Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Timber resources maps, resources of timber on hectare and extension of roads in regions.

Transcription

1 Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Page 1 Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Timber resources maps, resources of timber on hectare and extension of roads in regions. Map of Komi Republic The experimental enterprise is located in Udorsky area of Komi Republic. Koslan is the regional center. The enterprise is located in Chim (about 30 km west to Koslan). Available wood in the area is basically allotted between two large enterprises: corporation Udorales (consists of two divisions Usogorskles and Blagoevoles ) belonging to the Wood Processing Industrial Complex Syktyvkarsky and corporation having 50% of the republican property Mezhdurechenskles, included into structure of the corporation GUTA-bank, Borders of the Udorsky area, borders of available wood belonging to the specified enterprises and the experimental logging enterprise, and borders of not occupied woods, including boreal ones, are designated on a map below. Distribution of available wood between main logging enterprises of the area.

2 Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Page 2 Satellite photo of the area and a map of not occupied forest, composed at participation of Fund of Protection of Woods and published in The Atlas of Virgin Woods of Russia in 2002 year are listed below. original not swamping forest underwood and standing forest disafforestation Swamp and swampy forest

3 Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Page 3 Light green color territory covered with wood, dark green - untouched (boreal) wood, yellow - tundra (territory, not covered with wood). The territory of untouched wood is congruent on both cards. As for available wood cultivated nowadays, the consequences of complete felling on large areas and along roads are visible on the maps. On territories where terms of contiguity were not maintained underwood obliteration passed much slower. Besides forest tracks were maintained one after another, not uniformly. In this connection, large quantity of underwood can be noticed. If felling were equal, we would see a uniform picture: on every 10 km 2 untouched wood and cleared space would be present. It would allow using the same infrastructure constantly. In addition a fragment of a satellite photo of structure of available wood and glades is given by the example of the experimental enterprise.

4 Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Page 4 In our opinion the basic reason of non-uniform cutting down is absence of long-term rent or private property on wood. State wood ownership is possible alternative to introduction of a private property, but thus the functions of timber enterprises in a part of formation of the longterm plan of felling and also in a part of the responsibility for preservation and reproduction of wood should be essentially strengthened. The state operation of wood should run in conformity with the general single and long-term plan. For its realization it is necessary for the state to employ workers for a long period and to assume realization of extraction products completely. Typical view on forest from village Koslan

5 Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Page 5 Successful extraction and processing of any sort of raw material is first of all provided with presence of sufficient raw base. Untouched wood is a raw base for woodcutting. There is no right of property on wood for the private proprietors in Russia. Actually nowadays legal relations of the enterprise owner to wood develop in two ways: 1) Rent; 2) Purchase on auction for cutting down. Both of these forms of relations are under control of the state equally. The positive side of the auction form for businessmen is the opportunity for more operative maneuvering at a choice of the areas, arrangement and volumes of available wood, received for cutting down. The negative side is strict state limit on terms of cutting down, which does not give an opportunity of reception on auction of wood for felling for future use. Consequently, the enterprises, oriented on auction wood, can t be sure in reception of necessary volumes of standing timber for harvesting for each following season. The auction form of wood reception suits for small timber processing enterprises at an initial investment stage. The positive side of rent is its good predictability concerning reception of necessary volumes of wood for stable harvesting. The negative side is strict volumes of annual felling registered in the contract of tenancy. If the terms of the contract are not kept businessman incurs essential costs. Besides rent is a deterrent as for old enterprises, which are assigns of the Soviet lespromchozes, so for new, originating ones concerning investment. For the old enterprises it appears in existing rates of the rent duties: the enterprises which have survived crisis of branch have already refused the greater part of standing timber, taken in rent because of absence of means or have huge debts on rent seriously worsening investment appeal of the enterprise. For originating enterprises the problem with investing connected with rent is that by existing rules commission of the regional Wood Committee would try a case about rent only to enterprises with already created base and infrastructure. Hence, the investor is obliged to risk investing means in purchase of machinery, equipping of industrial areas, employment of people and etc., having no guarantees in receiving the tenant right. In case of refusal the investor loses the most part of invested means because of specificity of the acquired equipment and machinery and because of the automatic reduction of prices at repeated sale. Even at reception of rent, the risk is kept because if manufacture is not adjusted the investor loses provisions of a lease as well. By the existing legislation rented standing wood is impossible to sell, to hand over in subrent or to transfer to the third persons by any other way. The statistical data on regions of Russian Federation concerning available wood and having attitude to exploitation infrastructure are given below. Table 1. Distribution of areas and stores of wood. Region of Russian Federation (Sorted by store in region.) Square (Thousand hectares) Store (Million m 3 ) Store (m 3 /hectares) The Komi Republic The Arkhangelsk Area The Vologda Area The Republic Kareliya The Kirov Area The Leningrad Area The Kostroma Area The Nizhny Novgorod Area

