Influence of Land Use on the Distribution of Some Soil Chemical and Physical Parameters in Omidiyeh, Iran

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1 Interntionl Journl of Scientific Reserch in Environmentl Sciences (IJSRES), 1(7), pp , 2013 Aville online t ISSN: ; 2013 IJSRPUB Full Length Reserch Pper Influence of Lnd Use on the Distriution of Some Soil Chemicl nd Physicl Prmeters in Omidiyeh, Irn Ali Gholmi 1*, Ali Akr Moridi 1, Mohmmd Thsin Kriminejd 2 1 Deprtment of Soil Science, Science nd Reserch Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Khuzestn, Irn 2 Deprtment of Soil Sciences, Fculty of Agriculture, Snndj Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Snndj, Irn * Corresponding uthor emil:.gholmi@khouzestn.sriu.c.ir Received 11 April 2013; Accepted 30 My 2013 Astrct. To study the effect of lnd use on soil properties in the south of the Omidiyeh in Khuzestn province smpling depth of 0 to 30 cm t 6 users (forest, ndoned lnd, irrigted frming, rngelnd, dry frming nd orchrds) ws ttempted. Some physicl nd chemicl chrcteristics of the soil such s sturtion percent, conductivity, rectivity, nd tissue were tested. Results of sttisticl nlysis showed the type of user hve significnt effect on these indictors. Although the soil in the studied re hs good texture ut it is t risk of slinity. Sturtion percent of the soil is lso less thn 50% nd soil rection is etween 7/3-7/7. Comprison of reserch results nd sttisticl nlysis showed tht soil qulity indictors in rngelnd hve degrded compred to irrigted cultivted lnds nd soil degrdtion ws greter in these lnds. Keywords: Lnd use, Soil chemicl nd physicl prmeters, Omidiyeh 1. INTRODUCTION At present soil degrdtion is serious issue nd it hs economic nd socil hrmful effects in locl, ntionl nd glol levels. Deling with nturl resources must e consistent with their long-term creer potentil. In the cse of not ccording to the rules, soil qulity decline grdully (Crter et l., 2007). Soil qulity is consistently cpcity of the soil tht perform their duties s vitl living system, within ecosystem under different use so in ddition to mintining iologicl production could improve ir nd wter qulity nd supply helth of humn,plnt nd niml. If does not replce pproprite mngement with soil conditions, the soil my e loses potency of its productivity for long time (Hjssi et l., 2002). Lnd use returns to oth issues of the Utiliztion of Lnd nd mngement of lnd. Becuse lnd uses ctivities ffect other fctors so those re individully more importnt nd more ffective (Terrence et l., 2001; Morgn, 1995). Lnd use mens the use of lnd in current stte tht covers ll prts of the lnd in griculture, nturl resources nd industril nd so on. Agriculturl lnd, forest nd rngelnd re included the most importnt pplictions (Ahmdi, 1999). Knowledge of types of ground cover nd Humn ctivities hs prticulr importnce in vrious res nd mps tht disply different levels of the ground in such ctivities is clled lnd use pln or lnd use. In other words, these mps show the current sitution nd the geogrphicl distriution of lnd use in ctivities such s griculture, forestry, nd rnge mngement (Zoiri nd Mjd, 1996). The gol of this study is influence of lnd use on the distriution of some soil chemicl nd physicl prmeters in Omidiyeh, Irn. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The studied re is prt of Omidiyeh county with h on Khuzestn province, tht locted from to estern longitude nd from to northern ltitude. Six types of common mngement including forest, ndoned lnd, irrigted frming, rngelnd, dry frming nd orchrds (Plm groves) were selected (Fig. 1). 158

