Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change

Transcription

1 Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change

2 Managing Forest Ecosystems Volume 17 Series Editors: Klaus Gadow Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany Timo Pukkala University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland and Margarida Tomé Instituto Superior de Agronomía, Lisbon, Portugal Aims & Scope: Well-managed forests and woodlands are a renewable resource, producing essential raw material with minimum waste and energy use. Rich in habitat and species diversity, forests may contribute to increased ecosystem stability. They can absorb the effects of unwanted deposition and other disturbances and protect neighbouring ecosystems by maintaining stable nutrient and energy cycles and by preventing soil degradation and erosion. They provide much-needed recreation and their continued existence contributes to stabilizing rural communities. Forests are managed for timber production and species, habitat and process conservation. A subtle shift from multiple-use management to ecosystems management is being observed and the new ecological perspective of multi-functional forest management is based on the principles of ecosystem diversity, stability and elasticity, and the dynamic equilibrium of primary and secondary production. Making full use of new technology is one of the challenges facing forest management today. Resource information must be obtained with a limited budget. This requires better timing of resource assessment activities and improved use of multiple data sources. Sound ecosystems management, like any other management activity, relies on effective forecasting and operational control. The aim of the book series Managing Forest Ecosystems is to present state-of-the-art research results relating to the practice of forest management. Contributions are solicited from prominent authors. Each reference book, monograph or proceedings volume will be focused to deal with a specific context. Typical issues of the series are: resource assessment techniques, evaluating sustainability for even-aged and uneven-aged forests, multi-objective management, predicting forest development, optimizing forest management, biodiversity management and monitoring, risk assessment and economic analysis. The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

3 Felipe Bravo Valerie LeMay Robert Jandl Klaus von Gadow Editors Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change

4 Editors Dr. Felipe Bravo University of Valladolid, Palencia Spain Dr. Robert Jandl Research and Training Centre for Forest, Landscape and Natural Hazards (BFW), Vienna, Austria bfw.gv.at Dr. Valerie LeMay University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada ubc.ca Prof. Klaus von Gadow Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany ISBN e-isbn Library of Congress Control Number: Springer Science + Business Media, B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com

5 Foreword Climate changes, particularly warming trends, have been recorded around the globe. For many countries, these changes in climate have become evident through insect epidemics (e.g., Mountain Pine Beetle epidemic in Western Canada, bark beetle in secondary spruce forests in Central Europe), water shortages and intense forest fires in the Mediterranean countries (e.g., 2005 droughts in Spain), and unusual storm activities (e.g., the 2004 South-East Asia Tsunami). Climate changes are expected to impact vegetation as manifested by changes in vegetation extent, migration of species, tree species composition, growth rates, and mortality. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has included discussions on how forests may be impacted, and how they may be used to mitigate the impacts of changes in climate, to possibly slow the rate of change. This book provides current scientific information on the biological and economical impacts of climate changes in forest environments, as well as information on how forest management activities might mitigate these impacts, particularly through carbon sequestration. Case studies from a wide geographic range are presented. This information is beneficial to managers and researchers interested in climate change and impacts upon forest environments and economic activities. This volume, which forms part of Springer s book series Managing Forest Ecosystems, presents state-of-the-art research results, visions and theories, as well as specific methods for sustainable forest management in changing climatic conditions. The book contains a wealth of information which may be useful to foresters and forest managers, politicians and the legal and policy environment and forestry administrators. The volume is subdivided into five parts. The first part presents an introduction which clarifies the context and sets the scene, in particular focusing on climatic change and its impact on forest management, the mitigation potential of sustainable forestry and the role of adaptive management and research. The second part titled Overview of Climate Change and Forest Reponses provide a general overview, including information about Greenhouse gas emissions from mountain forests, the capacity of forests to cope with climate change and the role of dead trees in carbon sequestration. The third part presents monitoring and modeling approaches. This includes methods to estimate carbon stocks and stock changes in forests at different scales of resolution, methods to estimate climate change impacts on forest health, an overview of forest eco-physiological models and v

