Finnish Wood Species. How much wood do we have in Finland?

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1 Finnish Wood Species How much wood do we have in Finland?

2 How much of Finland is forest? How many trees are there in Finland?

3 24,622,888,500 Trees per person in Finland Source: Mapping tree density at a global scale in Nature (September 10, 2015) 1 = 4500 Trees per person in Finland Source: Mapping tree density at a global scale in Nature (September 10, 2015)

4 General Forestation Across Europe 1 = 420 Trees per person globally Source: Mapping tree density at a global scale in Nature (September 10, 2015)

5 ? Source: Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry, Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2013; Statistics Finland, 2013; PEFC Finland, ,271,000,000 m 3 Source: Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry, Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2013; Statistics Finland, 2013; PEFC Finland, 2013

6 Annual Growth + 104,400,000 m 3 4.4% 2,375,400,000 m 3 Source: Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry, Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2013; Statistics Finland, 2013; PEFC Finland, 2013 Annual Growth + 104,400,000 m 3 4.4% 2,375,400,000 m 3 Source: Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry, Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2013; Statistics Finland, 2013; PEFC Finland, 2013

7 Annual Growth + 104,400,000 m 3 4.4% Annual Harvest - 51,500,000 m 3 2.2% 2,323,900,000 m 3 Source: Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry, Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2013; Statistics Finland, 2013; PEFC Finland, 2013 Annual Growth + 104,400,000 m 3 4.4% Annual Harvest - 51,500,000 m 3 2.2% Annual Surplus 52,900,000 m 3 2.2% 2,323,900,000 m 3 Source: Finnish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry, Finnish Forest Research Institute, 2013; Statistics Finland, 2013; PEFC Finland, 2013

8 Which trees grow in Finland?

9 67% Pine 67% 22%

10 10% Pine 67% Spruce 22% Birch 10% Pine 67% Spruce 22%

11 All others 1% Birch 10% Pine 67% Spruce 22% Tree species in Finland by total volume All others 1% such as: Black Alder Aspen Larch Oak Ash Maple Elm Juniper Mountain Ash Cherry Small-Leaf Linden

12 23,239,000 m 3 1% Tree species in Finland by total volume Common in Europe Common in Finland Not found in northern climes and usually imported from the Southern Hemisphere Coniferous Deciduous Exotic English Name Latin Name kg/m 3 Hardness Norway Spruce Picea abies 470 1,3 Silver Fir Abies alba 460 1,3 Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris 520 2,4 Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus 400 1,9 European Black Pine Pinus nigra 670 3,0 European Larch Larix decidua 600 1,9 Siberian Larch Larix Sibirica 750 2,3 Atlas Cedar Cedrus Atlantica 580 2,8 Douglas Fir Pseudotsuga menziesii 570 3,6 Common Juniper Juniperus communis - - Mountain Ash Sorbus aucuparia Sycamore Maple Acer pseudoplatanus 660 3,0 Pedunculate Oak Quercus robur 760 3,7 Sessile Oak Quercus petraea 730 3,7 European Beech Fagus Sylvatica 720 3,8 Eurpoean Ash Fraxinus excelsior 720 3,8 Cherry Prunus avium 640 3,0 Silver Birch Betula pendula 650 2,7 Sweet Chestnut Castanea sativa 650 2,3 Black Walnut Juglans nigra 600 5,2 Wych Elm Ulmus glabra 680 3,9 Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia 750 3,7 Black Alder Alnus glutinosa 520 2,1 White Poplar Aspen Populus alba 530 2,1 Black Aspen Populus nigra 450 2,3 Aspen Populus tremula 440 2,0 Small-leaf Linden Tilia cordata 520 2,9 Broad-leaf Linden Tilia platyphyllos 540 3,1 Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni 500 3,0 Teak Tectona grandis 660 4,5

13 Hardness (Brinell Scale) Aspen Spruce Siberian Larch Pine Alder Maple Birch Elm Ash Oak Spruce Picea abies 470 1,3 Pine Pinus sylvestris 520 2,4 European Larch Larix decidua 600 1,9 Siberian Larch Larix Sibirica 750 2,3 Juniper Juniperus communis - - Mountain Ash Sorbus aucuparia Maple Acer pseudoplatanus 660 3,0 Oak Quercus robur 760 3,7 Ash Fraxinus excelsior 720 3,8 Cherry Prunus avium 640 3,0 Birch Betula pendula 650 2,7 Elm Ulmus glabra 680 3,9 Black Alder Alnus glutinosa 520 2,1 Aspen Populus tremula 440 2,0 Small-leaf Linden Tilia cordata 520 2,9 Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Silver Birch (Betula pendula) Tree species most used in industrial production

