Kissi Wakweya and Reta Dargie. Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Sinana Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 208, Bale-Robe, Ethiopia

Transcription

1 Amerin-Eursin J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (5): , 207 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 207 DOI: /iosi.ejes Effet of Different Wee Mngement Prties on Growth, Yiel n Yiel Components of F Ben (Vii f L.) In Ble Highln Conitions, Southestern Ethiopi Kissi Wkwey n Ret Drgie Oromi Agriulturl Reserh Institute, Sinn Agriulturl Reserh Center, P.O. Box 208, Ble-Roe, Ethiopi Astrt: Wee is the mjor proution onstrints for f en proution in Ble Highlns. Its mngement is quite importnt to inrese the proution n proutivity of the rop. Due to suh gps, the experiment ws onute t two lotions viz., Sinn (on-sttion n on frmers fiel) uring 205 n 206 Bon min ropping sesons to evlute the effet of hoeing plus hn weeing frequenies on the yiel of f en. The tretments were onsiste of eleven wee mngement options i.e. weey hek, Hn weeing t ys fter emergene (DAE) n then t DAE, Hoeing t 7 DAE + hn weeing t n then DAE, Hoeing t 7 DAE + hn weeing t DAE, Hoeing t 7 DAE + hn weeing t DAE, Hoeing t 4 DAE + hn weeing t DAE n then t DAE, Hoeing t 4 DAE + hn weeing t DAE, Hoeing t 4 DAE + hn weeing t DAE, Hoeing t 2 DAE + hn weeing t DAE, Hoeing t 28 DAE + hn weeing t DAE, Wee removl t 50% po setting stge. It ws li out in rnomize omplete lok esign (RCBD) with three replitions. Results inite tht f en plnt ws flowere n mture erly when infeste with wees s ompre to well wee ontrolle tretments t oth sites.the growth n yiel ttriutes of f en were signifintly reue when the rop ws left unweee. The result lso showe tht there ws out 4% n 35% yiel reution oure ue to totl wee infesttion of f en s ompre to the reommene two times hn weeing t on-sttion n on-frm respetively. Hoeing t 7 DAE plus twie hn weeing gve yiel vntge of 5% n 7% s ompre to weey hek n the reommene two times hn weeing t on-sttion. There ws 5% n 4% yiel penlty while frmers remove wee t 50% po setting stge for the purpose of feeing their livestok s ompre to hoeing t 7 DAE plus twie hn weeing n the reommene two times hn weeing t on-sttion. Similrly, there ws yiel loss of 7% while wee removl t 50% po setting stge s ompre to the reommene two times hn weeing n hoeing t 28 DAE plus one hn weeing t DAE t on-frm. Thus, it ws onlue tht the use of wee mngement options s of hoeing t 7 DAE plus hn weeing t DAE ws more eonomilly profitle n hs n eptle mrginl rte of return t oth lotions. Key wors: F en Hn weeing mngement Hoeing Wee INTRODUCTION it proues sees with high protein ontent frequently exeeing 20-4% []. It hs een onsiere s F en (Vii f L.) is vlule rop plnt met extener or sustitute n s skim-milk worlwie. It is the leing most importnt pulse sustitute [2]. It lso genertes househol inome rop grown in the highln res of Ethiopi. In Ble for the frming ommunity. However, the yiel of f zone of Oromi regionl stte, the rop is wiely en is generlly low ue to severl ioti n ioti ultivte y the stte frms n smll sle frmers. yiel limiting ftors. Among them, poor wee It n e use s n effetive rek rop in erel mngement in ition to poor soil fertility, untimely rottions sine it sustntilly improves soil fertility sowing n the lk of improve vrieties re the mjor through iologil nitrogen fixtion. At the sme time, ones [3]. Corresponing Author: Kissi Wkwey, Oromi Agriulturl Reserh Institute, Sinn Agriulturl Reserh Center, P.O. Box 208, Ble-Roe, Ethiopi. 383

