Archival copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:

Transcription

1 New Whet Vrieties Skiles Soft White Winter Whet Michel Flowers, C. Jmes Peterson, Andrew Hulting, John Burns, Stephen Guy, nd John Kuehner EM 9004-E April 2010 Vriety description Skiles is common soft white winter whet developed by Oregon Stte University in coopertion with the USDA Agriculturl Reserch Service (USDA-ARS). It is n wned, shortsttured, semidwrf vriety with high yield potentil, high test weight, excellent winter cold tolernce, nd modertely erly mturity. Skiles is resistnt to current rces of stripe rust (Puccini striiformis) nd is modertely resistnt to Fusrium crown rot (drylnd foot rot) nd Cephlosporium stripe. The nme Skiles ws chosen to recognize the ledership nd contributions of Richrd Dick Skiles to the Oregon whet industry. Are of dpttion Skiles is best dpted to drylnd whetgrowing regions in northest Oregon nd southest Wshington (Figure 1, blue-shded regions) where Stephens, Tubbs 06, nd Mdsen re commonly grown. Figure 1. Regions of Oregon (top) nd Wshington (bottom) where Skiles is best dpted (blue). Michel Flowers, Extension cerels specilist, Oregon Stte University; C. Jmes Peterson, professor of whet breeding nd genetics, Oregon Stte University; Andrew Hulting, Extension weed specilist, Oregon Stte University; John Burns, Extension gronomist (retired), cerel vriety testing, Wshington Stte University; Stephen Guy, Extension gronomist, cerel vriety testing, Wshington Stte University; nd John Kuehner, scientific ssistnt, cerel vriety testing, Wshington Stte University.

2 Yer relesed Skiles ws relesed in 2008 nd is protected under the Plnt Vriety Protection Act without the Title 5 option. Agronomic chrcteristics Height nd lodging resistnce The plnt height of Skiles verged 32.4 nd 31.5 inches in trils over 19 site-yers in Oregon nd 39 site-yers in Wshington, respectively. Height is similr to tht of Stephens nd pproximtely 1 to 3 inches shorter thn AP 700 CL, Brundge 96, Mdsen, Msmi, ORCF-101, ORCF-102, ORCF-103, Slute, Tubbs 06, Westbred 528, nd Xerph. Skiles is pproximtely 1 inch tller thn Goetze (Tbles 1 nd 2). Strw strength of Skiles is good, nd lodging hs not been observed in ny production environment. Figure 2. Skiles whet. Tble 1. Grin yield nd gronomic dt for 14 soft white winter whet vrieties grown cross rnge of environments in Oregon, Grin yield Agronomic dt (2-yer men) Northest Oregon OWEYT Test weight 2-yer men 14 site-yers 3-yer men 22 site-yers 2-yer men 19 site-yers 3-yer men 31 site-yers 19 site-yers (lb/bu) Grin protein 19 site-yers Plnt height 19 site-yers (in) Heding dte 12 site-yers (DOY) b Vriety Skiles AP 700 CL Brundge Goetze Mdsen ORCF ORCF ORCF Slute Stephens Tubbs Tubbs Westbred Xerph Men LSD c (0.05) CV d Oregon Winter Elite Yield Trils b Dy of yer c Lest significnt difference d Coefficient of vrition 2

3 Mturity Skiles is midseson-mturing vriety, similr to Brundge 96, ORCF-101, ORCF-102, Slute, nd Tubbs 06. It heds 1 to 3 dys lter thn AP 700 CL, Goetze, Stephens, nd Westbred 528. Skiles heds 1 to 3 dys erlier thn Eltn, Mdsen, ORCF-103, nd Xerph (Tbles 1 nd 2). Vernliztion nd cold tolernce Skiles is winter whet tht requires vernliztion to initite flowering. Results from crown freezing tests ( mesure of cold tolernce) conducted by the USDA-ARS hve shown tht the cold tolernce of Skiles is similr to Xerph nd greter thn ORCF-102 nd Tubbs 06 (Tble 3). Under norml conditions, growers in northest Oregon nd southest Wshington re unlikely to observe winter injury. Disese resistnce Skiles is resistnt to current rces of stripe rust (Puccini striiformis) nd modertely resistnt to Fusrium crown rot (drylnd foot rot) nd Cephlosporium stripe. Skiles is susceptible to Pseudocercosporell strwbreker (eyespot) foot rot, powdery mildew (Erysiphe grminis), nd Septori lef blotch (Tble 3). A fungicide seed tretment is recommended to control common bunt nd other seed-borne diseses. Tble 2. Grin yield nd gronomic dt for 14 soft white winter whet vrieties grown cross rnge of environments in Wshington, Grin yield 2-yer men 39 site-yers Test weight 39 site-yers (lb/bu) Agronomic dt (2-yer men) Grin protein 39 site-yers Plnt height 39 site-yers (in) Heding dte 39 site-yers (DOY) Vriety Skiles AP 700 CL Brundge Eltn Mdsen Msmi ORCF ORCF ORCF Slute Stephens Tubbs Westbred Xerph Men LSD b (0.05) CV c b c Dy of yer Lest significnt difference Coefficient of vrition 3