14 Pine Image by Katja Vahtikari Pine needles (longer and thinner than spruce) Image by Katja Vahtikari

15 Pine bark (reddish toward the upper part of the tree) Image by Katja Vahtikari Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) light sapwood, reddish heartwood heartwood is weather resistant sapwood can be impregnated density: light (520 kg/m³) hardness: soft (2.4) uses: panels, window and door frames, furniture, plywood, construction

16 Pine panels Note that profile shape dramatically affects appearance of grain Image by Kimmo Lylykangas Pine in exterior use Image by Kimmo Lylykangas

17 Pine in interior use (note color variation) Image by Kimmo Lylykangas Spruce Image by Katja Vahtikari

18 Spruce needles (shorter and thicker than pine) Image by Katja Vahtikari Spruce bark Image by Katja Vahtikari

19 Norway Spruce (Picea abies) light in colour, homogenous and knotty cannot be impregnated density: light (470 kg/m³) hardness: soft (1.3) uses: construction, glue lam, LVL, plywood, exterior cladding, panels Spruce is commonly used in glu-lam structural members such as this truss assembly because it is light weight, easy to work and relatively inexpensive

20 Spruce is also the most common wood in dimensional lumber used for framing members

21 Spruce is also used in many plywoods and particularly in LVL Kerto panels, which show a high number of small knots on their surface Spruce has a high frequency of small diameter knots which can affect its appearance significantly, but have a relatively minor influence on its structural capacity in larger dimensions.

22 When left unpainted, the visual presence of knots is strongly noticeable, particularly in lower quality grades of the material When painted, spruce has a uniform apppearance, reducing the visual presence of knots Image by Kimmo Lylykangas

23 Birch (late season as leaves turn color) Image by Katja Vahtikari Birch leaves Image by Katja Vahtikari

24 Birch bark (white, becoming grey or silver in old age) Images by Katja Vahtikari Silver and Downy Birch (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens) not weather resistant, decays quickly good bending characteristics structurally homogenous density: moderately heavy (white birch 610 kg/m³ - silver birch 650 kg/m³) hardness: moderately hard ( ) uses: furniture, plywood, floors

25 Birch is most frequently used in interior applications and furniture due to its color, hardness and density. Image by Kimmo Lylykangas

26 Birch plywood is lighter in color and has much less noticeable grain figure than spruce or pine plywoods As a result, it is commonly used as an interior surfacing material and is readily available in high quality grades with few to no visible knots.

27 Aspen Image by Katja Vahtikari Aspen leaves Image by Katja Vahtikari

28 Aspen bark (flat grey in color) Image by Katja Vahtikari Aspen (Populus tremula) white and homogenous in colour no patterning density: light (440 kg/m³) hardness: soft (approx. 1.1) uses: panels, furniture, matches

29 Aspen is commonly used now in log applications due to its workability, low density (thus thermal efficiency) and the silver color it takes when weathered Image by Kimmo Lylykangas Aspen is mechanically split for use in shingle claddings

30 In these condiitions when the wood is left untreated, eaves and other obstructions can dramatically affect the appearance of the facade over time. Alder Black (Alnus glutinosa) Grey (Alnus incana) reddish colour, homogenous no patterning not weather resistant density: light ( kg/m³) hardness: soft (approx. 2.1) use: panels, furniture

31 Image by Kimmo Lylykangas

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33 Larch Siberian (Larix sibirica) European (Larix decidua) yellowish sapwood, red heartwood, strong grain pattern heartwood is extremely resistant to decay one of the hardest and strongest softwoods density: heavy/moderately heavy ( kg/m³) hardness: soft (european) to medium (siberian 3.2) uses: terrace deckings, panels, construction, furniture Image by Kimmo Lylykangas

34 Maple (Acer platanoides) density: heavy/moderately heavy (690 kg/m³) hardness: moderately hard (3.4) uses: furniture, surfaces, instruments

35 Image by Kimmo Lylykangas Image by Kimmo Lylykangas

36 Oak (Quercus robur) density: heavy (720 kg/m³) hardness: moderately hard (3.7) uses: furniture, surfaces, instruments Image by Kimmo Lylykangas

37 Color (changes over time)

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