Potentials of Tillage and Mulch Application on Imperata cylindrica Control in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench in Isohyperthemic Arenic Kandult

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1 Amerin-Eursin J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (2): , 2010 ISSN IDOSI Pulitions, 2010 Potentils of Tillge n Mulh Applition on Impert ylinri Control in Okr (Aelmoshus esulentus (L) Moenh in Isohyperthemi Areni Knult A.E. Ie n D.K. Mukwe Deprtment of Forestry n Willife Tehnology, Shool of Agriulture n Agriulturl, Teh. Feerl University of Tehnology, Owerri, Nigeri Astrt: An experiment ws onute in the Tehing n Reserh Frm of the Shool of Agriulture n Agriulture Tehnology, Feerl Univsersity of Tehnology Owerri, to ssess the effets of tillge metho n mking on the ontrol of Impert ylinri in fiel grown okr. The experiment ws li out in Rnomize Complete Blok Design (RCBD) rrnge in split-plot fshion with the tillge methos (mouns, rige n notill) s min plots while the mulh mterils (plm kernel shell, plm unh wste, Pnium mximum n nomulh) forme the suplots. The experimentl re ws lere n prepre with respet to the vrious tillge metho n the no-till n no-mulh plots forme the ontrol. Okr sees were plnte s the set up ws monitore n t ws ollete on the following prmeter n reore, wee ensity, lef sission, numer of orte flowers, fruit weight (g) n fruit yiel (kg/h). Results showe tht rige metho of tillge h signifint (p<0.05) influene on the evelopment n ensity of Impert ylinri n tht in terms of okr performne rige metho with plm kernel shell mulh gve positive signifint results in terms of lef sission, numer of orte flowers n fruit weight. However, it ws oserve tht the highest (425.2kg/h) signifint (p<0.05) fruit yiel ws oserve from plots tht reeive plm unh wste. It ws onlue tht rige metho of tillge with plm kernel shell s mulh mterils hs greter potentils in suppressing Impert ylinri growth without impiring the growth of okr plnt. Key wors: Impert ylinri Suppression Tillge Mulhing Wee ontrol Okr INTRODUCTION n quntify rop yiel. Losses ue to wee infesttion [4]. Most of the ville literture in wee siene Okr is fruit vegetle of nturl importne n lssifie wee ontrol prtie in vriety of wy is proue n onsume in ll the eologil zones suh s hn weeing, mehnil, iologil n of Nigeri [1]. Okr hs gine wie populrity in terms hemil wee ontrol. Weeing therefore is n essentil of ultivtion n eptility ll over the worl [2]. It is spet of rop proution without whih iret seee wrm seson rop wiely ultivte y goo numer rops suh s okr n oome for filure euse of frmers oth in ommeril n susistene sle seelings of suh sees lk the ompetitive ility to in the humi tropil low lns of south Estern Nigeri ompete with wees in the fiel espeilly wee like [3]. The proution figures in this re rnge Impert ylinri. etween 6-12 tones/h. The rop thrives will in wie Impert ylinri L. Reushel lso known s rnge of soil ut performs est on well-rine lom spergrss is perniious perennil grssy wee of soil with ph rnge of signifint importne in tropil n sutropil zones However, onstrints suh s poor level of s well s in some wrm prt of the temperte regions fertilizer input n inequte tehnology for ontrol of the worl [5]. It is onsiere s the worst wee of of pest n iseses hve een oserve to ompre southestern Asi n the most svnn of West Afri the proution of okr in the southestern Nigeri. [6] n mong the nine grssy wee speies tht require Gret efforts hve een me in reent times to ess itionl efforts eyon the neee to ontrol other Corresponing Author: A.E. Ie, Deprtment of Forestry n Willife Tehnology, Shool of Agriulture n Agriulturl Teh. Feerl University of Tehnology, Owerri, Nigeri, E-mil: onwithhrism@yhoo.om 176