4 Yield Skiles hs been shown to hve very high yield potentil cross rnge of environments in Oregon. Skiles verged 93.1 bushels per cre cross 31 site-yers of OSU vriety testing, compred to 91.7, 93.5, 86.9, 94.2, 89.5, 94.1, nd 96.2 bushels per cre for Brundge 96, Goetze, ORCF- 101, ORCF-102, Stephens, Tubbs 06, nd Westbred 528, respectively. Skiles verged 83.0 bushels per cre cross 22 site-yers in its primry production re of northest Oregon, compred to 79.5, 81.2, 81.1, 76.8, 83.6, 82.2, 76.0, 82.0, 84.2, nd 83.6 bushels per cre for AP 700 CL, Brundge 96, Goetze, ORCF-101, ORCF-102, Slute, Stephens, Tubbs 06, Westbred 528, nd Xerph, respectively (Tble 1). Skiles lso verged 89.3 bushels per cre in 2 yers of testing in Wshington (39 site-yers), equl to or better thn AP 700 CL, Brundge 96, Mdsen, Msmi, ORCF-101, ORCF-103, Slute, Stephens, Tubbs 06, nd Westbred 528 (Tble 2). Test weight nd qulity Test weight of Skiles verged 61.2 pounds per bushel cross 19 siteyers in Oregon nd 59.3 pounds per bushel cross 39 site-yers in Wshington. These test weights re similr to those for Westbred 528. Test weight of Skiles ws pproximtely 1 to 1.5 pounds per bushel greter thn AP 700 CL, Brundge 96, ORCF-101, Slute, Stephens, Tubbs 06, nd Xerph. Tble 3. Agronomic nd disese rtings for 15 soft white winter whet vrieties grown in Oregon nd Wshington. Rust b Strwbreker Vriety Mturity Winter hrdiness Stripe Lef Septori b Crown rot b Cephlosporium stripe b foot rot b Pseudocercosporell Skiles Midseson 7 R S MR MR S AP 700 CL Midseson 5 MR R MS S S MR/MS Brundge 96 Midseson 5 MR MS S MS/MR MS S Eltn Mid lte 9 MR S MS S MR/MS S Goetze Erly mid 2 R MR MR MS MS MR/MS Mdsen Midseson 5 R MR MS MR/MS MR R Msmi Midseson 5 MS S MR MR/MS R ORCF-101 Midseson 3 MR/MS MS MS MS S S ORCF-102 Midseson 4 R/MR MR MS/MR MR/MS MR/MS R ORCF-103 Mid lte 8 R/MR MS MR MR/MS S Slute Midseson 5 R MS S MS S Stephens Erly mid 3 R S S S S S Tubbs 06 Midseson 5 MR/MS MS MS S S R Westbred 528 Erly mid 4 MS/MR MS S MS/S S S Xerph Midseson 7 MR MS MR/MS MR/MS S Dt compiled from the following sources: Winter Grin Vrieties for 2003, Specil Report 775, Oregon Stte University Extension Service; Oregon Winter Elite Yield Tril Disese Rtings; nd Vriety Chrcteristics, Wshington Stte Crop Improvement Assocition. Scle: 1 10 (10 = excellent; 1 = poor) b R = resistnt; MR = modertely resistnt; MS = modertely susceptible; S = susceptible 4