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (5): , 207 F en is very sensitive rop to the ompetition of oth ro-lef n grss wee speies [4]. They lso oserve tht the extent to whih the yiel is reue y wees epens not only on the wee speies n ensity ut lso on the perio for whih the rop is expose to wees. Therefore, inequte n untimely wee ontrol opertion is one of the ruil ftors using low yiels of the rop. In the stuy re, wees re hllenging prolem to pulse rop prouers. Sine the heriies for most pulses rops re not lolly ville or very limite ess, most smll sle frmers oul not ess to use the hemil for wee ontrol. Due to suh resons, hn weeing is the ommon ulturl prtie to remove wee from pulse rop fiels. However, most of the frmers in Fig. : Monthly rinfll uring the experimentl yers Ble highlns, where f en is wiely grown, hve (205 n 206 min ropping sesons) t Sinn, een prtiing ifferently t ifferent growth stges of Soure: Sinn Agriulturl Reserh Center the rop in orer to remove the wees. Some of the Meteorologil Sttion. frmers remove t the reommene time while others ret fter severe ompetition ourre. In the mentime, in ition to hn weeing, most frmers strte hoeing to reue wee pressure. On the other hn, some frmers o not remove the wee until po setting sine they mintin the wees for niml fees in res where shortge of niml fees re the min hllenges. These temporl vritions of wee mngements onsierly vrie the yiel performnes of the rop n s result its proution n proutivity ross lotions n sesons is low in whih the verge yiel uner smll holer frmers is not more thn.8t h s ompre to its potentil proutivity (3.8t h ) the reently relese Fig. 2: Men monthly mximum n minimum vriety [5]. However, the right time of hoeing n hoeing tempertures ( C) uring the experimentl yers in omintion with hn weeing frequenies n their (205 n 206 min ropping seson) t Sinn, eonomi fesiility stuies were lking in the stuy Soure: Sinn Agriulturl Reserh Center re. Therefore, this stuy ws esigne to evlute the Meteorologil Sttion. effet of hoeing n hn weeing frequenies on growth, see yiel n yiel omponents of f en lle Bon n Gnn se on the time of rop n to reommen eonomilly profitle ulturl wee hrvest. The sesonl nnul rinfll of the re uring mngement options. the ropping sesons (205 n 206 min ropping seson) ws 475 mm n 594 mm, with n verge MATERIALS AND METHODS minimum temperture of 5.8 C n 4.95 C n mximum temperture of 2.37 C n C, respetively Experimentl Sites: The experiment ws onute on (Fig. & 2). The soil of the re ws hrterize y reserh fiel of Sinn Agriulturl reserh enter n Cmisol. The preeing rops plnte in experimentl Sinn on-frm in the highlns of Ble, South-estern sites were re whet whih is the preursor of the Ethiopi uner rinfe onitions uring the min urrent f en. ropping sesons of 205 n 206. Sinn is lote t istne of out 463 km from Ais A t out Experimentl Tretments n Design: For this 7 07 N longitue n 40 0 E ltitue, t n ltitue of experiment, f en vriety lle Mosis ws use s out 2400 meters ove se level. The re is test rop. It ws relese y Sinn griulturl reserh hrterize y imol rinfll pttern whih is lolly enter in 999/2000. The tretments onsiste of eleven 384

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (5): , 207 wee mngement options: () Weey hek, (2) Hn Dt Colletion: Dt were ollete on ys to flower, weeing t ys fter emergene (DAE) n ys to mturity, plnt height, the numer of pos DAE, (3) Hoeing t 7 DAE, hn weeing t DAE plnt, the numer of sees po, ovegroun n DAE, (4) Hoeing t 7 DAE n hn weeing t iomss yiel (kg h ), see yiel (kg h ) n DAE, (5) Hoeing t 7 DAE n hn weeing t see weight in grm were reore from eh net plot DAE, (6) Hoeing t 4 DAE, hn weeing t Thus, ys to flower ws etermine y ounting the DAE n DAE, (7) Hoeing t 4 DAE n hn numer of ys from the te of emergeny to the perio weeing t DAE, (8) Hoeing t 4 DAE n hn when 50% of the plnts h flower se on visul