6 Region of Russian Federation Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Page 6 Square (Thousand hectares) Store (Million m 3 ) Store (m 3 /hectares) The Novgorod Area The Tver Area The Moscow Area The Murmansk Area The Smolensk Area The Pskov Area The Vladimir Area The Republic Mariy Al The Yaroslavl Area The Bryansk Area The Kaluga Area The Ivanovo Area The Ryazan Area The Republic Mordoviya The Republic Chuvashiya The Voronezh Area The Tula Area The Belgorod Area The Oryol Area The Nenets autonomous district From the Table 1 it is possible to make a conclusion that in regions of the European part of Russia with the greatest general store of wood the average density of store makes about 100 m 3 on hectare. This conclusion is authorized for the Komi Republic, the Arkhangel sk area and the Republic Kareliya, which joint store makes 5 918,69 million m 3. The aggregate wood store in all other regions makes 6 404,72 million m 3, it is commensurable to the store of chief wood regions. Besides from these regions two most supplied by wood (the Vologda and the Kirov areas ,51 million m 3 ) have not much higher density of store on hectare of the area. Table 2. Structure of species in wood plantings on regions. Area, Territory, Republic Spices Pine-tree Fir and Noble fir Larch Cedar Birch Aspen Other The Arkhangelsk Area * * The Vologda Area * * The Republic Kareliya * * The Komi Republic * The Murmansk Area * * * * The Leningrad Area * * The Novgorod Area * * The Kostroma Area * * The Nizhny Novgorod Area * * The Kirov Area * * The Perm Area * The Sverdlovsk Area Bashkiriya * *

7 Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Page 7 Area, Territory, Republic Spices Pine-tree Fir and Noble fir Larch Cedar Birch Aspen Other Udmurtia * * The Kemerovo Area The Tomsk Area * The Tyumen Area * The Krasnoyarsk district * The Irkutsk Area * The Chita Area * Buryatia Primorskiy territory The Habarovsk district The Amur Area The Sakhalin Area Yakutia Table 3. Characteristics of available wood on size of trees. Area, Territory, Republic Percentage of trees with specified volume Up to 0.3 m m m m m 3 and higher Average volume of tree length, m 3 Average diameter of tree, cm The Arkhangelsk Area * The Vologda Area * Kareliya * The Komi Republic * The Murmansk Area * * The Leningrad Area * The Novgorod Area The Kostroma Area The Nizhny Novgorod Area The Vyatka Area The Perm Area The Sverdlovsk Area Bashkiriya Udmurtia The Kemerovo Area The Tomsk Area The Tyumen Area The Krasnoyarsk district The Irkutsk Area The Chita Area Buryatia Primorskiy territory The Habarovsk district The Amur Area The Sakhalin Area Yakutia

8 Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Page 8 Table 4. Supply with communications on regions, including haulage and hay roads. (Order is in compliance with the Table 1) Region of Russian Federation Characteristic of communications, extension, km Roads, km in Among them all Hay roads Haulage roads Haulage roads in percentage to all roads Density of haulage roads on hectare of forest General density of all roads on hectare of forest The Komi Republic The Arkhangelsk Area The Vologda Area Kareliya The Kirov Area The Leningrad Area The Kostroma Area The Nizhny Novgorod Area The Novgorod Area The Tver Area The Moscow Area The Murmansk Area The Smolensk Area The Pskov Area The Vladimir Area The Republic Mariy Al The Yaroslavl Area The Bryansk The Kaluga Area The Ivanovo Area The Ryazan Area The Mordovia Republic The Chuvashia Republic The Voronezh Area The Tula Area The Belgorod Area The Orel Area It is necessary to note, that above 10 meters of road on hectare of forest is necessary for harvesting by the Finnish technology, and for the classical Russian technology more than 20 meters of road on hectare of forest is needed. From Tables 1 and 4 it becomes clear, that in regions of the European part of Russia (with the greatest wood store) supply with communications (even with the account of roads of general use) is lower approximately in 2-5 times than it is necessary the Finnish technology, and in 4-10 times lower than it is necessary for harvesting by the existing technology. Thus, it is obvious, that for realization of the Finnish technology it is necessary to increase extension of roads twice at the minimum. The problem-solving in reasonable terms and for reasonable means is very doubtful. Soil and ground conditions are divided into 4 categories by their operating characteristics. The 1 st category (dry, small loamy sand): repeated pass by track (logway) for logging machinery is allowed. During seasons of bad roads (spring and autumn) bearing capacity decreases, but summer precipitation influences not much.

