion etween shoot dry weight t 10 DAS nd seedling estlishment for Wufengyou 615 (Fig. 6 A). Only Xingyxinzhn presented high positive correltion etween shoot dry weight t 10 DAS nd seedling estlishment (r = , P < 0.05), indicting sme effects of different seedling rising methods on the shoot dry weight nd seedling estlishment for this vriety. There ws however high (P < 0.05) positive correltion etween shoot dry weight t 15 DAS nd seedling estlishment for oth cultivrs (Fig. 6 B) where the correltion coefficients (r) re (P < 0.05) for Wufengyou 615 nd (P < 0.01) for Xingyxingzhn. This result suggests tht the incresed percentge of seedling estlishment is closely linked to shoot dry weight. Further, shoot dry weight t 15 DAS ws positively ssocited with lef sheth length t ll smpling dtes, ut the significnce ws only recorded for Wufengyou 615 nd 20 DAS in Xingyxingzhn (Fig. 6 C, D, E). In ddition, the positive ssocitions were lso recorded for the percentge of seedling estlishment with germintion rte, SPAD vlues t 15 DAS, numer of roots nd white roots t ll dtes for the two cultivrs (Fig. 7). Discussion Rice seed germintion nd seedling growth is ffected y the seed viility nd vigour, nture of the growing medium, wter ppliction nd the vrious other externl fctors. These externl fctors might e promoting or inhiitory nd the effects of these fctors on the rice nursery nd/or seedling growth vry overtime. In this study, highest germintion rte nd seedling estlishment in SSBM my possily due to fertile growing medium of morphous nture (non-compcted) with significnt mount of orgnic mtter. Our results re in concomitnt with the findings of Mishr nd Slokhe (2008), who found in reduced soil environments (under eroic conditions), the coleoptile of the rice seeds were poorly developed ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

10 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice thn flooded soil. Further, type of growing medi nd growing environments determine the qulity of the seedlings growing in it for nursery rising (Wilson, 2001; Ago nd Omliko, 2006), which hve significnt impcts on its lter growth nd performnce in the field fter trnsplnting (Biyeri, 2006). Hence, higher seed germintion nd seedling estlishment in SSBM indictes their reltions with the type of growing medium. Shoot dry weight t 10 DAS ( g/plnt ) A Xingyxingzhn Wufengyou 615 r= ns r=0.6686* Shoot dry weight t 15 DAS ( g/plnt ) B r=0.7849** r=0.5792* Shoot dry weight t 15 DAS ( g/plnt ) Percentge of seedling estlishment (%) C r=0.6300* r=0.2611ns Shoot dry weight t 15 DAS ( g/plnt ) Percentge of seedling estlishment (%) 3.5 D r=0.7660* 2.0 r=0.4470ns Lef sheth length t 10 DAS ( cm ) Lef sheth length t 15 DAS ( cm ) Shoot dry weight t 15 DAS ( g/plnt ) E r=0.7702** r=0.5898* Lef sheth length t 20 DAS ( cm ) Shoot dry weight t 15 DAS ( g/plnt ) F r=0.3719ns r=0.6970* SPAD vlues t 15 DAS Figure 6. Correltion nlyses etween (A) shoot dry weight t 10 DAS nd percentge of seedling estlishment, (B) percentge of seedling estlishment nd shoot dry weight t 15 DAS, (C) shoot dry weight t 15 DAS nd lef sheth t 10 DAS, (D) shoot dry weight t 15 DAS nd lef sheth length t 15 DAS, (E) shoot dry weight t 15 DAS nd lef sheth length t 20 DAS, (F) shoot dry weight t 15 DAS nd SPAD vlues t 15 DAS for Xingyxingzhn nd Wufengyou 615, respectively. ns: non-significnt t P < 0.05 level; *: significnt t P < 0.05 levels; **: significnt t P < 0.01 levels ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