5 Grin protein of Skiles verged 10.1 percent in Oregon nd 12.2 percent in Wshington, similr to AP 700 CL, Brundge 96, Goetze, Mdsen, ORCF-101, ORCF-102, Slute, Stephens, nd Westbred 528. Milling nd bking evlutions conducted by the USDA-ARS Western Whet Qulity Lbortory nd the PNW Whet Qulity Council suggest tht Skiles is similr to Stephens nd cceptble for soft white winter whet. Grin hrdness vlues for Skiles re similr to Stephens nd 15 points lower thn Tubbs 06, when mesured with the Pertin Single Kernel Chrcteriztion System. Averge brek flour yields nd flour protein contents were similr to those for Stephens nd Tubbs 06. The mix bsorption of Skiles is similr to Stephens nd 0.9 percent greter thn Tubbs 06. The verge cookie spred for Skiles ws similr to Stephens nd 0.21 centimeters greter thn Tubbs 06. Flour swelling volume tests suggest Skiles hs norml strch properties (Tble 4). Development Skiles ws derived from the cross Dusty / ZGP-4074 // Unknown mde in ZGP-4074 is n experimentl line believed to originte from the Institute for Breeding nd Production of Field Crops locted in Zgreb, Croti. The Unknown prent is believed to be vriety or breeding line from Oregon Stte University. Skiles is n F 5 -derived line tht ws identified s hedrow in 2000 by breeders of Hybritech Seed Interntionl, Inc., division of the Monsnto Compny. Skiles ws mong the HybriTech germplsm donted by Monsnto to Oregon Stte University in In 2001, it ws selected s single F 6 plot grown in Pendleton, OR, nd given the experimentl number ORH Tble 4. End-use qulity nlyses of Skiles soft white winter whet in pired comprisons with Stephens nd Tubbs 06. Vriety Kernel hrdness (SKCS) Brek flour yield Flour yield Flour sh Milling score Flour protein Mix bsorption Cookie dimeter (cm) Skiles Stephens Skiles 25.9 b b b Tubbs b b 9.2 Dt provided by USDA-ARS Western Whet Qulity Lbortory, Pullmn, Wshington. Single Kernel Chrcteriztion System b Sttisticlly significnt difference (p < 0.05), bsed on pired t-test 5

6 Seed vilbility Breeder nd Foundtion seed will be mintined by the Wshington Stte Crop Improvement Assocition (WSCIA). Skiles is protected under U.S. Plnt Vriety Protection without the Title 5 option (PVP ). Certifiction clsses recognized for Skiles include Foundtion, Registered, nd Certified. Seed of Skiles hs been deposited in the USDA Ntionl Smll Grins Collection, Aberdeen, Idho (PI ). It is requested tht the source of this mteril be cknowledged in future use by whet breeding nd genetics progrms. Vriety development tem C.J. Peterson, M. Verhoeven, M. Lrson, C. Gynor, B. Hoefer, J. von Zitzewitz, G. Vollmer, M. Flowers, A. Ross, nd J. Ohm, Deprtment of Crop nd Soil Science, Oregon Stte University, Corvllis, OR C. Morris nd D. Engle, USDA-ARS Western Whet Qulity Lbortory, Wshington Stte University, Pullmn, WA R. Smiley, Columbi Bsin Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, Oregon Stte University, Pendleton, OR C. Mundt, Deprtment of Botny nd Plnt Pthology, Oregon Stte University, Corvllis, OR X. Chen, D. Skinner, nd K. Cmpbell, USDA-ARS, Wshington Stte University, Pullmn, WA J. Robinson, Wshington Stte Crop Improvement Assocition, Pullmn, WA Mngement guidelines Figure 3. Foundtion seed increse of Skiles whet. Plnting dte Skiles is brodly dpted vriety tht hs shown excellent performnce cross wide rnge of plnting dtes in Oregon. The incidence of diseses such s Fusrium crown rot, strwbreker (eyespot) foot rot, nd Cephlosporium stripe, s well s insect-vectored diseses such s Brley Yellow Dwrf Virus, increses in erly whet plntings. Skiles is 6

7 Tble 5. Grin yield of seven soft white winter whet vrieties in plnting dte study t Moro, Oregon, Plnting dte 2007 Stephens Tubbs 06 modertely resistnt to Fusrium crown rot nd Cephlosporium stripe, mking this vriety n excellent choice for erly plntings. Plnting dte studies hve confirmed this recommendtion; for September plntings in yers with high disese pressure, yields of Skiles were up to 9 bushels more per cre thn those of Stephens, ORCF-101, ORCF-102, Goetze, nd Tubbs 06 (Tble 5). In on-time plntings, Skiles hs shown high yield potentil cross wide rnge of environments ORCF-101 ORCF-102 ORCF-103 in Oregon nd Wshington. Plntings in erly to mid-october re considered on-time for much of Oregon. Goetze Yields of ll vrieties re reduced when they re plnted lte compred to on-time plntings. However, Skiles is lso good choice for lte plntings. Plnting dte studies hve shown tht yields of Skiles re similr to those of Tubbs 06, but slightly less thn those of Goetze, for lte plntings. Additionlly, lte plntings of Skiles yield n verge of 3 to 15 bushels more per cre thn Stephens, ORCF-101, nd ORCF-102 (Tble 5). Skiles LSD (0.05) September October October November September October November Lest significnt difference Tble 6. Grin yield of Skiles cross three seeding rtes t Moro nd Pendleton, Oregon, Seeding rte (seeds/ft 2 ) Plnting dte Moro LSD (0.05) October October November Pendleton October October November Lest significnt difference Seeding rte The recommended seeding rte for soft white winter whet in Oregon is 22 seeds per squre foot. For lte-plnted whet, increse the seeding rte to 33 seeds per squre foot. Seeding rte trils hve confirmed tht these generl recommendtions re vlid for Skiles. Incresed seeding rtes in lte plntings resulted in yield increse of bout 8 bushels per cre for Skiles (Tble 6). 7

