Determining effects of irrigation stress on growth and yield of potato cultivars in Ardabil cold region

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1 J. Bio. & Env. Si Journl of Biodiversity nd Environmentl Sienes (JBES) ISSN: (Print) (Online) Vol. 4, No. 4, p , RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Determining effets of irrigtion stress on growth nd yield of potto ultivrs in Ardil old region Ghsem Rhimi Drd Ardil Tehnil nd Votionl Trining Orgniztion Reserher, Irn Artile pulished on April 18, 2014 Key words: Potto, irrigtion stress, yield. Astrt To determine effets of irrigtion stress on growth nd yield of experimentl potto ultivrs, 6 potto ultivrs were studied in Ardil Agriulturl Reserh Sttion. To perform test, split plot sttistil design sed on Completely Rndomized design ws used in three replites. In this test, wter stress ws pplied with inresing irrigtion distne during growth of the plnt. Ftor of irrigtion intervl with three levels i.e. stress-free (irrigtion every 6 dys), medium stress (irrigtion every 12 dys), nd high stress (irrigtion every 18 dys) ws inluded in min plots nd ftor of potto ultivrs ws inluded in 6 levels in suplots. In this reserh, trits of the numer of dy until emergeny, the numer of dy until tueriztion, the numer of dy until flowering, height of plnt, numer of min stem, dimeter of min stem, numer of tuer per plnt, weight of tuer per plnt nd yield of the plnt were studied. Results of ANOVA showed tht there ws signifint differene mong ll of the studied trits ut numer of dy until tueriztion in terms of irrigtion levels nd ultivrs. Serende nd gri ultivrs produed the highest men yields of tuer with nd tons per hetre nd drg ultivr produed the lowest men yields of tuer with tons per hetre. Potto ultivrs with different irrigtion periods in terms of plnt height, numer of mn stem, nd numer of tuer per plnt, weight of tuer per plnt nd yield of tuer showed intertion. This shows tht differene of ultivrs in different irrigtion periods ws not equl. * Corresponding Author: Ghsem Rhimi Drd mozesh.rtvto@yhoo.om 318 Drd

2 J. Bio. & Env. Si Introdution Considering growing inrese of popultion nd need for food on the one hnd nd neessity of mximum utiliztion of the limited prodution soures on the other hnd requires extensive nd multilterl studies on ll rops prtiulrly the rops whih ply more role in fulfillment of this food requirement (Khjepour, 1994 nd Bei, 1996). Potto is lso one of the importnt rops whih hve een reognized s min nd vlule food like whet, rie nd orn nd plys importnt role in humn nutrition in terms of food seurity of the ountry (Bei, 1996 nd Krimin et l, 1994). This plnt is one of the strtegi produts nd is of speil importne in protein of tuers, hving neessry mino ids in protein, vitmins nd minerls (Khodddi nd Msih, 1996 nd Mlkoti nd Ttei, 1998). Potto is in the fourth ple fter whet, rie nd orn in terms of ultivted surfe nd prodution in the world. This rop is widely distriuted in the world fter orn nd out 140 ountries of the world re ultivted (Khodddi nd Msih, 1996 nd Rezi nd Soltni, 1996). Cultivted surfe of potto in the world is out 19 million hetres nd its glol prodution is more thn 300 million tons. Averge prodution in surfe unit (hetre) is out 16 tons. The reson for low glol verge prodution rte of this rop in the ountries of tropil regions is undesirle limte nd low tehnology in whih yield of potto is low. The most importnt ountries whih produe potto in terms of prodution rte re hin, Indi, the Netherlnds, Belgium, Ameri, Germny, Denmrk, nd Englnd (FAO, 2011). Prodution rte of potto in the ountry hs een estimted to e out 4.02 million tons. Ardil Provine with more thn tons of potto hs gined the seond rnk. Six provines