9 Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Page 9 The 2 nd category (sand loam, small argil sand ground): repeated pass by the single track (logway) for logging machinery is allowed. During seasons of bad roads (spring and autumn) bearing capacity decreases, but summer precipitation influences not much. The 3 rd category (argillaceous soil, sand loam with metargillitic layers): soil has increased humidity during a whole thermal period. Tractors destroy growth quickly and make deep ruts on logways. During period of bad roads logways turn into floating earth, rains cause impassable mud on logways and pollution of skidding timber. The 4 th category (peaty gley, swampy forest soil, manure earth): the worst soil for exploiting forest. During long rains logways become impassible, in dry weather they are full of mud. Table 5. Distribution of soil categories on regions. Steepness of slopes Soil category Area, Territory, Republic Up to 15 degrees degrees Over 26 degrees North The Arkhangelsk area 100 * * The Vologda area 100 * * The Murmansk area * Republic Kareliya 100 * * Komi Republic * North-West and Center The Leningrad Area 100 * * The Novgorod Area 100 * * The Kostroma Area 100 * * The Nizhny Novgorod Area 100 * * The Vyatka Area 100 * * The Ural The Perm area The Sverdlovsk area The Bashkiriya The Udmurtia 100 * * The Western Siberia The Kemerovo area The Tomsk area 100 * * The Tyumen area 100 * * The Eastern Siberia The Krasnoyarsk Territory The Irkutsk area The Chita Area Buriatiya The Far East Primorskiy territory The Khabarovsk Territory The Amur Territory The Sakhalin area The Republic Yakutiya

10 Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Page 10 Table 6. Main climatic activities on regions. Weather Station Average temperature, degrees Continuance of settled intensely cold weather, days Height of blanket of snow in forest, cm January July Average Maximum The Arkhangelsk Area Arkhangelsk city n.a. n.a. Karpogory city n.a Kotlas city n.a. n.a. The Vologda Area Vologda city n.a. n.a. Belozersk city n.a. n.a. Komi Republic Syktyvkar city Pechora city Republic Kareliya Kandalaksha city n.a. n.a. Petrozavodsk city The Leningrad Area Saint Petersburg city The Novgorod Area Novgorod city n.a. n.a. urban village Krestcy The Kostroma Area Kostroma city n.a. n.a. The Nizhny Novgorod Area Nizhni Novgorod city The Kirov Area Kirov city n.a. n.a. The Perm Area Perm city n.a. n.a. Biser city The Sverdlovsk Area Ekaterinburg city Ivdel city The Udmurtia Izhevsk city n.a. n.a. The Bashkiria Ufa city n.a. n.a. The Tyumen area Tyumen city n.a. n.a. Surgut city The Tomsk area Tomsk city Kargasok (settlment) The Krasnoyarsk district Krasnoyarsk city Boguchany city Hakasia Abakan city n.a. n.a.

11 Appendix 1. Timber resources, road network. Page 11 Weather Station Average temperature, degrees Continuance of settled intensely cold weather, days Height of blanket of snow in forest, cm January July Average Maximum Irkutsk area Irkutsk city n.s. n.a. n.a. Bratsk city n.a. n.a. Buryatia Ulan-Ude city n.a. n.a. Ust-Barguzin (settlment) Chita Area Chita Yakutia Yakutsk city Blagoveschensk Area Blagoveschensk city Habarovsk Area Habarovsk city Komsomolsk city Primorskiy territory Vladivostok n.a. n.a. Iman city n.a. n.a. n.a. Sakhalin Area Yuzno-Sakhalinsk city The index of continuance of settled frost directly influences the duration of winter hauling. According to this index winter transportation in the Northeastern region of the European part of Russia can be carried out only 4-5 months per year. Seasonality of roads is one of the most problem factors for logging enterprises. There is no source nowadays to find enormous means to build road network with necessary density for harvesting all the year round. The present Project was worked out with the purpose of finding alternative solution of this actual problem.