INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION METHODS AND NUTRIENT TREATMENTS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SAFFLOWER SEED

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1 1216 Bulgrin Journl of Agriulturl Siene, 21 (No 6) 2015, Agriulturl Ademy INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION METHODS AND NUTRIENT TREATMENTS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SAFFLOWER SEED M. FEYZOLLAHZADEH, A. M. NIKBAKHT * nd A. M. MOTLAGH Urmi University, Urmi, Deprtment of Agriulturl Mhinery, Fulty of Agriulture, 165 Irn Astrt FEYZOLLAHZADEH, M., A. M. NIKBAKHT nd A. M. MOTLAGH, Investigtion of the effets of irrigtion methods nd nutrient tretments on the mehnil properties of sfflower seed. Bulg. J. Agri. Si., 21: A omprehensive investigtion of effets of irrigtion systems nd nutrient tretments on mehnil properties of IL111 vrieties of sfflower seeds (Crthmus Tintorius L.) hve een fulfilled. Rupture fore, deformtion t rupture point, hrdness, energy used for rupture nd modulus of elstiity were mesured in order to get n ext piture of the properties of seeds. Cutting off irrigtion in the reprodutive growth stge resulted in lower rupture point vlues while seeds grown with the onventionl irrigtion system were of more rupture point. The lest vlue of modulus of elstiity ws mesured to e MP for no utting off irrigtion nd omintion of nutrient tretments. The similr trend ws oserved for hrdness of seeds. It ws proved tht the pplition of orgni fertilizers for sfflower nutrient improved mehnil properties of seeds in omprison with the hemils. Also, lower onsumption of in the severl growth stges of the rop did not hve negtive effets on the mehnil ttriutes of seeds. This n e regrded promising due to the importnt effet of suh ttriute in mhine designing. Keywords: sfflower; tretments; mehnil properties; rupture Arevitions: M - Moisture ontent (% d..); R f - Rupture fore (N); D rp - Deformtion t Rupture point (mm); H - Hrdness (N/mm); E r - Energy for rupture (J); m - unit mss of the seed (g) Introdution Sfflower (Figure 1.), is memer of the fmily Composite or Asteree, thistle-like hereous nnul or winter nnul plnt, with numerous spines on leves nd rts minly grown in dry hot limtes s n oilseed or irdseed. Its flowers re usully used s dye soures nd for mediinl purposes. The typilly white henes verging from to g, re smooth (in some vrieties vrying mounts of pppus, tufts of hirs my e present on the end djent to the plnt) nd four-sided, with thik perirp. Trditionlly, the rop ws grown for its flowers, used for oloring nd flvoring foods nd mking dyes, espeilly efore heper niline dyes eme ville. Oil hs een produed ommerilly nd for export for out 50 yers, firstly s n oil soure for the pint industry nd nowdys for ooking, mrgrine nd sld oil. Over 60 ountries grow sfflower while over hlf is produed in Indi (minly for the domesti vegetle oil mrket). (Djue nd Mündel, 1996). Sfflower hs eome n inresingly importnt rop in Irn nd the world due to the rih nutritionl vlue of its edile oil. It is rih soure of oil (35 40%) nd linolei id ontent (75 86%). Currently, the estimted world prodution is out tonnes of seed from n re of h lnd (FAO, 2009). The estimted Irn prodution is out 500 tons of seed from n re of 1000 h lnd (FAO, 2008). Sfflower hs ltely gined importne euse the seed oil hs n importnt food-vlue, with high linolei id ontent. Knowledge of frture hr- E-mil: mzyns@gmil.om, *.nikkht@urmi..ir, modmot@gmil.om

