Diseases of Vegetable, Ornamental and Spice Crops

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3 Diseases of Vegetable, Ornamental and Spice Crops

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5 Diseases of Vegetable, Ornamental and Spice Crops Dr. S.K. Gupta Principal Scientist (Plant Pathology) Dept. of Plant Pathology Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, H.P Dr. R.C. Sharma Former Dean College of Horticulture Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, H.P Dr. (Mrs.) Monica Sharma Assistant Professor Dept. of Plant Pathology Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, H.P

6 Published by SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA) Jodhpur Delhi 5 A, New Pali Road P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur INDIA 4806/24, Ansari Road Daryaganj New Delhi INDIA 2017, NAIP, ICAR All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, adapted, abridged, translated, stored in a retrieval system, computer system, photographic or other systems or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, optical, digital, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher. Any breach will attract legal action and prosecution without further notice. Disclaimer: While every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions, this publication is being sold and marketed on the understanding and presumption that neither the editors (or authors) nor the publishers nor the printers would be liable in any manner whatsoever, to any person either for an error or for an omission in this publication, or for any action to be taken on the basis of this work. Any inadvertent discrepancy noted may be brought to the attention of the publisher, for rectifying it in future editions, if published. Trademark Notice: Publications or corporate names may be trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation in bonafide intent without intent to infringe. ISBN: eisbn: Visit the Scientific Publishers (India) website at Printed in India

7 V.S. Thakur Vice Chancellor Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Solan, (H.P.) FOREWORD Healthy plants are essential to secure a safe food and energy supply for a growing global population, to sustain natural ecosystems, and to promote quality of life through diverse and productive landscapes. Plant pathology is a global and integrated discipline that develops and applies the fundamentals of plant-microbe interactions to advance plant health and productivity. Diseases cause significant yield reductions (20%) in principal food and cash crops. Strategies for plant disease management require comprehensive knowledge of diagnosis, epidemiology and biology of pathogen as well as of host. In order to combat the losses caused by plant diseases, it is necessary to define the problem and seek remedies. At the biological level, the requirements are for the speedy and accurate identification of the causal organism, accurate estimates of the severity of disease and its effect on yield, and identification of its virulence mechanisms. Disease may then be minimized by the reduction of the pathogen's inoculum, inhibition of its virulence mechanisms, and promotion of genetic diversity in the crop. Undergraduate students acquire an understanding and interest about a discipline if it has been made simpler to understand. I am happy to know that a book entitled "Diseases of Vegetable, Ornamental and Spice Crops" is being published by the scientists of Department of Plant Pathology and serious efforts have been made to describe the diseases of various crops in a simplified manner. The book focuses on major diseases affecting vegetable, ornamental and spice crops in temperate to subtropical to tropical climates. The characteristic symptoms, pathogens' biology, epidemiology and management strategies for each disease have been described. I am sure that this book will not only serve the needs of students, both undergraduates and postgraduates, and extension workers but will also be helpful to the elite growers. I appreciate the efforts made by the authors in publishing this book. (V.S. Thakur)

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9 Preface Our country is endowed with diverse climatic conditions to grow various crops including vegetables, ornamentals and spices round the year at one or the other location, occupying an important place in Indian economy. Globally, India ranks second after China as far as production of vegetables is concerned. In recent years, the demand for ornamentals has increased manifold. Spices are also grown on a sizeable area and earn a considerable foreign exchange through exports. Due to increased purchasing power of people in India, there is a considerable enhancement in consumption of fresh and processed vegetables, spices and ornamentals especially cut flowers. The projected higher demand of these crops in future could only be met by enhancing productivity through generation of various production and protection technologies. Plant diseases are major impediments in successful production of crops resulting in both qualitative and quantitative losses. Though, development of high yielding varieties/hybrids has resulted in considerable enhancement of productivity and production, yet, many of these are highly susceptible to different diseases. Another matter of concern is the introduction of new pathogens through import of plant material/germplasm etc. Climate change and global warming has also affected the pattern of many diseases. Without proper knowledge, farmers are indiscriminately applying chemicals to combat the revages of insect-pests and diseases which not only result in environmental pollution but also affect the quality of produce to meet the international sanitary and phytosanitary standards. The present book entitled Diseases of Vegetable, Ornamental and Spice Crops is an effort to compile available information on various diseases with regard to symptomatology, etiology, epidemiology and management through host resistance, cultural, biological and chemical methods. This book contains a total of twenty five chapters dealing with important diseases of vegetables, ornamentals and spices illustrated with coloured photographs. Disease cycles of important diseases have also been included which will help in understanding the perpetuation and spread of the pathogens. We are greatful to the authors of the book entitled `Diseases Problems in Vegetable Production' for allowing us to reproduce disease cycles. It is hoped that the information contained in this book will be useful to the Agriculture/Horticulture graduates, teachers, researchers, extension workers and elite growers.

10 viii Diseases of Vegetable, Ornamental and Spice Crops The book is a culmination of an e-course entitled, Diseases of Vegetable, Ornamental and Spice Crops which has been developed by the authors under the National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) entitled, Development of e- Courses for B.Sc. (Honours) Horticulture degree programme funded by the ICAR. The project was operated in consortium mode and Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry (UHF), Nauni, Solan was one of the consortium partners along with University of Horticulture Science (UHS), Bagalkot and Tamil Nadu Agriculture University (TNAU), Coimbatore. A number of scientists and students lending a helping hand for its development, improvement and review. The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution made by Dr. V.B. Sanathkumar, Assistant Scientist, Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Mudigiree, UHS, Bagalkot, Dr. Sunita Chandel, Pr. Scientist, Department of Plant Pathology, UHF, Nauni; Dr. Naresh Mehta, Professor, Dept. of Plant Pathology, CCS HAU, Hisar, Dr. N.K. Bharat, Scientist, Department of Plant Pathology, UHF, Nauni; Mr. Durga Prashad, Dr. Neeraj Sharma and Ms. Adikshita Sharma Ph.D. students of Department of Plant Pathology, UHF, Nauni. Authors are also thankful to Dr. T.S. Thind, Sr. Scientist of Plant Pathology (Scientist Emeritus), Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, for his valuable guidance. The authors are thankful to the ICAR for extending financial support. S.K. Gupta R.C. Sharma Monica Sharma

11 Contents Sr. No. Title Page No. 1. Introduction 1 2. Diseases of Potato 6 3. Diseases of Tomato Diseases of Brinjal Diseases of Bell pepper and Chilli Diseases of Bhindi/Okra Diseases of Crucifers Diseases of Pea Diseases of Beans Diseases of Beet root Diseases of Onion and Garlic Diseases of Cucurbits Diseases of Rose Diseases of Jasmine Diseases of Crossandra Diseases of Tuberose Diseases of Geranium Diseases of Ginger and Turmeric Diseases of Cumin Diseases of Pepper 147

12 x Diseases of Vegetable, Ornamental and Spice Crops 21. Diseases of Small Cardamom Diseases of Large Cardamom and Nutmeg Diseases of Coriander Diseases of Clove, Cinnamon and Fenugreek Post Harvest Diseases of Vegetable, Ornamental and Spice Crops Selected Literature Glossary 181 Subject Index 187 Colour Plates