2 Gholmi et l. Influence of Lnd Use on the Distriution of Some Soil Chemicl nd Physicl Prmeters in Omidiyeh, Irn Fig. 1: Mp of lnd uses in the study re Smpling of soil uses Trnsect method from 0-30 Cm depth (Zho et l., 2005) nd loction of smpling register y GPS (Fig2). Physicl nd chemicl chrcteristics of the soil such s sturtion percent, conductivity, rectivity, nd tissue for evlution soil condition in different lnd uses, were mesurement in L. Anlysis of results done through SPSS softwre nd repeted mens of chrcteristics in different uses through Duncn rnge test in %5 levels nd compre Fig. 2: Loction of soil smples in the study re 159 of proilities. So tle of descriptive sttisticl for soil prmeters on ech lnd use, tle of undnt cumultive dt for ech test, for ech lnd use with histogrm relted to ech prmeter, tle of compre soil prmeters mens in different lnd use nd tle of nlysis vrince (ANOVA) effect of lnd use on soil were mde y SPSS.Also, for drwing chrts used Excel softwre.

3 Interntionl Journl of Scientific Reserch in Environmentl Sciences (IJSRES), 1(7), pp , RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS As e for show, from the point of view sttisticl, there is significnt different etween Silt prticles, Snd prticles (except etween ndoned lnds nd dry frming) nd Cly prticles (except etween Irrigted frming nd Orchrds) in different lnd uses (Fig 3). Tle 1: The result of vrince nlysis of different lnd uses effect on soil prmeters Men of Squres df Snd * Silt * Cly * ph 0.729* EC )ds/m( * S.P )%( * 5 Vriility Lnd Use *: Significnt in 5% of Duncn test. Tle 2: The comprison of soil prmeters men in different lnd uses in study re Index Men Snd Silt Cly ph EC )ds/m( S.P )%( Lnd Use f 5.9 e e* Forest 33.8 cd 44.1 d c c Andoned lnd 21.5 e e d c d Irrigted frming Rngelnd 34.2 c c 7.37 c d Dry frming 32.7 d 46.9 c Orchrds *: The similr dt is non-significnt in 5% of Duncn test. Fig. 3: Comprison of soil prticles in different lnd uses in study re (*: The similr dt is non-significnt in 5% of Duncn test) According to Tle 2, from forest lnd towrd rngelnd, dry frming, ndoned, irrigted frming nd Orchrds mount of snd hs grdully decresed while the mount of silt nd cly hve incresed.this 160 my e due to consolidted snd nd vegettion, cultivtion nd tillge opertions work. Soil texture of stedied re (except the forest soil) is lomy nd No significnt chnge hd seen in soil texture. This

4 Gholmi et l. Influence of Lnd Use on the Distriution of Some Soil Chemicl nd Physicl Prmeters in Omidiyeh, Irn suject consistent with findings Ftthi (2003), Lhorpour (2004), Mirzli (2004), Ghdrivngh (2005), Dinti (2006) nd Gholmi (2010). Noting, the forest lnd hd een Flowing snd which stilized y plnting splings in previous yers nd now it hs turned into jungle. Texture of forest soil ws "Snd "nd soils of other users "Lom or Silt- Lom" were determined. S.P d d c e Orchrd Dry frming Rngelnd LAND USE Irrigtion Frming Andon lnd Forest 0 Fig. 4: Comprison of soil Sturtion Percent (S.P) in different lnd uses in study re (*: The similr dt is non-significnt in 5% of Duncn test) According to dt in Tle 2, nd Fig. 4 significnt different hs seen etween Sturtion Percent (S.P) of soil in different lnd uses (except etween rngelnd nd dry frming). Cly soils nd soils with more orgnic mtter hve much more wter thn sndy soils nd poor soils. Sme s the percentge of moisture, Sndy soil holds wter y the suction force less thn cly soil. The results from soil sturtion percent re ccordnce to reserch of Hjssi et l. (2002) in the Boroujen's soils in centrl Irn. Fig. 5: Mp of Sturtion Percent (S.P) in different lnd uses in study re Since the forest soil texture is snd nd hs little content of cly so sturtion percent of it is the lowest. Orchrds hve the gretest mount of soil sturtion percent which my e due to the high content of cly nd orgnic mtter. Rngelnd nd dry frming showed no significnt differences to ech other in sturtion percent of soil. 161