6 vi Foreword recent advancements in techniques for assessing and monitoring carbon stocks. In the fourth part, several approaches to economic analyses of different management scenarios are presented, including the influence of carbon sequestration in an optimal set of coppice rotations, carbon in forests and wood products, and climatic impacts on forest economies, including changes in harvest cycles and the use of wood. Finally, a range of case studies on climate change impacts and mitigation activities in different ecosystems across Europe, Asia and America is presented in Part V. The case studies include forest plantations as well as tropical and Mediterranean forests. We wish to acknowledge the valuable contributions made by our referees, for their constructive criticism and improvement. Finally, we appreciate the diligent proofreading and editing assistance provided by Celia Redondo of University of Valladolid at Palencia and Ria Kanters of Springer. Felipe Bravo Valerie LeMay Robert Jandl Klaus von Gadow

7 Contents Foreword... v Part I Introduction Introduction... 3 F. Bravo, R. Jandl, K. V. Gadow, and V. LeMay Part II Overview of Climate Change and Forest Responses A Mechanistic View of the Capacity of Forests to Cope with Climate Change F. Valladares Greenhouse-gas Emissions from Temperate Mountain Forests R. Jandl, G. Wieser, F. Hagedorn, and A. Schindlbacher Part III Monitoring and Modeling Estimating Carbon Stocks and Stock Changes in Forests: Linking Models and Data Across Scales V. LeMay and W. A. Kurz Forest Eco-physiological Models and Carbon Sequestration T. Keenan, S. Sabaté, and C. Gracia Influence of Climatic Variables on Crown Condition in Pine Forests of Northern Spain A. V. Sanz-Ros, J. A. Pajares, and J. J. Diez vii

8 viii Contents Part IV Economic and Management Impacts Influence of Carbon Sequestration in an Optimal Set of Coppice Rotations for Eucalyptus Plantations L. Diaz-Balteiro and L. C. E. Rodríguez Use of Forests and Wood Products to Mitigate Climate Change L. Valsta, B. Lippke, J. Perez-Garcia, K. Pingoud, J. Pohjola, and B. Solberg Biomass Forest in Sweden and Carbon Emissions Balance T. Johansson Taper Equations and Wood Products: Assessing the Carbon Flow of the Forest Through Its Products I. Lizarralde, M. Broto, F. Rodríguez, and F. Bravo Forest Management Strategies and Carbon Sequestration F. Bravo, M. del Río, A. Bravo-Oviedo, C. Del Peso, and G. Montero Analysing the Effects of Forest Structure on Carbon Stocks and Timber Production Under Changing Management and Climate J. Garcia-Gonzalo, H. Peltola, A. Zubizarreta-Gerendiain, and S. Kellomäki Part V Case Studies Carbon Sequestration in Mediterranean Pine Forests M. del Río, I. Barbeito, A. Bravo-Oviedo, R. Calama, I. Cañellas, C. Herrero, and F. Bravo Carbon Sequestration of Ponderosa Pine Plantations in Northwestern Patagonia P. Laclau, E. Andenmatten, F. J. Letourneau, and G. Loguercio Assessing Pine Wilt Disease Risk Under a Climate Change Scenario in Northwestern Spain G. Pérez, J. J. Díez, F. Ibeas, and J. A. Pajares Dynamics of Soil Carbon in Primary and Secondary Tropical Forests in Colombia F. H. Moreno and S. F. Oberbauer

9 Contents ix Carbon Sequestration Potential of Mangroves in Southeast Asia Mohd Nazip Suratman Silviculture and Carbon Sequestration in Mediterranean Oak Forests I. Cañellas, M. Sánchez-González, S. M. Bogino, P. Adame, C. Herrero, S. Roig, M. Tomé, J. A. Paulo, and F. Bravo