of Hmedn, Ardil, Kordestn, Isfhn, Znjn nd Est Azryejn hve gined totlly 69.91% of potto prodution rte in the ounty. Irrigtion is one of the most importnt wys of inresing qulity yield of vegetles whih is not only importnt in rid nd semirid regions ut lso for humid regions. Generlly, the vegetles whih re ultivted due to their rnh nd lef need uniform humidity during their growth while those whih re ultured due to their fruit nd seed need high wter mount t time of formtion nd growth of fruit (Moli nd Pirste, 1998). It is not possile to hieve suitle yield nd use other inputs optimlly suh s mhinery, fertilizer, poisons nd ll griulturl opertions whih ply role in prodution without providing enough humidity (Akri nd Mortzvi, 1998). Sine most points of our ountry re loted in rid nd semirid regions nd hve limited wter resoures, wter is the first nd the most importnt ftor of limittion in inrese of griulturl produts prtiulrly in potto. It is lso predited tht limte hnges will het the ir in future nd s result, wter need if plnts inreses nd use of wter resoures is limited more (Frshi, 1995). Wter shortge is one of the most ommon types of stress in potto griulture (Mosvi Fzl, 1998) nd is one of the importnt ftors of deresing yield. Sine potto is sensitive to wter stress (Foti et l, 1995; Hrris, 1987 nd Hrris, 1992). Provision of enough irrigtion wter is regrded s one of the importnt wys of inresing qulity nd quntity of potto. Bsed on reserh y Hrris (1992) nd Struik nd Voorst (1986), soil wter ontent should not e less thn 50% of mximum essile wter in the root to otin high yield in potto. Provision of enough wter fter formtion of tuer inreses tuer size per plnt (Hrris, 1987). Wter stress during germintion dereses yield (Bei nd Ghfri, 1994; Akri nd Mortzvi, 1998 nd Steyn et l, 1993) nd numer of tuer in plnt of some ultivrs (Struik nd Voorst, 1986). Intensive drought stress long with high temperture prtiulrly in erly tuer growth period when soil is not overed with rnh nd lef n use seondry growth (Rezi nd Soltni, 1996). Drought stress redues re of lef nd verge weight of tuer (Fsn nd Hvekort, 1991). Reserhes y Shok et l, (1992) show tht if plnts re exposed to hydruli stress ondition efore tueriztion, their qulity will 319 Drd

3 J. Bio. & Env. Si e improved t time of hrvesting nd low tuers with end of drk rown stem will e oserved. prepred from griulturl reserh sttion of Ardil. Redution of yield used y wter stress is ffeted y genotype, intensity of stress nd germintion stge of plnt. Generlly, the ultivrs whih hve lower omptiility with wter stress nd produe higher yield under desirle ondition re intensively dmged under different stresses. Therefore, effet of wter shortge on growth of different prts of potto plnts whih ply role in formtion of yield should e speified in regions suh s Ardil where wter stress is high during growth period due to shortge of griulturl wter nd ompulsory pplition of wter stress on the plnt to use some ultivrs whih re more stle during high produtivity nd n keep their high qulity nd quntity when onfronting with wter stress. Cultivtion of suh ultivrs is the gurnteed ultivr for frmer to otin more relile rop when onfronting with wter stress. Considering the ove fts, gol of this reserh is to study effet of irrigtion stress on growth nd yield of potto ultivrs. Mterils nd methods Lotion of testing The study ws rried out in Ardil Agriulturl Reserh Sttion loted t Alroq villge t 12 km south of Ardil. The lotion ws semi-rid nd old limte tht in winter is often elow zero. Region hs long dry seson, espeilly in summer. Altitude is reported 1350 m, ltitude nd longitude, respetively 20' 48 nd 15' 38, the men minimum, nd mximum tempertures were 1.98, 15.8 nd C nd the preipittion nnul