2 Effet of Drought nd s on Sfflower Mehnil Properties 1217 Fig. 1. ) A view of sfflower seeds, ) Compression test of sfflower seed (not to sle) teristis of the seed is impertive for rtionl design of effiient dehulling systems, s well s the optimiztion of the proess nd produt prmeters (Bumler, 2006). Mehnil properties suh s rupture fore, deformtion nd energy used for rupturing nut nd kernel re useful informtion in designing the seed shelling nd kernel grinding mhines. These properties re ffeted y numerous ftors like vriety nd moisture ontent of the nut nd kernel. The rupture fore indites the minimum fore required for shelling the nut nd grinding the kernel (Sirisomoon et l., 2007). The mount of deformtion t rupture point n e used for the determintion of the gp size etween the surfes to ompress the nut for shelling. Therefore, the study of reltionships etween the fores on single sfflower seed is needed for etter understnding of milling while there re not onsiderle reserhes on the effet of gronomi tretment on mehnil properties. Therefore, the ojetive of this study ws to investigte the effet of 21 different tretments on some mehnil properties of the sfflower seeds typilly ultivted in Irn. The mesured prmeters t different tretments t moisture ontent of 7% (dry sis) were rupture fore, deformtion t rupture point, hrdness, energy used for rupture nd modulus of elstiity. s re importnt griulturl ftors tht hve signifint effet on the growth nd development of the seed yield nd qulity of oily plnts suh s sfflower. Sine the minerl elements re identified s the use of rop prodution enhnement, plnt nutrition siene is of mjor onern. Although is undnt on erth, drought is the most limiting ftor for suessful prodution of rop suh s oilseed. uptke y sfflower plnt is influened y the mount of in soil nd drought stress uses series of omplex retions tht leds to hnging in the ellulr, physiologil nd plnt growth. As drought is serious phenomenon oserved in mny ountries, the effet of drought stress on mehnil ttriutes of sfflower seeds ws studied. Suh ttriutes re widely used in the proessing systems inluding oil extrtion mhinery, extruders, dehulling nd sorting filities. Thus, n ext overview of the effet of utting off irrigtion systems is neessry. Thus, the min ojetive of this reserh ws investigtion of effet of drought nd nutrient on engineering properties of sfflower seeds. Mterils nd Methods Sfflower seeds were olleted from reserh frm t Urmi University, Irn during The irrigtion nd nutrient tretments re summrized nd indexed in Tle 1. From Tle 1 it n e stted tht two tegories of fertilizers, hemils nd orgni sed mterils, were pplied s tretments. Nitroxin ontins nitrogen stilizer teri nd phosphte soluilizer. Biosulfur hs sulfur-oxidizing miroorgnisms nd HUMIX orgni fertilizer is omposed of 12% Foli id, 68% Potssium nd 15-13% Humi id. After hrvesting, the seeds were stored in the wrehouse (12 ± 1ºC) to reh the equilirium moisture ontent. They were mnully lened to remove foreign mterils, roken or immture seeds. The moisture ontent (M) of the seeds ws determined y the oven method (Offiil Method 14003, AOAC, 1980) nd ws found to vry etween 7% nd 7.2% d. Lortory ompression tests were rried out y using ompression tester (HOUNSFIELD H5KS) nd dt ws quired nd proessed y SPSS sttistil pkge. The devie ws equipped with lod ell of 5000 N. Sfflower seeds were pled on the fixed pltform nd pressed with the proe up to the seed rupture point t the strin rte of 1 mm/min. It

3 1218 M. Feyzollhzdeh, A. M. Nikkht nd A. M. Motlgh Tle 1 Numering order of the pplied tretments Tretments Irrigtion Methods s. No utting off irrigtion d. Chemil e. Orgni (HUMIX95) f. Biologil (Nitroxin). Cutting off irrigtion in vegettive stge g. Biologil (Biosulfur) h. Comintion (d+e+f). Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge i. Comintion (d+e+g) j. Control ws ssumed tht rupture ourred t the io-yield point i.e. the point where there is sudden derese in fore ginst deformtion. As soon s the io-yield point ws deteted, the experiment ws stopped. Dt olletion ws stopped t the moment of rupturing whih is of gret emphsis in the design of proessing mhinery. Three replitions of sfflower seeds from eh of the 21 tretments were tested in seed relxtion position (Figure 1.). Considering the ompression speed nd time, the sfflower seed deformtion ws omputed nd fore-deformtion urve ws plotted. Rupture fore nd deformtion were mesured diretly from the plotted fore deformtion urve. Energy sored (E R ) y the seed t rupture point ws determined y lulting the re under the fore-deformtion urve. Rupture fore, deformtion t rupture point nd energy used for rupture were mesured t speed of mm/ min, whih is suitle for highly oil ontent mterils (Olniyn nd Oje, 2002). The rupture fore, R F (N) is the minimum fore required to rek the smple. Deformtion t rupture point, D RP (mm) Fore (N) Are= Rupture energy Deformtion (mm) Rupture point Fig. 2. Typil fore-deformtion urve for ompressed seed is the deformtion t loding diretion. Hrdness, H (N/mm) is the rtio of rupture fore nd deformtion t rupture point. It ws lulted s follows: Energy for rupture, E R (J) is the energy required to rupture the seed (Figure 2), whih ould e determined from the re under the urve etween the initil point nd the rupture point. The re ws mesured y using ompression tester softwre. Sfflower seeds were sujet to ompression up to shell filure in order to determine the fore-deformtion ehvior t different tretments. The dimensions of eh seed were determined prior to loding. The results were proessed y the SPSS (Version ). Anlysis of vrine (ANOVA) nd GLM test were used to nlysis the results. Results nd Disussion It ws oserved tht mture or lrger sized seeds my require higher fore to frture with respet to immture or smller seeds. This ws lso reported for sunflower y Surmnin et l. (1990). Furthermore, it ws oserved tht the hevier seeds require higher fore to frture nd hrdness of seeds inresed with the seed mss. It is well known tht the dehulling effiieny of seeds is highly orrelted with the rupture fore. As onsequene, seeds needing less fore to rupture would of etter hoie for proessing units. Additionlly, lssifition sed on seed mss (m) is required sine wrong grding might llow smll seeds pss unrked through the dehulling equipment nd lrger seeds might e roken into smll frgments insted of eing dehulled s lredy oserved in other seeds nd grins (Ashes nd Pek, 1978; Krj nd Muller, 2010).

4 Effet of Drought nd s on Sfflower Mehnil Properties 1219 As indited in Figure 3, rupture fore of Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge tretment t ll levels of nutrient hd higher vlue in omprison with the No utting off irrigtion tretment. It ws proly euse of softer texture of seed nd softening impt of irrigtion on the seed struture. Wheres it ws oserved tht pplying Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge with Orgni (HUMIX95) nutrient hd opposite effet on rupture fore in omprison with others. This ws proly euse of softening effet of orgni nutrient, tht omposed of 12% Foli id, 68% Potssium nd 15-13% Humi id in result of lks. When the omintions of orgni, hemil nd iologil (Nitroxin) nutrients were pplied, rupture fore diminished signifintly with irrigtion, i.e. utting off irrigtion used hrder seeds to e produed. However, it ws oserved tht pplying Cutting off irrigtion in vegettive stge irrigtion with omintion of orgni, hemil nd iologil (iosulfur) or Control nutrient hd the sme effet. This mens tht we n gin the sme yield on sfflower ultivtion y onsuming less. The highest vlue of rupture fore ws otined to e with pplying Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge irrigtion with omintion of orgni, hemil nd iologil (iosulfur) nutrient. This feture my not e desirle for oil extrtion, euse it results in hrder seed hull nd hene more fore required. On the other hnd, it might e useful if the trget is storing seeds. The similr trend ws oserved for Cutting off irrigtion in vegettive stge with Orgni (HUMIX95) or Biologil, (iosulfur) nutrient. Results showed tht pplying of Comintion (d + e + f) nutrient t ll levels of irrigtion hs used diminished rupture fores. This shows tht the tretment uses seed hull to eome softer nd n e esily seprted from kernel