8 Archivl copy. For current informtion, see the OSU Extension Ctlog: Seeding rtes for most equipment re djusted in pounds per cre. To void hevy or light plntings, it is importnt to determine the proper seeding rte using the number of seeds per pound. Conversions for rnge of seeds per pound re found in Tble 7. The number of seeds per pound depends on seed size nd vries depending on vriety, production environment, nd yer. Skiles hs bove-verge kernel weight, nd the number of seeds per pound is equl to or greter thn tht of Stephens nd ORCF-102. Seeds per pound my be obtined from your seed deler or cn be determined by weighing 50-seed smple nd using Tble 7. Tble 7. Seeding rte conversion from seeds per squre foot to pounds per cre. Seeding rte Seeds per pound 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000 Weight of 50-seed smple (g) Pounds per cre needed for 22 seeds/ft Pounds per cre needed for 33 seeds/ft Fertiliztion Skiles hs been grown cross wide rnge of environments, nd no specil fertility requirements hve been observed. Therefore, it is recommended tht growers follow the recommended fertiliztion guidelines for soft white winter whet in their re. Figure 4. Skiles whet. Herbicide pplictions Whet vrieties my hve differentil sensitivity to commonly pplied herbicides. To dte, no dverse effects of herbicide ppliction hve been observed with Skiles. Mny, but not ll, of the currently lbeled herbicides for use in whet in Oregon hve been pplied to Skiles without visible crop dmge. Herbicide pplictions should be mde in ccordnce to lbel directions nd ll pplicble stte nd federl regultions. Fungicide pplictions A fungicide ppliction is unlikely to be necessry when growing Skiles in its primry region of dpttion. However, no sensitivity to current fungicides is known. When pplying fungicides, follow lbel directions nd ll pplicble stte nd federl regultions. 8

9 Yield components Whet yield consists of three components: hed number, kernels per hed, nd kernel weight. Both hed number nd kernels per hed re determined erly in whet development, t Feekes 2 5. Kernel weight is determined lter in the growing seson t Feekes Although environment plys n importnt role in yield, genetic fctors hevily influence the wys in which the three components combine to determine yield. Totl grin yield of Skiles is determined by fctors influencing hed fertility nd kernel weight more thn by hed number nd hed size. Compred to widely grown vrieties such s Stephens nd Tubbs 06, Skiles is chrcterized by low to verge hed numbers, verge hed size, verge to high hed fertility, nd high kernel weights (Tble 8). Acknowledgments Apprecition is extended to the Monsnto Compny for their contributions to development of Skiles nd for dontion of germplsm developed by HybriTech Seed Interntionl, Inc., to Oregon Stte University. Apprecition lso is extended to the Oregon Whet Commission for finncil support. Finncil support provided by the Wshington Whet Commission nd Idho Whet Commission for initil screening nd evlution of the HybriTech germplsm is grtefully cknowledged. Tble 8. Yield component comprison of Skiles, Tubbs 06, nd Stephens. Yield component Vriety comprison Hed number Skiles < Tubbs 06 < Stephens Hed size Skiles Stephens < Tubbs 06 Hed fertility Tubbs 06 < Stephens Skiles Kernel weight Tubbs 06 < Stephens Skiles 2010 Oregon Stte University. This publiction ws produced nd distributed in furthernce of the Acts of Congress of My 8 nd June 30, Extension work is coopertive progrm of Oregon Stte University, the U.S. Deprtment of Agriculture, nd Oregon counties. Oregon Stte University Extension Service offers eductionl progrms, ctivities, nd mterils without discrimintion bsed on ge, color, disbility, gender identity or expression, mritl sttus, ntionl origin, rce, religion, sex, sexul orienttion, or vetern s sttus. Oregon Stte University Extension Service is n Equl Opportunity Employer. Published April