11 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice Percentge of seedling estlishment ( % ) A Xingyxingzhn Wufengyou 615 r=0.7355** r=0.8848** B r=0.8616** r=0.7630** Percentge of seedling estlishment ( % ) Percentge of seedling estlishment ( % ) C Germintion rte ( % ) r=0.7132** r= ns E No. of roots t 15 DAS r=0.7830** r=0.7839** No. of white roots t 10 DAS Percentge of seedling estlishment ( % ) G r=0.7142** r=0.8597** D SPAD vlues t 15 DAS r=0.7514** r=0.7424** F No. of roots t 20 DAS r=0.8043** r=0.8375** No. of white roots t 15 DAS No. of white roots t 20 DAS Figure 7. Correltion nlyses etween (A) percentge of seedling estlishment nd germintion rte, (B) percentge of seedling estlishment nd SPAD vlues t 15 DAS, (C) percentge of seedling estlishment nd the No. of roots t 15 DAS, (D) percentge of seedling estlishment nd No. of roots t 20 DAS, (E) percentge of seedling estlishment nd the No. of white roots t 10 DAS, (F) percentge of seedling estlishment nd the No. of white roots t 15 DAS, nd (G) percentge of seedling estlishment nd the No. of white roots t 20 DAS for Xingyxingzhn nd Wufengyou 615, respectively. ns: non-significnt t P < 0.05 level; **: significnt t P < 0.01 levels ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

12 Cheng et l.: Different seedling rising methods ffect seed germintion, erly growth nd physiologicl chrcteristics of rice seedlings for mchine-trnsplnted rice Different seedling estlishment methods sustntilly ffected morphologicl chrcters of oth rice cultivrs. Development of shoot nd leves long with the growth of roots is prerequisite or trnsitory phse for rice seeds from heterotrophic to utotrophic level (Sski, 2004). Our results reveled tht nursery mngement prctices nd type of nursery growing medium influenced growth nd development of rice seedlings. Better root growth with higher root surfce re in SSBM mimics in shoot growth with seedling length, lef length nd dry iomss. Ros et l. (2003) rgued tht rice seedlings estlishment nd their consequent growth not only relted to ove-ground morphologicl chrcters ut lso on the root growth nd development. Rising helthy nd well-estlished seedlings with well-flourished nd helthy root system or simply, the morphogenesis of rice seedlings might hve strong ssocitions with nture nd type of seeded nd/or growing medi, numer of seeds per re nd soil conditions (Ymuchi nd Bisws, 1997). Hence, root elongtion under modified nursery rising methods, especilly SSBM, showed tht use of sustrte (orgnic in nture) of rice seedlings fvors root formtion nd seedling development. Furthermore, Suedi et l. (2013) lso stted tht nursery mngement prctices considerly influence seedling chrcteristics of low lnd rice, wheres Pnd et l. (1991) reported tht seedlings rised in nutritious seed-ed would result in helthy nd vigorous seedlings nd performs etter in the field conditions. Moreover, seedling rising methods vrily ffected physiologicl chrcters i.e., lef proline, protein nd solule sugr contents nd lef chlorophyll contents (in terms of SPAD) vlues of oth rice cultivrs. Overll, seedlings grown y sustrte method lso performed physiologiclly etter thn other nursery estlishment methods, while ll other modified seedling rising methods lso proved etter thn TWSM (normlly prcticed y the frmers). Previously, Thkur et l. (2010) lso reported rice estlishment method induced regultions in physiologicl chrcters of rice seedlings. Higher chlorophyll contents in the leves would led to incresed photosynthesis, hence improved seedling growth. Drk green leves with higher SPAD vlues were oserved in modified seedling estlishment methods thn TWSM. These findings re in ccordnce with Hrper et l. (2004) nd Thkur et l. (2010). Overll, the results of this study depicted tht improved seedling estlishment methods with etter growing medium my induce multiple, positive nd significnt chnges in morphogenesis, phenotype nd growth of rice seedlings, however, evoking these chnges nd responses of rice nursery to the specific seed estlishment methods yet need to e studied nd their performnce in the field conditions s well. Hence, keeping in view this point, field sed evlution of rice nursery mnged y different rice nursery estlishment methods would thus e focused in our susequent experiments to drw most comprehensive inference. Conclusion In sum, different seedling rising methods significntly ffect rice seedling growth nd seedling estlishment. Among modified rice seedling rising methods, SSBM proved etter for oth Xingyxingzhn nd Wufengyou 615 rice cultivrs. Along with morphologicl growth, significnt improvements were lso oserved in physiologicl chrcteristics of the seedlings of oth rice cultivrs. Hence, ddition of orgnic mnure contined mteril in the growing medi of rice nursery my improve morphphysiologicl fetures of rice seedlings for the purpose of etter stnd estlishment in the pddy fields. ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) DOI: , ALÖKI Kft., Budpest, Hungry

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