What s Next in Apple Training Systems

Transcription

1 What s Next in Apple Training Systems Philip Schwallier MSU District Horticulture Agent Grand Rapids Michigan Clarksville Research Center

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4 Lucas Louisa

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11 What s Next in Apple Training Systems Philip Schwallier MSU District Horticulture Agent Grand Rapids Michigan Clarksville Research Center

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13 V-Trellis 2000 Trees/Acre 2 x 10

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16 SuperSpindle B.C. Canada

17 Tall Spindle Current world trend is Tall Spindle Tall Spindle characteristics bins/acre. High Density. 800 to 1200 trees/acre. Early yields. Simple system. Intensive training, bending laterals, labor. Mechanization, yes, but not perfect. Expensive system

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20 Yields Estimates 1200 Tall Spindle

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22 20 year Profit Estimate Thousands of Dollars Profit of Systems Year Central Leader Vertical Axe Tall Spindle Super Spindle

23 Planting Year Costs Total $ Cost Total Costs in The Planting Year Central Leader Vertical Axe Tall Spindle 3995 Super Spindle Planting Year

24 Planting Year Costs Total Costs in The Planting Year Total $ Cost Central Leader Vertical Axe Tall Spindle Fruiting Wall 0 Planting Year

25 Tall Spindle Characteristics Tall Spindle disadvantages. Intensive training, bending laterals, labor. Expensive system Older orchard topsget out of control. Too vigorous. Must grow some tree structure. (Primary and secondary structure).

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27 Italy Interpoma2014

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34 feet above sea level

35 Multi Leader Characteristics Control tree vigor. Uniform fruit quality. Better fit for mechanization. Simplifies management. Natural fit for Fruiting Walls.

36 Centrifugal vscentripetal

37 Tree Architecture Primary Fruiting Canopy Centrifugal (Long pruning) (Outward).

38 Structure Secondary structure wood Supports fruiting wood. Unproductive canopy Few, small, green fruit. Basically non-bearing wood.

39 It is a simple training system, easy for employees to learn. It fits the natural growing characteristics of a high density apple tree. Structural Wood Fruiting Wood

40 Fruiting Wall Characteristics CENTRIPETAL, (Fruiting near leader). Fruit on the outside of canopy. No inside fruit, No green fruit. Easy hand pruning. Hand thinning, (Precision thinning). No limb bending. Mechanization, pruning, training, harvest, etc. Less costly? High quality fruit. Uniform fruit. Better spray coverage.

41 Mur Fruitier(Fruiting Wall) 2000 Trees/Acre 2 x 10

42 Structure Primary Structure Wood (Leader). Supports tree. Required minimal amount of wood.

43 Fruiting Wall Structure Primary fruiting canopy close in to primary wood (leader). Centripetal (Short pruning). No secondary structure.

44 Bi-Axe 1200 Trees/Acre 3 x 12

45 Narrow trees capture more sunlight.

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48 Late spring and summer Lorette pruning at leaves was named after Louis Lorette, whose studies describing the effects of summer pruning date back to

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51 Not Summer Pruned Previous Year CENTRIFUGAL: 20 to Structural Wood Fruiting Wood Aberto Dorigoni, Italy

52 CENTRIPETAL: 6 to Flower buds Aberto Dorigoni, Italy Summer Pruned Previous Year JUNE

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56 Why Multi-Leader? Characteristics CENTRIPETAL. Natural Fruiting Wall system. Uniform ripening. Less biennial bearing. No bending branches. Less cost. Lower number of trees/acre. Produce uniform fruit quality. Uniform branches. Even vigor from top to bottom. Good uniform color from top to bottom. No inside fruit.

57 Multi-Leader System Characteristics Reduce tops vigor. Simple cultural practices. Better spray coverage. Use highly efficient vigorous rootstocks. Perhaps shorter trees. Less biennial bearing. Reduced pruning. No secondary structure. Very narrow trees. More leaders, more dwarfing. Can be mechanized.

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59 Long term effect of long pruning of spindle in fertile soils

60 Fruiting Walls are very narrow. Better light. Narrow trees = closer row spacing.

61 ` StructureWood

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65 1st leaf

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77 Released Geneva Apple Rootstocks Arranged by Tree Size Leaders M.7-MM106 Size Seedling Size M.27 Size Nic29 M.9 PAJ 2 M.9 T337 M.26 Size G.65 G.11 G.41 G.935 G.16 G.214 G.202 G.30 G.969 G.210 G.890 New Releases

78 How to Control Vigor Scion/rootstock. Summer pruning. Root pruning. PGR s Union planting height. Increase leader numbers.

79 Goodfruit Grower

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81 Bins/acre Yield of ML Trees 300 Multi Leader Trees, Yield Bins/Acre 250 Bins/acre th Leaf 5th Leaf 4th Leaf 3rd Leaf 2nd Leaf 0 1 Leader 2 Leader 3 Leader 4 Leader

82 6 Year Old Yield of ML Trees Multi Leader Trees, Yield Bins/Acre Bins/acre Leader 2 Leader 3 Leader 4 Leader 6th Leaf

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90 Golden Delicious - 14th leaf (Spain) Bi-axis at 1.5 m

91 Multi Leader Disadvantage Slower to establish, lower early yields. Difficult to buy good biaxistree. Unbalanced vigor. Dwarfing effect.

92 Multi Leader Advantage Natural Fruiting Wall. Less expensive and intensive, very little bending and tying. Greater yields Higher quality. Lower tree density, less expensive. Mechanization, pruning, harvesting thinning When full bearing, better than spindle. Simplifies orchard management Most HD training works on Multi Leader.

93 What s Next Higher Densities Fruit Walls, Super Spindle Hedging Mechanization Platforms, Harvest Machines, etc

94 SuperSpindle B.C. Canada

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