verge is mm. Herl mteril In this study, six potto vrieties with medium to lte mturity were used. Agri nd Drg s the ontrol vrieties of the region with Diment, Cosim, Serend nd Asterix, whih hd nerly the sme growth period were evluted in this experiment. The vrieties l ws How to perform the experiment This test ws performed to study indies of drought tolertion in ultivrs s split plots test sed on Completely Rndomized loks in three replites. In this reserh, min ftor of irrigtion intervl (A1: every 6 dys nd A2: every 12 dys nd A3: every 18 dys) ws inluded in min plots nd su ftor of potto ultivrs ws inluded in six levels in suplots. Cultivtion ws performed on the ground whih ws in fllow in the previous yer. To prepre the desired ground, susoil ws performed in fll nd 110 kg/hetre of the phosphorous fertilizer nd 55 kg/hetre of pots fertilizer were mixed with soil. In April, furrows were reted with furrower nd hlf of the nitrogen fertilizer i.e. 55 kg/hetre ws tested s topdress fertilizer onurrently with ultivtion in 3 My fter surfe nd ground leveling. Are of eh plot ws 15 m 2 nd eh plot inluded 4 rows of ultivtion with length of 5 m, distne of rows ws 75 m nd distne etween tuers on ultivtion rows ws 25 m. To strt germintion fter ultivtion, ll plots were irrigted. It is neessry to note tht fertiliztion rte ws determined ording to the proedure nd sed on soil tests in the sttion. After ultivtion during griulturl seson, the grsses were removed mnully in four intervls. Erthling up opertions ws performed onurrently with weeds ontrol. When height of plnt rehed 20 m (45 dys fter ultivtion), nother hlf of hemil fertilizer whih is 55 kg/hetre ws given to the ground. Plots were irrigted eqully to hot spot of wter. In this reserh, trits of the numer of dy until emergeny, the numer of dy until tueriztion, the numer of dy until flowering, height of plnt, numer of min stem, dimeter of min stem, numer of tuer per plnt, weight of tuer per plnt nd yield of the plnt were studied. Sttistil lultions For nlysis of vrine of the mesured trits, men of the dt otined from eh plot ws used nd omprisons of men irrigtion intervl were mde 320 Drd

4 J. Bio. & Env. Si sed on LSD test nd there ws omprison etween men ultivrs nd intertion of irrigtion intervl ultivrs sed on Dunn test. To perform sttistil omputtions, MSTATC, SPSS-18 nd Exel omputer softwre ws used to drw digrms nd tles. Results nd disussion ANOVA of the studied trits showed tht there ws signifint differene mong ll of the studied trits ut numer of dy to tueriztion in terms of different irrigtion levels nd ultivrs. Intertion of ultivrs irrigtion intervl ws oserved only in terms of trits of plnt height, numer of min stem, dimeter of min stem, numer of tuer per plnt, weight of tuer per plnt nd yield of the plnt were studied. This showed tht differene of ultivrs ws equl in different irrigtion intervls. Numer of dy to flowering Men of different irrigtion levels (Tle 2) is suspended every 18 dys ompred with irrigtion evrry 6 dys for 4.2 dys of flowering in potto ultivrs. Suspension of flowerring in potto ultivrs due to wter stress n e relted to lk of timely growing seson. This result is in line with findings of Nes (1962). Comprison of men ultivrs showed tht (Tle 3) Serende nd gri ultivrs hd the highest numer of dy nd Asterix nd Cosim ultivrs hd the lowest numer to flowering. Plnt height ANOVA of plnt height shows tht effet of different levels of irrigtion on plnt height is signifint in proility level of 1% (Tle 1) nd plnt height ws redued with inresing irrigtion stress so tht plnt height ws 53.1 m every 6 dys in irrigtion nd it rehed 43.9 m through irrigtion every 18 dys (Tle 2). Potto ultivrs hd signifint differene in plnt height in proility