weeing t DAE, (9) Hoeing t 2 DAE n hn oservtions. Dys to mturity ws etermine y weeing t DAE, (0) Hoeing t 28 DAE n hn ounting the numer of ys from the te of emergene weeing t DAE, () Hn weeing or wee to the perio when 90% of the plnts h rehe the hrvesting t 50% po setting stge. The experiment ws physiologil mturity se on visul oservtions. li out in rnomize omplete lok esign (RCBD) Plnt height (m) ws mesure in meter from five replite thrie. Eh plot onsiste of 3 meters long 4 rnomly selete plnts in eh net plot re from the rows spe 40 m prt. The size of eh plot ws 3m x se to the tip (pil u) of the min stem t 2.6m (4.8m ) n the jent loks n plots were physiologil mturity. The numer of pos plnt ws seprte y m n 0.6m istnes, respetively. The net etermine y ounting the numer of pos from eh entrl unit re of eh plot onsiste of 2 rows of rnomly selete non-orer five plnts n the verge smple mesurements, leving sie plnts in the two ount ws tken s the numer of pos per plnt. The outer rows n those t oth ens of eh of the rows numer of sees po ws etermine y iviing the to voi orer effets. The istne etween plnts totl numer of sees from five rnomly selete nonws 0m. The reommene see rte of 25 kg h n orer plnts y the totl numer of pos from eh 00 kg h NPS fertilizer ws uniformly supplie for eh selete five plnts. Aovegroun ry iomss yiel (kg tretment t plnting. h ) were etermine s; t physiologil mturity, plnts from the entrl four rows of net plot size.6m Prtil Buget Anlysis: The prtil uget nlysis ws 2 x3m (4.8m ) were mnully hrveste lose to groun one using [6] to ientify the rewring tretments. surfe using the sikle. Then the hrveste plnts were Atul yiels from experimentl plots were juste sun rie in open ir n then weighe to etermine the own wr y 0% to reflet the ifferene etween ovegroun iomss yiel per hetre. See yiel (kg the experimentl yiel n the yiel tht frmers oul h ) ws mesure fter threshing the sun rie plnts expet from the sme tretment. This is ue to optimum 2 hrveste from eh net plot size 4.8m n the lene plnt popultion ensity, timely lor vilility n see yiel ws weighte using n eletroni lne n etter mngement in wee ontrol n etter juste t 0.5% see moister ontent. Finlly, yiel per seurity uner experimentl onitions [6]. To fin out plot ws onverte to per hetre sis. 000 see weight the gross return the prie of f en (sle prie of (g) ws etermine y ounting 000 sees rnomly 2.50 Birr kg ) previling in the lol mrket t the time of smple from see lots of eh tretment n weighe hrvest whih is the verge of one month ws tken into using n eletroni lne. ount. Similrly, the vrile osts tht vry inlue the ost of lor for hoeing n hn weeing Dt Anlysis: All the ollete t were nlyze using frequenies were; hoeing t 7, 4, 2 n 28 DAE ws [7]. The tretments were ompre for their signifine vlue s 800, 200, 2400 n 2700 Birr h respetively. using lulte lest signifine ifferene (LSD) vlues On the other hn, one hn weeing t DAE t 5% level of proility. n DAE whih followe hoeing ws 800 n 200 Birr h respetively. The two times hn RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS weeing followe hoeing n one hn weeing ws 500 Birr h n wee removl t 50% po setting This experiment ws onute for two yers stge ws 2700 Birr h. Two times hn weeing (205/6 n 206/7 ropping sesons) t two lotions (t n DAE) without hoeing ws 2400 n in Sinn istrit (t Sinn griulturl reserh enter 200 Birr h respetively. experimentl sttion n on-frm). In 205/6 ropping 385

4 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (5): , 207 seson, the experiment ws onute t oth tretment ws flower n mture erly s ompre to lotions n ll the require fiel t were the intensive wee mngement tretments ue to ollete. Even though the experiment ws repete resoure ompetitions in weey hek use fore t the sme lotions in the seon yer (206/7), phonologil growth of the rop. the on-frm tril ws totlly file ue to frost mge ourre efore the time of mturity stge. Therefore, Plnt Height: Result of plnt height presente in the urrent result ws summrize from the two yers t Tles n 2 showe tht weeing tretment h of Sinn reserh sttion n one-yer t from signifint effet on plnt height t Sinn on-sttion frmer s fiel. while non-signifitn effet t on-frm. The highest in plnt height (4.3 m) t on-sttion ws reore when Flowering n Mturity Dte: Tle n 2 showe tht hoeing t 7 DAE n hn weeing t DAE n wee mngement prties h signifint effet on followe y hoeing t 4 DAE n hn weeing t flowering n mturity te t oth lotions. The result DAE, respetively. The shortest plnt height ws inite tht hoeing either t 7 DAE n then hn reore t weey hek, two times hn t DAE weeing t n DAE or hoeing t 7 DAE n n then DAE n hoeing t 4 DAE plus two times then hn weeing t DAE t on-sttion flowere hn weeing t DAE n then DAE. This lte ompre to other tretments. On the other hn, my e erly wee removl filittes plnts to hve more hoeing t 7 DAE n followe y hn weeing t resoures for growth. These results gree with [9, 0] DAE n hoeing t 4 DAE n then hn weeing they foun tht twie hn weeing signifintly t n then DAE t on-frm flowere ltely inrese shoot length while unweee tretment h ompre to the other tretments. While weey hek erese plnt height. Similrly, [8,, 2] lso reporte plots were flowere erly t oth lotions. This my e the tllest plnt ws otine in wee free tretment n ue to resoure ompetition use nrrow lef uner intensive wee mngement, while the smllest ws whih fix the lowest mount of nitrogen n less oserve t ontrol tretment. trnslotion of photosynthtes from soure to sink whih resulte in lte flower formtion. Regring Numer of Pos Plnt : Wee mngemet prties mturity perio t oth lotions, hoeing t 28 DAE with signifintly ffete numer of pos plnt t Sinn hn weeing t DAE mture lte s ompre to on-sttion while no signifint effet t on-frm. The weey hek n wee hrvesting t 50% po setting highest numer of pos plnt (3.9) t on-sttion ws stge. This implies tht the presene of wees in the f otinee when hoeing t 7 DAE n hn weeing t en fiel might use severe resoure ompetition with DAE n then DAE though it ws in pr with the rop tht my le to fore mturity. Similr result most tretments. The minimum vlue ws oserve in ws reporte y [8], who reporte tht weey hek weey hek n wee removl t 50% po setting stge. Tle : Effet of wee mngement prties on f en growth, yiel n yiel omponents t Sinn reserh sttion uring 205 n 206 min ropping seson. Tretments DF DM PH (m) PPP SPP BY (kg h ) SY (kg h ) TSW (g) Weey hek HW t & DAE Hoeing t 7 DAE+HW t & DAE Hoeing t 7 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 7 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 4 DAE+HW t & DAE Hoeing t 4 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 4 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 2 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 28 DAE + HW t DAE Wee Removl t 50% Po setting stge Men LSD (5%) Ns CV (%) Mens with the sme letters re non signifint, DF= Dys to flowering, DM= Dys to mturity, PH= Plnt height, PPP= Pos per plnts, BY= Biomss yiel, SY =see Yiel, TSW= Thousn see weight, CV= Coeffiient of vrition, LSD= Lest signifint ifferene. 386