5 Interntionl Journl of Scientific Reserch in Environmentl Sciences (IJSRES), 1(7), pp , 2013 EC (ds/m) Orchrd Dry frming Rngelnd Irrigtion Andon Forest Frming lnd Fig. 6: Comprison of soil Electricl Conductivity (EC) in different lnd uses in study re (*: The similr dt is non-significnt LAND UES in 5% of Duncn test) Results of nlysis sttistics (Tle 2 nd Fig.6) show the significnt difference etween Electricl Conductivity (EC) of ndoned soils nd other users. This difference my e due to reltively slty soils of study re, Non-frm on ndoned lnd for mny yers, low nnul rinfll nd high evpotrnspirtion, high levels of ground wter in the re, much more cly nd lso lck of nturl dringe. As result, pssge of time hs led to incresed slinity in ndoned soils which re plced in the ctegory of highly sline soils (S4). Forest lnd hs no slt (S 0) ecuse its soil texture is snd. Irrigted frming hs low slinity (S1) tht my e due to continuous cultivtion, irrigtion nd dringe.other lnd uses hve moderte slinity soil (S 2). Results show Noting tht the slinity of the Zohreh River which is wter supply of irrigted frming nd orchrds is mong the cuses of soil sliniztion. Effect of irrigtion on leching nd reduce the slt concentrtion hs reported y Zehtin et l. (2006). According to dt (Tle 2 nd Fig.8) there is significnt different etween Soil Rection (ph) in different lnd uses (except etween forest nd Orchrds). Increse of the soil rection in irrigted frming nd orchrds my e due to mngement prctices such s fertiliztion which consistent with findings Giessen et l. (2009), Blesdent et l. (2000) nd Boln et l. (1991). Rection is lso highest in forest which proly due to high levels of content clcium cronte. Buffering properties of the soils prevent extreme chnges nd reduction of ph in soils (pnhpour, 2009). Fig. 7: Mp of soil Electricl Conductivity (EC) in different lnd uses in study re 162

6 Gholmi et l. Influence of Lnd Use on the Distriution of Some Soil Chemicl nd Physicl Prmeters in Omidiyeh, Irn Orchrd Dry frming Rngelnd ph Irrigtion Frming Andon lnd Forest LAND USE Fig. 8: Comprison of soil Rection (ph) in different lnd uses in study re (*: The similr dt is non-significnt in 5% of Duncn test) Fig. 9: Mp of soil Rection (ph) in different lnd uses in study re 5. CONCLUSION irrigted cultivted lnds nd soil degrdtion ws greter in these lnds. Tody, ll reserchers gree tht the chnge in the lnd use is one of the importnt nd min cuses of hzrds nd dissters such s flooding, erosion, sediment production, nd chnge of ecologicl nd environmentl conditions, nd chnge of the properties of soil nd wter condition. Lnd use chnge process is nonliner dynmic chnge which is relted to so mny respective fctors nd the ecologicl, geogrphic, nd socio-economic reciprocl effects. Comprison of reserch results nd the use of the results of sttisticl tests showed tht soil qulity indictors in rngelnd hs degrded compred to 163 REFERENCES Ahmdi H (1999). Applied Geomorphology, Vol.1 (wter wering), 2nd edition, Tehrn University Press, 668 pges. Blesdent JC, Chenu M, Blne M (2000). Reltionship of Soil Orgnic Mtter Dynmics to Physicl Protection nd Tillge. Soil nd Till Reserch, 53: Boln NS, Hedley MJ, White RE (1991). Process of soil cidifiction in centrl plins rngelnd soil fter 20, 30 nd 60 yers of cultivtion. Soil