level of 1% (Tle 1). Tle of men plnt height (Tle 3) shows tht the highest plnt height is relted to Cosim ultivr (55.9 m) nd the lowest plnt height is relted to Drg ultivr (42.8m). Intertion of irrigtion intervl ultivrs on plnt height is shown in Digrm 1. As you see, plnt height is the highest in stress-free ondition nd the lowest in medium nd high stress ondition. In generl, growth of ll the studied ultivrs ws redued in terms of plnt height due to wter stress ut plnt height in Agri ultivr hs no signifint differene every 6 nd 12 dys. In Cosim ultivr, there is no signifint differene etween irrigtion every 12 dys nd every 18 dys. Min stem numer Effet of different irrigtion levels on min stem numer is signifint in proility level of 1% (Tle 1) nd min stem numer ws redued with inresing irrigtion stress so tht men of min stem numer ws 5.39 in irrigtion every 6 dys whih rehed 4.96 y pplying wter stress in irrigtion intervl every 12 dys nd 4.54 in irrigtion every 18 dys (Tle 2). Krfylidis et l, (1996) delred tht wter stress in the erly growth period deresed min stem numer in plnt, whih is in line with results of this test. Potto ultivrs hd signifint differene in terms of plnt height in proility level of 1 % (Tle 1). This result is similr to results of reserh y Adeli (1998). Tle of men plnt height (Tle 3) shows tht Asterix nd Cosim ultivrs produed the highest min stem numer (6.3, 5.6 nd 5.2) nd Dimnte, Drg nd Serende ultivrs produed the lowest min stem numer (3.7, 4.5 nd 4.6). As shown in digrm of intertion of irrigtion intervl ultivrs (min stem numer (Digrm 2). All ultivrs reted to wter stress in terms of mn stem numer in plnt so tht min stem numer hs een redued with inresing irrigtion intervl. Min stem dimeter Min stem dimeter is mm in irrigtion every 6 dys, mm in irrigtion every 12 dys nd mm in irrigtion every 18 dys (Tle 2). Therefore, stress redues min stem dimeter. Serende nd Dimnte ultivrs hve higher min stem dimeter with inlusion in lss A nd Asterix, Cosim, Drg nd Agri ultivrs hve lower min stem dimeter with inlusion in lss B (Tle 3). 321 Drd

5 J. Bio. & Env. Si Yield of tuer Effet of different irrigtion levels on yield of tuer ws signifint in proility level of 1% (Tle 1). Men yield of tuer in ultivrs ws the highest during irrigtion every 6 dys nd the lowest during irrigtion every 18 dys (Tle 2). Men yields of tuer in potto ultivrs were 24.24, nd tons /hetre in stress free, medium stress nd high stress onditions (Tle 2). Considering the ove results, it is oserved tht irrigtion stress redued rop y 8.61 tons/hetre in medium stress ondition ompred with stress-free ondition nd tons/hetre in high stress ondition ompred with stress-free ondition nd this figure onsiderly deresed. The otined results in this reserh re in line with results of reserh y Mrtin et l, (1992), Bei nd Ghfri (1994), Akri nd Motzvi (1998) nd Jefferies nd Mkenson (1987). Serende nd Agri ultivrs with tuer men yields of nd tons/hetre re mong the produtive ultivrs nd Drg ultivr with tuer men yield of tons/hetre is mong the less produtive ultivrs (Tle 3). As shown in Digrm 3, ll the studied potto ultivrs hve higher tuer yield in stress-free ondition thn medium nd high stress ondition. With inresing stress, tuer yield is redued more in Agri nd Dimnte ultivrs y nd tons/hetre so tht gri nd Dimnte ultivrs hd redued yield y nd tons/hetre during irrigtion every 12 dys ompred with the ontrol tretment (every 6 dys) nd with inresing stress during irrigtion every 18 dys, this redued yield rehed 19.6 nd tons/hetre. While yield of Asterix ultivr ws redued to 9.14 tons/ hetre in the sme ondition. Therefore, onsidering the otined results, it n e mentioned tht Asterix ultivr shows lower sensitivity ompred with other