Herbivore association of different poplar species, hybrids and clones

Transcription

1 Herbivore association of different poplar species, hybrids and clones Katalin Tuba, Ferenc Lakatos University of West Hungary, Institute of Silviculture and Forest Protection, 9400 Sopron, Hungary

2 Hypotheses Goals To determine the factors influencing arthropod associations developing on young poplar trees. I. The establishment and development of arthropod associations are influenced by the genotype of the host tree (here poplars), partly through phenotypic characters such as budburst and leaf size. II. Changes within and between growing seasons have significant influence on herbivore communities of poplars. III. The provenance of the host influences the establishment and development of arthropod associations too.

3 Material and method Altogether 20 Populus taxa from 6 locations Aigeiros P. deltoides: 1 (GB) P. nigra: 11 (BE: 1, HU: 5, IT: 4, PL: 1) P. deltoides x P. deltoides: 1 (BE) P. deltoides x P. nigra: 3 (DE: 1, HU: 2) Aigeiros x Tacamachaca P. maximowiczii x P. nigra: 1 (PL) Tacamachaca P. trichocarpa: 3 (BE, GB, DE)

4 Relationship among the host plants based on 7 microsatellite locus P. nigra hybrids P. nigra P. trichocarpa P. deltoides

5 6 different locations Belgium Great Britain Germany Hungary Italy Poland

6 Material and method 1. Number of trees: 20 trees/plot, 6 repetitions = 120 trees 2. Experiment site: common-garden (nursery) 3. Planting: 21. May Data collection: 2009: 4 times, July October : 5 times, May October 5. Sampling: 15 leaves/tree, up to 3 m hight, randomly 6. Damage caused by insects, functional groups : A. chewers, B. skeletonisers, C. leaf miners, D. rollers, E. gall makers, F. sap suckers. 7. Measurements: leaf surface damage (A, B), density (C, D, E), scale of Banks (F). 8. Statistics: Correlation & cluster analysis, two way ANOVA

7 Material and method

8 Results

9 Results Chewers Damage caused by the chewers did not show any correlation with geographic origin. The level of chewing damage reflects the genetic relations.

10 Chewers & hosts: 5 clusters 1. cluster P. trichoc arpa P. nigra 4 Ghoy PW5 2. clust er P. delt oide s S 9 2 Pan nóni a Rob usta 3. clu ste r Mu hle V 24 Kol tay Kór nik 4. cluster P. nigra Italica P. nigra 5 P. nigra 8 PG52 Clone 6 5. clust er P. nigr a 1 P. nigr a 6. cluster PG51 Clone 4 P. nigra Poli

11 Results Chewers Damage caused by the chewers did not show any correlation with geographic origin. The level of chewing damage reflects the genetic relations. Chewing damage showed significant correlation with budburst at spring time, leaf size from May September.

12 Chewers Correlation between leaf surface damage of chewers and A. leaf size, B. bud burst Years May June August September October (p=0.05) 2009 leaf size bud burst leaf size bud burst leaf size

13 Skeletonisers There was no clear differentiation between Populus taxa based on skeletonising damage. The extension of skeletonising damage did not show any correlation with geographic origin. No clear differentiation on bud burst and leaf size.

14 Skeletonisers & hosts: 5 clusters

15 Skeletonisers Correlation between leaf surface damage of skeletonisers and A.leaf size, B. bud burst Years May June August September October p= leaf size bud burst leaf size bud burst leaf size

16 Leaf miners Different Populus species had different miner species composition with different species abundance. Geographic differentiation among the Populus nigra clones was identified. The southern types were significantly different from the other Populus nigra clones.

17 Leaf miners & hosts: 5 cluster

18 Leaf miners Correlation between number of mines and A. leaf size, B. bud burst Years May June August September October p=0.05 bud burst leaf size bud burst leaf size

19 Leaf rollers The degree of roller damage was closely related to leaf size, especially for Byctiscus populi. No correlation found for the bud burst.

20 Leaf rollers Correlation between number of rolls & leaf size Years Roll of B. populi Roll of B. betulae Total P. nigra and P. deltoides, p= P. nigra clones, p= Hybrids, p= ,4903 0, P. trichocarpa, p=

21 Leaf rollers & hosts: 4 clusters

22 Gall makers The genetic relationship among the hosts played an important role in the occurrence of gall makers. The most significant relations were indicated by the presence of Thecabius affinis. Galls are caused by Thecabius affinis fundatrice and fundatrigeniae Galls are caused by Parathecabius lysimachiae fundatrice and fundatrigeniae

23 Gall maker species Thecabius affinis Pemphigus spp. Parathecabius lysimachiae Gall maker aphids occurences

24 Sap suckers There were aphids only on P. nigra. Robusta Koltay Pannónia Kórnik PG 51 clone 4 PW 5 P. nigra 1 P. nigra 5 P. nigra (female) P. nigra 4 PG 52 clone 6 P. nigra 8 P. nigra 'Italica' Ghoy P. nigra 'Poli' (male) Muhle V 24 P. trichocarpa S 9-2 P. deltoides Tree Diagram for 20 Variables Unweighted pair-group average Euclidean distances Linkage Distance Chaitophorus leucomelas occurence

25 Summary Functional groups Genotype Leaf size Bud burst Provenance Chewers Skeletoniser Leaf miners Rollers B. populi B. betulae Gall makers Sap suckers (Aphids) significant correlation, +++ strong correlation, ++ moderate correlation, + weak correlation.

26 Summary I. On the poplar trees the arthropod associations were influenced by the following factors (with decreasing significance): 1. genotype, 2. leaf size, 3. budburst, 4. period of the year, 5. year, 6. provenence.

27 Summary I. k II. The type and rate of damage was influenced by the genotype during the first three quarter of the growing season significantly, and it is less important beyond that. III. The provenance of the hosts influences also the establishment and development of arthropod associations.

28 Further thoughts These results may help in the selection of Populus taxa for breeding, and determination of the breeding lines. Poplars as founder species have an important role in restoration conservation. This work can provide useful information to elaborate the afforestation and restoration plans on sensitive habitats. Our results are also important for poplar plantations and agroforestry. If they are used correctly the resistant and the resilient ability of the plantations can be strengthened. These outcomes support improvement of self regulation at reforestations, and the creating the basis of the selfregulation at plantations. Considering the breeding and climate change it is also important to understand the mutual adaptation of the non native host plant and indigenous insect associations in detail. Different origins should be compared in common garden long term experiments.

29 Thanks for your attention! Question?