2 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (2): , 2010 wees. It is noxious euse of its wie istriution n RESULTS ption to wie rnge of limti onitions n soils, its high ompetitive ility with mny rops n its Soil Properties: The results of the nlysis showe tht resistne to ontrol. the soil on the experimentl site is sny lom soil with Tehnologies for ontrolling Impert 82.5% sn, 6.85% ly n 10.65% silt. The orgni ylinri hve een evelope ut very few mtter ontent of the soil ws t 1.85% with totl nitrogen hve een wiely opte y smll sle frmers of 0.079% n ville phosphorus of 42.11ppm. [7]. This inlues tillge methos. Tillge is Potssium level stoo t 0.28 mol/kg with ph level of 4.63 vntgeous where soil moisture is high n uses low n orgni ron ontent of 1.07%. Results lso nitrogen moiliztion, improves rooting pttern n showe the ECEC of the soil ws 5.85meq/100g. Soil while les to etter wee mngement [7]. Holm et l. [8] the lium, mgnesium n soium levels were 6.00, 4.00 hve reporte reue wee popultion with tillge. n 0.24 (Cmol/kg), respetively (Tle 1). Aprt from reuing wee popultion, tillge lso provies n environment where wees n heriies Wee Density: Tillge metho n mulh mterils h n intert. There is therefore the nee to stuy the signifint (p<0.05) influene on the evelopment n response of rops to tillge n wee ontrol prties. estlishment of Impert ylinri. On the plots with This present stuy is ime t ssessing the effets of mouns, plm kernel shell-mulhe res reore tillge n mulh pplition on ontrol of Impert 102.3m2 s re overe y the Impert ylinri were ylinri in Okr. while plm unh wste n Pnium mximum-mulhe 2 re reore 130o1 n 198.5m (Fig 1). On the plots with MATERIALS AND METHODS 2 rige, plm kernel shell-mulhe res reore 75.6m s re overe y wee while plm unh wste n The experiment ws onute in the Tehing Pnium mximum-mulhe re reore n n Reserh Frm of the Shool of Agriulture n 160.1m2 (fig 1). On the ontrol (no-till plots), 131.2m2 n Agriulturl Tehnology (SAAT), Feerl University 203.4m2 were reore s re overe y wee for plm of Tehnology Owerri (FUTO), whih lies within the kernel shell, plm unh wste n Pnium mximum, ltitue 5 27 N n longitue 7 02 E with nnul respetively (Fig 1). verge rinfll of 2500mm n verge monthly temperture of 29 C. The experimentl esign ws Lef Asission: Tillge metho h signifint influene rnomize omplete lok in split plot fshion. The on the lef retention ility of okr. The ontrol plot tillge metho (rige, mouns, no-till) forme the reore the highest (13.3) men numer of lef min plot while the mulh mterils forme the sission whih showe signifint ifferene (p<0.05) suplots. The mulhing mterils inlue life mulh from the tille plots while rige plots gve the lowest with Pnium mximum, plm unh wste, plm kernel shell n ontrol (no-mulh). Soil ws prepre n okr sees were plnte two weeks fter Tle 1: Soil physil n hemil properties Soil prmeters Sttus mnure pplition t the rte of three sees per Sn 82.52(%) stns. The entire plots were weee initilly n Cly 6.85(%) Silt 10.63(%) susequently the ontrol plots were no longer Orgni mtter 1.85(%) weee n mulh mterils were pplie. Impert Totl Nitrogen 0.079(%) ylinri emergene ws ssesse in two 0.5m x 0.5m Exhngele Phosphorus 42.11(ppm) gurts in igonl trnset ross the su plots. K 0.28 (mol/kg) The numer of Impert ylinril seelings were ph 4.63 ounte n perentge reution Impert ylinri Orgni ron 1.07(%) reltive to the untrete plot ws ompute. Other Clium 6.00(mol/kg) prmeters monitore inlue wee ensity, lef Mgnesium 4.00 (mol/kg) sission, flower ortion, po yiel of okr n Soium 0.24(mol/kg) po weight. ECEC 5.85 (meq/100g soil) 177

3 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (2): , 2010 Fig. 1: Effets of Tillge n Mulh on Impert ylinri Suppression Tle 2: Effet of Tillge n Mulh in Okr Performne Tretment No of sise lefs No of orte flowers Fresh fruit weight (g) Fruit yiel (kg/h) A. Tillge Mouns Rige Control B. Mulh Mteril Plm kernel shell C Pl, unh wste Pnium mximum Control Intertion ** ** ** * Mens in the sme olumn hving the sme letter(s) re not signifintly ifferent t p<0.05 oring to LSD. (8.0) men numer of lef sission whih i not (p<0.05) from the 1.1 men numer of orte flowers show signifint ifferene (p<0.05) from the 8.1 men reore from okr plnts in the plm kernel shell-mulhe numer of sission reore from the mouns, trete plots (Tle 2). plots (Tle 2). However, the plots mulhe with Pnium mximum h the lowest (9.3) men numer of Okr Fruit Weight n Yiel: Okr plnts on the rige lef sission whih showe signifint ifferent from plots proue the highest (0.70 g) men weight of fruits the 28.3 men reore s the highest lef sission from whih showe signifint ifferene (p< 0.05) from the the ontrol plots (Tle 2). lowest (0.04 g) reore from the ontrol plots (Tle 2). Corresponingly, okr plnts in the rige plots proue Numer of Aorte Flowers: Okr plnts is the ontrol the highest (351.2kg/h) men yiel of okr whih ws plots were oserve to ort greter numer (5.0) of signifintly ifferent from the lowest (166.4kg/h) flowers whih ws signifintly ifferent (p<0.05) from the reore from the ontrol plots (Tle 2). lowest (1.3) men numer of orte flowers reore Okr plnts in the plots tht reeive plm unh from okr plnts on the rige tille plots. Similrly, un- wste gve the highest (0.60kg) men fruit weight whih mulhe plots gve the highest (6.1) men numer of showe signifint ifferene t p<0.05 from the 0.11g orte flowers whih showe signifint ifferene reore from the un-mulhe plots (ontrol) Tle 2). 178