ultivrs nd where we fe wter shortge; we should not use Agri nd Dimnte ultivrs euse their yield is onsiderly redued due to wter shortge. Tuer numer per plnt Mens of tuer numer per plnt in irrigtion levels every 6 dys, every 12 dys nd every 18 dys re 12.24, nd 10.41, respetively (Tle 2). Therefore, it n e onluded tht wter stress redues tuer numer per plnt. Akri nd Mortzvi (1998) nd Struik nd Voorst (1986) lso hieved similr results in this field. Considering Tle 3, Serende, Cosim nd Asterix ultivrs with 12.44, nd tuers hd the highest men numer of tuer nd Drg ultivr with 9.31 tuers hd the lowest men numer of tuer per plnt. Considering digrm of intertion of irrigtion intervl (Digrm 4) every 6 dys, ll ultivrs hd higher tuer numer per plnt. The studied ultivrs during irrigtion intervl every 12 dys produed more tuers ompred with irrigtion intervl every 18 dys ut Drg ultivr didn t show signifint differene in medium nd high stresses in terms of tuer numer per plnt. Tuer weight per plnt Effet of different irrigtion level on tuer weight per plnt is signifint in proility level of 1% (Tle 1). Men weight of tuer per plnt ws onsiderly redued during irrigtion every 18 dys nd every 12 dys ompred with irrigtion every 6 dys (Tle 2) nd these vlues were nd grms, respetively nd these vlues re onsiderle. Men weight of tuer per plnt under irrigtion ondition every 6 dys ws grms. Shok et l, (1992) nd Miller nd Mrtin (1984) lso hieved suh results. Agri nd Serende ultivrs with tuer weights of nd grms hd the highest vlues nd Drg nd Cosim ultivrs with nd grms hd the lowest vlues (Tle 3). All of the studied ultivrs hd redued weight of tuer due to pplition of irrigtion stress ut this prolem ws less signifint in Asterix ultivr so tht tuer weight ws redued only y grms every 18 dys ompred with irrigtion every 6 dys ut it rehed the mximum vlue i.e. 471 grms in Agri ultivr (Digrm 5). 322 Drd

6 J. Bio. & Env. Si Tle 1. ANOVA of the studied trits in different potto ultivrs Men of Squre S.O.V df numer of dy to tueriztion Numer of dy to flowering plnt height Min stem numer Rep ns ns ns * irrigtion intervl () 2 50 ns ** ** * Error Genotype () ns ** ** ** ns ns 4.6 ** ** Error C.V.% * nd ** Signifintly t p < 0.05 nd < 0.01, respetively. Continue Tle 1. Men of Squre S.O.V df Min stem dimeter yield of tuer Tuer numer per plnt Tuer weight per plnt Rep ns ns ns ns irrigtion intervl () ** ** ** ** Error Genotype () ** ** ** ** ns ** ** ** Error C.V.% * nd ** Signifintly t p < 0.05 nd < 0.01, respetively. Tle 2. Men of the evluted trits of potto ultivrs in different irrigtion levels Trits irrigtion levels Numer of dy to flowering plnt height (m) Min stem numer Min stem dimeter yield of tuer (t/h) Tuer numer per plnt Tuer weight per plnt (gr) every 6 dys every 12 dys every 18 dys Differenes etween verges of eh olumn whih hve ommon hrters re not signifint t proility level of 5%. 323 Drd

7 J. Bio. & Env. Si Tle 3. Men of the evluted trits of potto ultivrs Trits Genotype Numer of dy to flowering plnt height Min stem numer Min stem dimeter Tuer yield of numer per tuer (t/h) plnt Tuer weight per plnt (gr) Agri Asterix 67.3 e Serend d Drg e 4.5 d Dimnt 70.3 d 45.5 d 3.7 e Cosim 66.3 e Differenes etween verges of eh olumn whih hve ommon hrters re not signifint t proility level of 5%. Digrm 1. Compring men plnt height of potto ultivrs in intertion of irrigtion intervl ultivr Digrm 3. Compring men yield of tuer in potto ultivrs in intertion of irrigtion intervl ultivr Digrm 2. Compring men numer of min stem of potto ultivrs in intertion of irrigtion intervl ultivr Digrm 4. Compring men numer of tuer in potto ultivrs in intertion of irrigtion intervl ultivr 324 Drd

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