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (5): , 207 Tle 2: Effet of wee mngement prties on f en growth, yiel n yiel omponents t Sinn on-frm uring 205 min ropping seson. Tretments DF DM PH (m) PPP SPP BY (kg/h) SY (kg/h) TSW (g) Weey hek HW t & DAE Hoeing t 7 DAE+HW t & DAE Hoeing t 7 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 7 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 4 DAE+HW t & DAE Hoeing t 4 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 4 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 2 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 28 DAE + HW t DAE Wee Removl t 50% Po setting stge Men LSD (5%) ns Ns ns CV (%) Mens with the sme letters re non signifint, DF= Dys to flowering, DM= Dys to mturity, PH= Plnt height, PPP= Pos per plnts, BY= Biomss yiel, SY =see Yiel, TSW= Thousn see weight, CV= Coeffiient of vrition, LSD= Lest signifint ifferene. This my e erly wee removl filittes plnts to hve hoeing t 7 DAE plus hn weeing t n then t more resoures for growth n low ortion of flowers t DAE t on-sttion n hoeing t 4 DAE plus one the erly rop growth stge ue to less wee-rop hn weeing t n then t DAE, ut ompletion for resoures espeilly, for sunlight. These sttistilly t pr with most tretments t on-frm. The results re in omformity with the finings of [9, 0], they next highest iomss yiel (0972 n 825 kg h ) were foun tht twie hn weeing inrese numer of pos otine when hoeing t 4 DAE plus hn weeing t plnt while unweee tretment h low numer of DAE n hoeing t 7 DAE plus hn weeing t pos lnt DAE were prtie while the lowest vlues were reore uner weey hek (743 n 3993 kg h ) Numer of Sees Po : Wee ontrol methos showe followe y wee removl t po setting stge (8472 n signifint effet on numer of sees po t Sinn on- 467 kg h ) t on-frm n on-sttion respetively. frm. Wheres, it ws non-signifint t on-sttion. This Hoeing t n erly growth stge (4 DAE) in omintion ifferene might e srie the ifferenes in with hn weeing t n then t DAE t onenvironmentl n soil onitions tht previle t the frm n hoeing t 7 DAE in omintion with hn two lotions. The t from on-frm revele tht the weeing t DAE n then t DAE h shown highest numer of sees po (2.9) ws reore y signifint iomss yiel inrese y % n 20% t onhoeing t 2 DAE n hn weeing t DAE though frm n on-sttion, respetively s ompre to hn it ws in pr with most tretments. This might e ue to weeing prties t DAE n then DAE low wee-rop ompetition t erly stge n high (Tle ). This result implies tht in ition to erly ompetition t lter stges. The lowest vlue ws estlishe wee ontrol, hoeing t erly growth stge reore when hoeing t 4 DAE n hn weeing t 25- my improve soil ertion tht oul help for effetive 30 DAE though it ws in pr with most of the tretment. miroil tivities, prtiulrly for iologil nitrogen This result ws in line with [3, 4]. They lso reporte the fixtion n hene N vilility to the rop might e highest numer of sees po uner wee free tretment, improve. Moreover, the higher iomss yiel uner while the lowest ws otine uner wee infeste intensive wee mngement prties might e ue to the tretment. Contriting to the urrent result, [5] effet of wee ontrol from the erly estlishment of the reporte tht numer of sees po ws not ffete y rop y hoeing n then hn weeing tht signifintly wee ontrol mesures sine it ws genetilly ontrolle reue the ompetition effet. In greement with this n prt of plnt hrter. result [4], reporte the highest iomss yiel were otine t one hn weeing plus hoeing t 4 weeks Biomss Yiel: As inite in Tles n 2, vrious fter rop emergene whih ws non-signifintly ulturl wee mngement prties h signifintly ifferent from one hn weeing plus hoeing t 3 weeks (P=0.05) influene the iomss yiel. The highest fter n emergene n omplete wee free tretments. iomss yiel (667 n 9653 kg h ) were otine y They further reson out tht it might e ue to etter 387

6 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (5): , 207 onition in soil rhizosphere whih improve the On the other hn, t Sinn on-frm, ll tretment ompetitive ility of the rop n fvore more mens, exept weey hek, were sttistilly similr yiel vegettive growth. Moreover, [6]; reporte the inrese responses uner vrious ulturl wee mngement iomss yiel of the rop ws highly governe y the prties. Even though yiel performne ws not length of wee free perio. signifintly ifferent, 7% numeril yiel reution oul our when wee hrvesting t po setting stge See Yiel: The ifferene in see yiel ws oserve to ws prtie when ompre with hoeing t 28 DAE n e highly signifint ue to ifferent wee mngement then one hn weeing t DAE n two times prties t oth lotions. At Sinn expermentl-sttion, hn weeing (25-30 DAE n DAE). This result the highest see yiel ( kg h ) ws otine when inite tht wee pressure t erly rop estlishment hoeing t 7 DAE plus hn weeing t n then t ws low s ompre to Sinn on-sttion. wee DAE. The next highest see yiel ( kg h ) mngement prties t erly stge, t Sinn on-sttion, ws otine when hoeing t 7 DAE plus hn weeing resulte in positive yiel response s ompre to ont DAE were prtie. However, the lowest see frm, whih respon to lte wee mngement like hoeing yiel (990.2 kg h ) ws otine uner weey hek t 28 DAE n then t DAE n two times hn n followe y wee hrvesting t po setting stge weeing t DAE n then DAE. These two (992.3 kg h ). Hoeing t n erly growth stge (7 DAE) ontrsting results might inite tht the vrition might in omintion with hn weeing t DAE n then e ue to the vrition in moisture vilility or rinfll t DAE h showe signifint see yiel inrese istriution hppene uring the experimentl seson. y 7% ompre to hn weeing prties t Thus, uring the experimentl seson t plnting time, DAE n then t DAE (Tle ). This result implies high mount of rinfll istriution ws oserve t tht in ition to erly estlishe wee ontrol, hoeing Sinn on-sttion not for less thn two weeks s t n erly growth stge my improve soil ertion tht ompre to on-frm. However, enough moisture ws oul help for effetive miroil tivities, prtiulrly for oserve t on-frm t rop mturity stge thn oniologil N 2 fixtion n hene N vilility to the rop sttion though, seprte meteorologil t ws not might e improve. However, hoeing t or fter 4 DAE ville. Therefore, from Sinn on-frm t, it ws n even with two times hn weeing t DAE n oserve tht the highest see yiel ws reore when DAE onsierly reue grin yiel y not less hoeing t 28 DAE plus one hn weeing t DAE thn 3% s ompre to hoeing t 7 DAE plus two times n two times hn weeing t DAE n then t 40- hn weeing (25-30 n DAE). The yiel reution 45 DAE followe y hoeing t 7 DAE plus one hn oul e vrie from 3-3% when hoeing t or fter 4 weeing t DAE n then DAE. The result DAE in omintion with ifferent hn weeing lso showe yiel reution of out 35% ws oserve frequenies t ifferent rop growth stge. This result when f en ws unweee ompletely s ompre lerly revele tht hoeing t n erly stge is to hoeing t 28 DAE n then one hn weeing t eterminnt effet on the yiel performne of the rop in DAE n two times hn weeing t DAE n then Sinn n similr gro-eologil res. These results re t DAE. supporte y those of [7, 8]. They foun tht gren ress n whet yiel were erese s the wee Thousn See Weight: Different wee mngement infeste urtion inrese ue to erese in the yiel prties signifintly ffete 000 see weight t onomponents like numer of rnhes plnt n numer sttion while non-signifint influene t on-frm. The of see plnt. Wee hrvesting t po setting stge t from on-sttion revele tht the highest 000 see signifintly ffete n more thn 47% n 5% grin weight ws reore when hoeing t 28 DAE n then yiel reution were oserve ompre to hoeing t 7 one hn weeing t DAE evenghough it ws DAE plus hn weeing t DAE n hoeing t 7 sttistilly in pr with hoeing t 7, 4 n 2 DAE plus DAE plus hn weeing t DAE n then hn weeing t DAE n wee removl t 50% po DAE, respetively. This inite tht f en setting stge. This might e ue to ely wee-rop proution without weeing until po setting stge ompetition ws eliminte y hoeing n then the signifintly ffete yiel performne. Although frmers lte omer wee ompetition ws omitte y hn use the wee s n niml fees when the fee shortge weeing. Similr finings were reporte y [4, 2] where is ritil. Similr to this fining, [9, 20] reporte tht f plnts uner omplete wee free environment were en hn hoeing resulte in goo ontrol of wee. free from wee ompetition tht might hve enhne the 388