4 Similrly, plm unh wste-mulhe plots proue lie highest (425.2kg/h) men fruit yiel whih ws sttistilly ifferent from the lowest (116.5kg/h) men yiel reore from the ontrol plot (Tle 2). DISCUSSION Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (2): , 2010 Fruit weight reore for tille plots were greter thn tht reore from the untille plots however, the plots mulhe with plm unh wste gve the highest yiel of okr fruits impire to other mulh mterils n the ontrol plots. This oul e ttriute to the liming potentils of the plm unh wste whih oul hve mene the iity of the soil n thus mke it optiml for the okr plnt. This supports the fining of Wrner n Henrix [11] in their stuy of eology, onservtion n proutive mngement. Results of this stuy showe tht tillge n mulhing mterils signifintly impire the evelopment of Impert ylinri in okr plots n s well improve the performne of okr plnt. In terms of wee ensity, it ws oserve tht the highest ensity of wee ws CONCLUSION reore from plots tht were not mulhe. However, it ws oserve lso tht plm kernel shell ws most Greter suppression of Impert ylinri in Okr effiient in suppressing Impert ylinri growth in ws hieve using the rige tillge n mulhing with okr fiel espeilly uner the rige metho of tillge. plm kernel shell, however, mulhing with plm unh The ility of the plm kernel shell to show greter wste in n ii soil will e more effiient in improving potentils thn other mulh mterils oul e ttriute the yiel of okr. to the onentrtion of the mterils on the soil whih impire the emergene of the wee. This however is in REFERENCES line with the finings of Chikoye et l.[9] who stte in their stuies of Imprt ylinri suppression y 1. Shipper, R.R., Afrin Inigenous interropping over rops in Ze mys/mnihot Vegetles: An Overview of Cultivte spp CHAN esulent system tht growth of Impert ylinri n UK, pp: e suppresse with ense mulh. Suppression of 2. Messien, C.M., The Tropi Vegetle Gren Impert ylinri in the tille plots oul e s result Priniples for Improvement n Inrete Proution of see isplement or possily exposure of the with Applition to Min Vegetle Types. The Impert ylinir prts to verse onitions unlike in Mmilln press limite Lonon. pp: the unisture plots. 3. Akploi S.O. n N. Isukwene, Sreening Lef sission ws oserve to e greter in the eight (8) ultivrs of okr, fertilizer ption to ii ontrol plots thn in the mulhe plots. This oul e soil. In: Geneti Soiety of Nigeri. UNN. Septemer ttriute to the verse effet of ompetition etween 5-8: the okr plnt n the Impert ylinril whih is 4. Akgh, O.J., The effets of tillge n mulh perfet ompetitor. Thus the okr plnt oul not sor pplition on Mimos invis (mrt) ontrol in okr enough moisture n nutrient to sustin the leves. (Alemoshus esulentus L. Moenh) in humi However, leve sission ws minimum on the plots environment of south estern Nigeri. B.S. trete with life mulh (Pnium mximum) followe y Reserh Projet. Feerl University of Tehnology plm kernel mulhe plots. But there ws no signifint Owerri, Unpulishe. ifferene (p<0.05) etween the level of leve sission 5. Grrity, D.P., M. Soeki, Vn M. Noorwijk, Del R. in the ontrol plots n plots mulhe with plm unh Cruz, P.S. pthk, H.P.M. Gunsen, N. Vno, G. wste. This phenomenon n e ttriute to the ility Huijun n N.M. Mji, The Impert of the plm unh wste to sor wter from the soil y grsslns of tropil Asi: re, istriution n proess of osmosis where s the plm kernel shell typology. Agroforesty Systems, 36: prevents the rpi evportion of wter from the soil s 6. Terry, P.J., G. Ajers, I.O. Akounu A.U. Anok, well s the ility of the life mulh to ehyrte n M.C. Drotting, S. Tjifrosemito n M. Utorno, moisture to the soil [10]. The sme resons oul e hel Hertiies n mehnil ontrol of Impert for the ortion of flowers whih ws oserve to e ylinri s first step in grssln reliilittion. highest in the ontrol plots thn in the mulh plots. Agrofrestry System, 36:

5 Am-Eurs. J. Agri. & Environ. Si., 9 (2): , Townson, J.K., Impert ylinri n its 10. Wr, P.R., D.J.M. Hll, S.F. Miin, K. Whisson, ontrol. Wee Astrt, 40: T.M. Willis, K. Treler n D. Tennnt, Wter 8. Holm, L.G., D.L. Pluknett, J.V. Pnho n J.P. use y nnul rops. 1 Role of ry mtter proution. Hererger, The Worl s Worst Wees: Austrlin J. Agriulturl Res., 58(12): Distriution n Biology. Honolulu, University 11. Wrner, R.E. n K.M. Henrix, Cliforni Press Hwii, pp: 609. Riprin system: Eology, onservtion n 9. Chikoye, D., F. Ekeleme n E.U. Uensi, proutive mngement. University of Cliforni Impert ylinri suppression y interropping Press, Berkeley, CA., pp: over rops in Ze mys/mnihot esulent systems. Wee Si., 49: