Greenhouse Gas Emissions Across Tropical Landuse Gradient

Transcription

1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Across Tropical Landuse Gradient Justin Sentian1, Melissa Leduning1, Harry John Kuling1, Julia Drewer2, Ute Skiba2, Margaret Anderson2 Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 844, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia 2 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 QB, UK 1

2 Indonesia and Malaysia supply 85% of global crude oil palm (Koh & Wilcove, 28 )

3 Oil Palm expansion benefits and problems Wealth/employment Food & Bioenergy Yield is 7 times larger than from soya bean, sunflower, grape seed Land Use Change: Biodiversity loss Change in microclimate Changes in biogeochemical cycling of C & N Pollution & Climate Change: CO 2,CH 4, N 2 O, NO 3, BVOCs (isoprene, etc)

4 Landuse change impacts on the carbon and nitrogen cycles and greenhouse gas emissions kg CH 4 -C/ha/y kg N 2 O-N/ha/y Sumatra Kalimantan Sarawak Sabah 1 Sumatra Kalimantan Sarawak Sabah Forest Oil Palm Forest Oil Palm Sumatra/ Kalimantan: Hergoualc h et al, pers. comm. Sarawak: Melling et al 25, 27 Sabah: Siong et al (UMS, 211)

5 89% of oil palm growths on mineral soil 11% growth on peat Peatland makes up 12% of the SE Asian land area but accounts for 25% of current deforestation

6 LOMBOK (Land-use Options for Maintaining BiOdiversity & ekosystem function) PROJECT NERC Human Modified Tropical Forest Program The Stability of Altered Forest Ecosystem (SAFE) Project

7 SAFE Site in Sabah (Borneo) - launched in One of the largest ecological studies site in the world encompassing 8 ha - Over the remaining years, scientists from Malaysia and the UK will be studying: - how deforestation and forest fragmentation alter the ability of this tropical landscape to support a unique diversity of life. - The impact of agricultural development on the ecosystem's ability to absorb carbon dioxide, an important greenhouse gas.

8 Two studies The impact of landuse change from forest to oil palm on soil greenhouse gas and volatile organic compound fluxes (January 215 November 216) The impact of oil palm plantations on soil nutrient translocation to riparian buffer strips and rivers (November 216 November 217)

9 Measurements Study 1: The impact of landuse change from forest to oil palm on soil greenhouse gas fluxes Study 2: The impact of oil palm plantations on soil nutrient translocation to riparian buffer strips and rivers Measurements (Jan 15 Nov 16) Measurements (Nov 16 Nov 17) Soil N 2 O, CH 4, CO 2 fluxes (Forest, Fragmented Forest, Oil Palm) Soil moisture, NH 4, NO 3, ph, Bulk Density Soil and litter TC, TN Soil and ambient temperature Soil and river N 2 O, CH 4, CO 2 fluxes (Oil Palm, Riparian, River) Soil moisture, NH 4, NO 3, ph, Bulk Density Soil and litter TC, TN Soil and ambient temperature River DO, turbidity Soil samples for microbial biodiversity

10 Study sites in the SAFE Project area

11 Study Sites Study 1: The impact of landuse change from forest to oil palm on soil greenhouse gas fluxes Logged forest (LF) Fragmented forest (FLF) B an E Oil palm plantation 2, 7, and 12 years old Riparian reserve Adjacent to 7 years oil palm Study 2: The impact of oil palm plantations on soil nutrient translocation to riparian buffer strips and rivers Oil palm plantations Buffer strip River Site 1: (Menggaris) 11 years old OP; 4 m steep riparian forest Site 2: (Merbau) 11 years old OP; 12 m flat riparian area Site 3: (selangan Batu) 7 years old; 2 m legume, 45 m steep riparian forest

12 Forest sites and oil palm plantations Logged forest edge (LFE) Fragmented forest B (FB) Fragmented forest E (FE) 2 year (OP2) 7 year (OP7) 12 year (OP12) Riparian area next to OP7

13

14 Oil Palm Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Riparian Strip River

15 Methods GHG chamber Headspace sampling method Portable infrared analyser

16 RESULTS Study 1: The impact of landuse change from forest to oil palm on soil greenhouse gas and volatile organic compound fluxes

17 The impact of landuse change from forest to oil palm on soil greenhouse gas fluxes Environmental Parameters Soil moisture content (%) Soil moisture content mean by site LFE B E RR OP2 OP7 OP12 Site Temperature ( C) Ambient temperature mean by site LFE B E RR OP2 OP7 OP12 Site NO 3 -N (µg/g) NO 3 -N in soil mean by site LFE B E RR OP2 OP7 OP12 Site NH 4 -N (µg/g) NH 4 -N in soil mean by site LFE B E RR OP2 OP7 OP12 Site

18 The impact of landuse change from forest to oil palm on soil greenhouse gas fluxes Spatial distribution of N 2 O, CH 4, and CO 2 fluxes N 2 O-N flux (µg N 2 O- N/m 2 /h) N 2 O-N flux mean by site LFE B E RR OP2 OP7 OP12 Site CH 4 -C flux (µg CH 4 - C/m 2 /h) CH 4 -C flux mean by site LFE B E RR OP2 OP7 OP12 Site CO 2 -C flux (mg CO 2 - C/m 2 /h) CO 2 -C flux mean by site LFE B E RR OP2 OP7 OP12 Site

19 RESULTS Study 2: The impact of oil palm plantations on soil nutrient translocation to riparian buffer strips and rivers

20 Oil Palm Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Riparian Strip River

21 The impact of oil palm plantations on soil nutrient translocation to riparian buffer strips Temporal and spatial distribution of N 2 O, CH 4, and CO 2 fluxes CH 4 -C (µg m -2 h -1 ) 1-1 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 OP1 OP2 OP3 Aug-17 Sep-17 RR1 RR2 RR3 Oct-17 Nov Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 Nov-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 N 2 O-N (µg m -2 h -1 ) May-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 OP1 OP2 OP3 RR1 RR2 RR3 CO 2 -C (mg m -2 h -1 ) OP1 OP2 OP3 RR1 RR2 RR3

22 The impact of oil palm plantations on soil nutrient translocation to riparian buffer strips N 2 O-N (µg m -2 h -1 ) SITE 1 SITE 2 SITE 3 CH 4 -C (µg m -2 h -1 ) SITE 1 SITE 2 SITE 3 OPA OPB RRA RRB RRC RRD OPA OPB RRA RRB RRC RRD CO 2 -C (mg m -2 h -1 ) SITE 1 SITE 2 SITE 3 OPA OPB RRA RRB RRC RRD

23 River concentrations Steep Flat Steep Site 1 (4 m ) Site 2 Site 3 (45 m) N 2 O-N (mg/l) Mar-17 Jul-17 Nov-17 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 NH 4 (mg N/L) Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 SITE 1 SITE 2 SITE 3 NO 3 (mg N/L) Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 SITE 1 SITE 2 SITE 3

24 Are the differences in N concentrations and fluxes between OP and RR forests caused by N fertilisation/leaching or the inherent differences between OP and forest? Oil Palm Low OM High bulk density No ground cover Little litter Higher temperatures Lower soil moisture 4 Forest Larger OM Low bulk density Some ground cover Lots of litter Lower temperatures Higher soil moisture Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 %Soil mosture content (v/v) Temperature ambient ( C) 1OP 1RR 2OP 2RR 3OP 3RR

25 Are the differences in N concentrations and fluxes between OP and RR forests caused by N fertilisation/leaching or the inherent differences between OP and forest? Comparing logged and fragmented forests with riparian forests in same area LF, FF Jan 15-Nov 16 (Study 1) RR forests Nov 16 Nov KCl extractable NH 4 and NO 3 (μg N/g soil) (Study 2) LFE B E RR 2-RR-H 1-RR-H 3-RR-H OP2 OP7 2-OP-H 1-OP-H 3-OP-H OP12 Forests: N 2 O (µg N/m 2 /h) Riparian forests: N 2 O (µg N/m 2 /h) Jan-15 Mar-15 May-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Nov-15 Jan-16 Mar-16 May-16 Jul-16 Sep-16 Nov-16 Nov-16 Jan-17 Mar-17 May-17 Jul-17 Sep-17 Nov-17 LFE B E RR1 RR2 RR3 Study 1 Study 2

26 Summary/Conclusions The impact of landuse change from forest to oil palm on soil greenhouse gas and volatile organic compound fluxes There was an increased of GHG fluxes after deforestation and conversion into oil palm Thus proper mitigations are needed to reduce the impact of the deforestation to the soil environment to ensure a sustainable development. The impact of oil palm plantations on soil nutrient translocation to riparian buffer strips and rivers Differences of nutrient and GHG between OP and RR were small River NH4, NO3 and GHG concentration were low Largest NO3 concentration and N2O fluxes in RR with no cover of vegetation We need to establish if OP management or inherent differences between OP and RR are the cause for the small differences observed

27 Acknowledgement NERC Human Modified Tropical Forest Program The RA team at SAFE at the Stability of Altered Forest Ecosystem (SAFE) Project APN Southeast Asia Project Our collaborators at CEH: Prof Dr Ute Skiba Dr Julia Drewer Prof Dr Justin favourite UMS students: Melissa Leduning (PhD student) Harry John Kuling (MSc student)

28 Thank you