7 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (5): , 207 Tle 3: Eonomi n Mrginl Anlysis of Wee Control Prties t Sinn Reserh Sttion, Highlns of Ble, uring 205 n 206 Min Cropping Sesons. Tretments Yiel (kg h ) AY (kg/h) GI (Birr) VC (Birr) NB (Birr) MRR (%) Weey hek HW t & DAE D Hoeing t 7 DAE+HW t & DAE Hoeing t 7 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 7 DAE + HW t DAE D Hoeing t 4 DAE+HW t & DAE D Hoeing t 4 DAE + HW t DAE D Hoeing t 4 DAE + HW t DAE D Hoeing t 2 DAE + HW t DAE D Hoeing t 28 DAE + HW t DAE D Wee Removl t 50% Po setting stge D Tle 4: Eonomi n Mrginl Anlysis of Wee Control Prties t Sinn On-frm, Highlns of Ble uring, 205 Min Cropping Seson. Tretments GY (kg h ) AGY(kg/h) GI(ETB) VC (ETB) NB (ETB) MRR (%) Weey hek Wee Removl t 50% Po setting stge Hoeing t 7 DAE + HW t DAE Hoeing t 7 DAE + HW t DAE D Hoeing t 4 DAE + HW t DAE D Hoeing t 4 DAE + HW t DAE D HW t & DAE Hoeing t 2 DAE + HW t DAE D Hoeing t 28 DAE + HW t DAE D Hoeing t 7 DAE + HW t & DAE D Hoeing t 4 DAE + HW t & DAE D HW = Hn weeing, DAE = Dys fter emergeny, AY = Ajuste yiel, GI = Gross inome, VC = Vrile ost, NB = Net enefit, MRR = Mrginl rte of return, D = Dominte vilility of nutrients etter trnslotion of weeing t DAE t oth lotions n showe tht photosynthtes from soure to sink resulting in higher it ws eonomil for wee mngement option in f umultion of photosynthtes in the see. The lowest en proution. Thus, it ws onlue tht the use of vlue ws reore when hoeing t 7 DAE n then one wee mngement options s of hoeing t 7 DAE plus hn weeing t DAE. The min reson for low see hn weeing t DAE ws more eonomil t weight might e ue to the ritil perios of wee Sinn On-sttion while two times hn weeing (25-30 ompetition in f en ws egin from 30 DAE []. DAE n DAE) is eonomilly profitle n hs n eptle mrginl rte of return. Prtil Buget Anlysis: Eonomi nlysis of ifferent wee mngement options revele tht wee ontrol in CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS f en y the use of hoeing plus hn weeing frequenies gve ifferent eonomi return s ompre Wee pressure is the min river ftors tht to weey hek, wee removl t 50% po setting stge influene the proution n proutivity of f en. n hn weeing frequeny (Tle 3 & 4). Thus, hoeing Even though integrte wee mngement pprohes is t 7 DAE plus two times hn weeing t n then the est option for effetive n sustinle wee ontrol, t DAE n two times hn weeing t n ulturl prtie is one of the est strtegy for the ontrol then DAE gve the highest net enefit ( of wee, prtiulrly in res where ess to post or pren irr) followe y hoeing t 7 DAE plus hn emergene heriie is very limite. Among ifferent weeing t DAE n hoeing t 28 DAE plus hn ulturl prties, hoeing n hn weeing re some of weeing t DAE with net enefits of ( n them. The result of this experiment, whih fouse on irr) from on-sttion n on-frm, respetively. ifferent ulturl prties, revele tht hoeing t 7 DAE However, the mximum mrginl rte of return (4.8 n plus two times hn weeing (25-30 DAE n then t %) ws reore for hoeing t 7 DAE plus hn 45 DAE) t on-sttion two times hn weeing (