y onventionl proessing nd oil extrtion mhinery. Applying Comintion (d + e + f) nd Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge resulted in rittleness of the hull nd redution in required rupture fore. Therefore, ording to Figure 3 nd Figure 4, it n e shown tht pplying Comintion (d + e + f) nd Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge tretments will led to redution of proessing osts. Besides, using Comintion (d + e + f) nd No utting off irrigtion tretments used the lowest rupture fore nd used highest deformtion t rupture point s well. This mens tht seeds hve een more flexile, or in other words, the gp size etween the ompression pltes of hulling equipment should e inresed. Cutting off irrigtion in vegettive stge tretment hd different impt on rupture fore in wy tht it used the minimum rupture fore in some nutrient tretments nd mximum on others. Oviously, this might e due to intertion etween Cutting off irrigtion in vegettive stge nd nutrient tretments. In generl, it ws oserved tht deformtion t rupture point in Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge ws lower thn No utting off irrigtion tretment (Figure 4). It n e due to rittle struture of sfflower seeds i.e. Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge tretment ws pplied. Also there ws not signifint differene etween Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge nd Cutting off irrigtion in vegettive stge tretments t p < 0.05, exept when omintions of orgni, hemil nd iologil (Nitroxin) nutrients were pplied. There ws n inverse reltionship etween fore nd deformtion i.e. inrese in fore, result in drmti fll in deformtion. Minimum vlue otined with performing Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge with omintions of orgni, hemil nd iologil (Nitroxin) nutrients nd No utting Rupture Fore Fig. 3. Mens plot of the sfflower seed rupture fore t vrious tretments Deformtion t Rupture Point Fig. 4. Mens plot of the sfflower seed deformtion t rupture point t vrious tretments

5 1220 off irrigtion with Biologil (Nitroxin). Therefore, the ltter ws enefiil, euse of lower onsumption nd nutrient. Knowing deformtion t the rupture point n e silly useful for the determintion of the gp size etween the dehulling pltes in the proessing mhinery. In most ses, the required energy to rupture the seed ws higher for Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge tretment in ontrst to No utting off irrigtion tretment (Figure 5). This mens tht further energy will e required to rek the rittle seeds. In ddition, there ws not oserved signifint differene etween Cuttings off irrigtion in vegettive stge with other tretments t p < As indited in Figure 5, pplying Comintion (d + e + f) nd Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge used lowest rupture energy whih mens lower energy nd osts required to proess the seeds. As result, this tretment will e onsiderly enefiil. Mximum vlue otined with pplying Cutting off irrigtion in vegettive stge with iologil fertilizer (iosulfur), Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge with Orgni (HUMIX95) nd Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge with Biologil (iosulfur) tretments. Insmuh s these tretments need higher energy for rupture, we must refuse to use them to redue the osts. The hrdness of seeds inresed with the seed mss t ll tretments. Similr results were otined y Krj nd Muller (2010). Hrdness of the seeds ws generlly higher thn tht of kernels. This n e explined y the hrd hull of seeds in ontrst to the soft texture of the kernels. Similr results were reported y Sirisomoon et l. (2007). As indited in Figure 6, hrdness ws higher for Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge tretment in omprison with No utting off irrigtion tretment. M. Feyzollhzdeh, A. M. Nikkht nd A. M. Motlgh Modulus of elstiity n e used in the simultion of seeds for mhine design purposes. Finite element nlysis (FEA) n used to model the mehnil ehvior of the sfflower seed hull fter the seed impt. Modulus of elstiity ws signifintly different etween No utting off irrigtion nd utting off irrigtion in the reprodutive growth stge irrigtion tretment t p < Also there wsn t signifint effet of nutrient on modulus of elstiity in some tretments (Figure 7). Conlusions Mehnil properties suh s rupture fore, deformtion t rupture point; hrdness nd energy required for rupture were reported. It ws oserved tht there ws signifint effet of irrigtion on some mehnil properties t p < Hrdness Fig. 6. Mens plot of the sfflower seed hrdness t vrious tretments Rupture Energy Modulus of Elstity Fig. 5. Mens plot of the sfflower seed rupture energy t vrious tretments 0.00 Fig. 7. Mens plot of the sfflower seed modulus of elstiity t vrious tretments

6 Effet of Drought nd s on Sfflower Mehnil Properties 1221 hd signifint effet on some mehnil properties t p < Men vlues of rupture fore, deformtion t rupture point, energy for rupture, modulus of elstiity nd hrdness of seeds vried within the rnges of (N), (mm), (J), (MP) nd (N/mm) respetively. Minimum vlue of deformtion t rupture point nd energy for rupture were oserved in utting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge while seeds grown with the onventionl irrigtion system were of more rupture point. Modulus of elstiity ws mesured to e MP, its lest vlue, for no utting off irrigtion nd omintion of nutrient tretments. The similr trend ws oserved for hrdness of seeds. It ws proved tht the pplition of orgni fertilizers for sfflower nutrient improved mehnil properties of seeds in omprison with the hemils. Seed struture eme rittle s Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge ws pplied. There ws signifint differene etween Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge nd No utting off irrigtion on rupture fore nd rupture energy. Applying Comintion (d + e + f) nd Cutting off irrigtion in reprodutive growth stge were enefiil ompred to other tretments. Orgni fertilizers n sustitute the hemil fertilizers, wheres orgni fertilizers re more enefiil thn hemil fertilizers emphsizing tht they do not ontminte environment s muh s hemils do. Aknowledgements The uthors would like to thnk the University of Urmi for providing the lortory filities nd finnil support for this projet. The uthors re lso grteful to Dr. Jlilin for his help on gronomy spets of the reserh. Additionlly, speil thnks re owed to Mr Tghvifr for English editing of the text. Referenes AOAC, Assoition of the offiil nlytil hemists, method In: W. Howitz (Ed.) Offiil Methods of Anlysis of the Assoition of the Offiil Anlytil Chemists, 13 th ed., Wshington DC, USA. Ashes, J. R. nd N. J. Pek, A simple devie for dehulling seeds nd grin. Anim. Si. Tehnol., 3: Bumler, E., A. Cunierti, S. M. Nolso nd I. C. Rioene, Moisture dependent physil nd ompression properties of sfflower seed. Journl of Food Engineering, 72: FAO, 2008, Gupt, R. K. nd S. K. Ds, Frture resistne of sunflower seed nd kernel to ompressive loding. Journl of Food Engineering, 46: 1-8. Krj, S. nd J. Muller, Determintion of physil, mehnil nd hemil properties of seeds nd kernels of Jtroph urs L. Industril Crops nd Produts, 32: Li Djue nd H.-H. Mundel, Sfflower. Crthmus tintorius L. Promoting the Conservtion nd Use of Underutilized nd Negleted Crops, 7. Institute of Plnt Genetis nd Crop Plnt Reserh, Gtersleen/Interntionl Plnt Geneti Resoures Institute, Rome, Itly. Olniyn, A. nd K. Oje, Some spets of the mehnil properties of she nut. Biosyst. Eng., 4: Sirisomoon, P., P. Kithiy, T. Pholpho nd W. Mhuttnyvnith, Physil nd mehnil properties of Jtroph urs L. Fruits, nuts nd kernels. Biosystems Engineering, 97 (2): Surmnin, R., M. C. S. Sstry nd K. Venkteshmurthy, Impt dehulling of sunflower seeds: effet of operting onditions nd seed hrteristis. J. Food Eng., 12: Reeived Otoer, 2, 2014; epted for printing Otoer, 5, 2015