7 Interntionl Journl of Scientific Reserch in Environmentl Sciences (IJSRES), 1(7), pp , 2013 Sci. J., 150: Crter MR, Gregorich EG, Anderson DW, Dorn JW, Jnson HH, Pierce FJ (2007). Concept of Soil qulity nd their significnce. P.In: Methods for Assessing Soil Qulity. Soil Sci. Soc. Of Am. Specil Pu, No.49, Mdison, Wisconsin. Dinti Tilki Gh, Ghderi vngh B (2006). Comprison of soil properties of pstures under nturl grzing nd the plnting in Metsh in Giln pervice. Science nd technology Nturl Resources. Pges Ftthi B (2003). Assessing grzing on vegettion nd soils of the plour's summer pstures. M.Sc. thesis Rnge Mngement, Trit Modrres University, 79 pges. Ghderivngh B (2005). Comprison of grzing pstures nd the plnting res in terms of runoff nd sediment production. M.Sc. thesis Rnge Mngement, Trit Modrres University, 84 pges. Gholmi A (2010). Assessing chnges in lnd use nd its effects on physicl, chemicl nd minerlogicl soil (cse study: Aghcheh Friedn's region) Soil thesis, Islmic Azd University, Sciences nd Reserch Brnch of Khuzestn. 201 pges. Geissen VR, Sánchez-Hernández C, Kmpichler R, Rmos-Reyes A, Sepulved-Lozd S, Ocho- Gon BH, de Jong E, Huert-Lwng S, Hernández-Dums S (2009), Effects of lnd Use Chnge on some Properties of Tropicl Soils-An Exmple from Southest Mexico. Geoderm, 151: Hj As MA (2002). A cse study of griculturl lnd converted to psture on some physicl properties, soil fertility nd crop prmeters in Borougen. Journl of Science nd Technology of Agriculture nd Nturl Resources, 1(6): 161 to 149. Lhorpour Sh (2004). Effect of grzing intensity on soil chemicl nd physicl of summer pstures in Cherendo in Kurdistn province. M.Sc. thesis Rnge Mngement, Trit Modrres University, 68 pges. Mirzli A (2004). The effect of grzing exclusion on vegettion nd topsoil slinity pstures in Gomishn in Golestn province. M.Sc. thesis Rnge Mngement, Trit Modrres University, 59 pges. Morgn RPC (1995). Soil erosion nd conservtion. John Wiley nd Sons, New York, 198p. Pnhpour E (2009). Effect of compost lechte on soil fertility nd nutrient distriution in the soil profile under drip irrigtion. Soil thesis, Islmic Azd University, Sciences nd Reserch Brnch of Khuzestn. 160 pges. Terrence JT, George RF, Kenneth GR (2001). Soil Erosion, John Wiley nd Sons NC, USA, 338p Zho WZ, Xio HL, Liu ZM, Li J (2005). Soil degrdtion nd restortion s ffected y lnd use chnge in the semirid Bshng re, northern Chin. Cten, 59: Zehtin GR, Sryn L (2003). The cuses of soil sliniztion in Plin Gond - Algol. Journl of Science nd Reserch of Interntionl Reserch Center for Coexistence with Deserts, 9 (2): Zuir M, Mjd H (1996). Introduction to Remote Sensing Technology nd its ppliction in Nturl Resources, Tehrn University Press, 316 pges. 164

8 Gholmi et l. Influence of Lnd Use on the Distriution of Some Soil Chemicl nd Physicl Prmeters in Omidiyeh, Irn Dr. Ali Gholmi is n ssistnt professor in soil science. He is the editor nd reviewer of some interntionl journls. He hs studied 15 university reserch design, nd 50 printed ppers in ntionl nd interntionl conferences nd journls. Mr. Ali Gholmi hs grduted with first grde in M.Sc. degree nd PhD corse ook. He ws selected s hed of deprtment of soil science nd mnger of reserch office in Islmic Azd University, Khuzestn Science nd Reserch Brnch in 2009 nd it now. Also he ws selected s superior resercher in 2011 nd 2012 in Khuzestn province, Irn. Ali Akr Moridi, is grdute student in Deprtment of Soil Science, Science nd Reserch Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Khouzestn, Irn in Dr. Mohmmd Thsin Kriminejd is Fculty memer of Agriculture, Deprtment of Soil Science, Snndj Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Snndj, Irn. He received the PhD degree in Environmentl Soil Chemistry, Science nd Reserch Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Tehrn, Irn. 2010, M.Sc. degree in Soil Science, Shhid Chmrn (Jondi Shpour) University, Ahvz, Irn, 2003 nd B.Sc. in Soil science, Urmi University (University of Rezeiyeh), Urmi, Irn,