8 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 7 (5): , 207 DAE n DAE) t Sinn On-frm performe n 8. Kissi Wkwey D. n G. Ret Drgie, 207. The optimum yiel vntge ompre to other tretments n hene reommene for the en users. On the other hn, even though some frmers in the stuy res prtie wee hrvesting t po setting stge for the purpose of niml fees when the fee shortge is ritil, signifint yiel losses were oserve n hene not visle for f en proution. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We woul like to knowlege Oromi Agriulturl Reserh Institute n Agriulturl Growth Progrm II (AGP II) for finnil support to exeute the experiment. The uthors lso sinerely knowlege Sinn Agriulturl Reserh Center for tehnil n mngeril support uring the experimentl perios. Gret thnks lso go to memers of pulse n oil rops reserh tem who thoroughly supervise n ollete t regulrly. REFERENCES. Crepon, K., P. Mrget, C. Peyronnet, B. Crroue, P. Arese n G. Du, 200. Nutritionl vlue of f en (Vii f L.) Sees for fee n foo:fiel Crop Reserh. 5: Tll Thlji n Ghli Shlleh Effet of plnting Dte on F Ben (Vii f L.) Noultion n Performne uner Semiri onitions. 3. Ghizw, A. n A. Moll, 994. F en n fiel pe gronomy reserh. In: Telye A., Bejig G., Sxen M.C., Solh M.B. (es.): Cool-seson foo st legumes of Ethiopi. Proeeings of the Ntionl Cool-seson Foo Legumes Review Conferene, 6-20 Deemer, 993, Ais A, Ethiopi. ICARDA/IAR. ICARDA: Aleppo, Syri, Gethew Agegnehu n Rezene Fessehie, Response of f en to phosphte fertilizer n wee ontrol on Nitisols of Ethiopin Highlns. Itl. J. Agron. Riv. Agron., 2: Crop Vriety Registrtion yer ook.206. Issue Numer. 8: June, 206 Ais A, Ethiopi. 6. CIMMYT (Interntionl Mize n Whet Improvement Center) From Agronomi Dt to Frmer Reommentions: Eonomis Trining Mnul Completely Revise Eition, Mexio. 7. TM SAS Institute In SAS/Genetis 9..3 Cry, NC, SA. Effet of Pre-emergene Heriie (Dul gol) n Hn Weeing Frequenies on F Ben (Vii f L.) Growth, Yiel n Yiel Components in Ble Highlns, Southestern Ethiopi. Sientifi Journl of Pure n Applie Seines, 6(7): Ahme M. El Nim, Mon A. Eloum, Elshiekh A. Irhim, Moy n M.B. Zie, 20. Influene of Plnt Sping n Wees on Growth n Yiel of Penut (Arhis hypoge L) in Rin-fe of Sun. Journl of Avnes in Life Sienes, (2): Bery, K.A., Effet of weeing regimes on f en (vii f L.) yiel in the Northern Stte of Sun. University of Khrtoum Journl of Agriulturl Siene, 5: Kvurmi, Z., U. Krvut, K. Kökten n A. Bkoðlu, 200. Determining ritil perio of wee-rop ompetition in f en (Vii f). Int. J. Agri. Biol., 2: Ahkzi, A.K.K., 202. Effet of vrious levels of nitrogen fertilizer on some vegettive growth ttriutes of pe (Pisum stivum L.) ultivrs. Pk. J. Bot., 44(2): Amregou, A., Jitenr Jhv, M.B. Chetti n Nwlgtti, 203. Effet of Weeiies on Physiologil Prmeters, Growth, Yiel n Yiel Components of Soyen (Glyine mx. L) n Wee Growth. Journl of Agriulture n Allie Sienes, 2(4). 4. Gethew Mekonnen, J., J. Shrm, Lisnework Negtu n Tmo Tn, 207. Effet of Plnting Pttern n Weeing Frequeny on Wee Infesttion, Yiel Components n Yiel of Cowpe [Vign unguiult L.) WALP.] in Wollo, Northern Ethiopi. Journl of Agriulture, Forestry n Fisheries. Siene Pulishing Group. 6(4): Sulimn Am Ahme Mohmme Effet of Wee Control on Growth n See Proution of Butterfly Pe (Clitori ternte) Uner Rinfe Conitions t Zlingei Western Drfur Stte-Sun. ARPN Journl of Siene n Tehnology 3(5). 6. Mizn, A., J.J. Shrm n W. Geremehin, Estimtion of Critil Perio of Wee-Crop Competition n yiel Loss in Sesme (Sesmum inium L.). Ethiopin Journl of Wee Mngement, 3(): Muhmm Shehz, Asif Tnveer, Muhmm Ayu, Khurm Mueen, Neem Srwr, Muhmm Irhim n Imrn Qir. 20. Effet of wee-rop ompetition on growth n yiel of gren ress (Lepiium stivum L.). Journl of Meiinl Plnts Reserh, 5(26):

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