NATURAL ECONOMY 0670/2

Transcription

1 Centre Number Candidate Number Candidate Name International General Certificate of Secondary Education UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE NATURAL ECONOMY 0670/2 PAPER 2 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION hours Candidates answer on the question paper. Additional materials: Ruler (cm/mm) TIME 2 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page. Answer both questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. FOR EXAMINER S USE 1 2 TOTAL This question paper consists of 18 printed pages and 2 blank pages. SB (CW/KN) QK11181/2 UCLES 2001 [Turn over

2 1 (a) Below is a diagram of a tropical rainforest. 2 TROPICAL RAINFOREST 30 m Describe four features of the natural vegetation in tropical rainforests....[4]

3 (b) Some information about Africa s tropical rainforests is given below. 3 One fifth (20%) of the world s tropical forests are found in Africa. They cover about 7% of the land area of the African continent. Plot these percentage values on diagrams A and B below. A Tropical Rainforests World Total Key percentage in Africa B Total Land Area of Africa % [2] [Turn over

4 (c) More information about Africa s tropical rainforests is given below. 4 The rainforest is the richest ecosystem in Africa and contains more than half of Africa s species of wild plants and animals. The largest areas covered by African rainforests are in the Congo Basin. However, the forests are under threat of destruction. Almost four million hectares of forest are destroyed each year as a result of: forest clearance for agriculture to feed the increasing numbers of people; mining and drilling for oil; destruction of the trees by unsustainable logging. Road building by logging companies goes right into the middle of previously untouched forests. These roads make access easy for hunters who sell bush-meat (meat from wild animals). The lack of controls and checks has led to a great deal of over-hunting in the forests of central Africa. Species, such as several types of monkeys, are now under serious threat of becoming extinct. (i) What information shows that there is great biodiversity in the rainforests of Africa? (ii) What is meant by the logging being described as unsustainable?...[2]

5 (iii) 5 Below is a flow diagram based upon information given about Africa s rainforests. Growing number of people in Africa More food needed Rainforests cleared Wildlife habitats lost est soils damaged or destroyed Using the information given for the rainforests in Africa, complete another flow diagram to show what happened after logging companies built roads into the African rainforests. Fill in the boxes below. Logging companies clear the forest and build roads [3] (iv) Using your own knowledge, explain two ways in which the forest soils could be damaged or destroyed by clearance of the rainforests [4] [Turn over

6 (d) 6 Some extra information for Gabon and Cameroon, two countries in Central Africa, is given below. Gabon Tropical forests still cover 85% of the country and more than a third of these forests are still completely undisturbed. Gabon has a low population density and is one of the richest countries in Africa due to its resources in oil. Selective logging is taking place in many areas; almost 90% of the trees cut are of one type, called the oukume tree, which produces a light weight wood used in the manufacture of plywood. Cameroon The forests in Cameroon cover more than 22 million hectares and are considered to have the greatest biodiversity in Africa. In places there are still more elephants than people living there. Following 15 years of economic decline and extensive logging, these forests are now greatly threatened with destruction. Unsustainable logging has opened up the forests to hunters and meat from protected species is on sale in local markets. Explain as fully as you can why there is a greater threat to the forests in Cameroon than in Gabon....[4]

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8 (e) Study the map below which shows where some of Africa s rainforests are found. 8 N CAMEROON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC EQUATORIAL GUINEA GABON CONGO ATLANTIC OCEAN border of country northern edge of original tropical rainforest areas covered by tropical rainforest today 0 km 200 protected areas of rainforest, such as est Reserves

9 the map to answer the following questions. 9 (i) Name the country with the largest percentage of its area still covered by forest. (ii) Name a country in which less than 20% of its area is covered by forest. (iii) In which part of the Central African Republic are no forests found? (f) In March 1999 the governments of the five African countries named on the map signed the Yaounde Declaration. The aim was to protect large areas of rainforest in the Congo Basin. The forests of the Congo Basin are very difficult to protect. The problems are the Congo Basin covers a great area, many of the people who live there are very poor, wars are frequent, corruption among some officials. However, environmental groups hope that forest conservation will increase as new protected areas of forest are added to those which already exist. (i) Choose two of the problems listed above. each problem, explain why it makes protection of the rainforests difficult. 1 Problem chosen... Explanation Problem chosen... Explanation [4] [Turn over

10 10 Study the map again and find the protected areas of forest. (ii) Describe where the largest areas of protected forest are located. (iii) Suggest reasons why international agreement between the countries is needed to protect the forests. [3] (iv) Describe some of the strategies that could be used to protect the rainforests in these countries....[3]

11 (g) 11 Some benefits from both keeping and clearing the rainforests in Africa are given below million US $ A Conservation of rainforests B Clearance of rainforests Estimated cash benefits Conservation cash benefits would come from Value of forest products Tourism Flood control Clearance cash benefits would come from Value of the timber after felling of cleared land for farming Soil protection (i) What is the estimated cash benefit from conservation of the forests?... millions US $ [1] (ii) How much greater is the estimated cash benefit from conservation than from clearance?... millions US $ [1] [Turn over

12 (iii) 12 These benefits were calculated by a conservation organisation. Should more of the African rainforests be cleared? Write down and explain your opinions about this....[5] [Total : 40] 2 (a) (i) Name the instrument used to measure temperature. (ii) Where would it be placed in a weather station for accurate measurement of the temperature of the air? (b) (i) The instrument used to measure precipitation is shown below mm 13 cm 25 0 Measuring cylinder Funnel 60 cm Metal container Jar What is the name of this instrument?

13 (ii) (iii) (iv) 13 Describe what the person, who takes the readings at the weather station each day, needs to do in order to measure the amount of precipitation that has fallen....[3] State where the instrument needs to be placed for accurate measurements of precipitation. Explain your answer....[2] Another weather instrument is drawn below. It measures wind direction. W S N E Add labels to the diagram to describe its main features. [2] [Turn over

14 14 (c) The map below shows some of the effects of Hurricane Georges in September Hurricane is the name given to cyclones which affect the Caribbean each year mainly between August and November. USA Estimated $15 billion of damage. 1 person dead. Hurricane Georges More than 200 people dead and at least 700 missing after the hurricane. 200 miles N Atlantic Ocean Estimated $2 billion of damage. Half of the island's banana and coffee crops destroyed by hurricane force winds. Gulf of Mexico MEXICO homes flooded. Bananas, coffee and sugar cane flattened. Empty reservoirs filled. CUBA HAITI 87 dead, 34 missing. Caribbean Sea DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PUERTO RICO (i) Describe how the map information suggests that deaths of 1000 people or more could have resulted from the effects of Hurricane Georges....[2] (ii) Name the two extreme weather conditions of hurricanes which cause so many deaths [2] (iii) Name the one benefit of Hurricane Georges shown on the map.

15 (d) 15 The map shows that loss of life from Hurricane Georges was low in the USA. Accurate weather forecasts helped to reduce the loss of life in the USA. (i) Describe two ways people can prepare for the arrival of a hurricane once it has been forecast [2] (ii) Explain why the weather forecasts were likely to be more accurate and more useful to people living in the USA than to people living in the other countries that Hurricane Georges passed over....[4] [Turn over

16 (e) 16 By mid-october 1998 the government of the Dominican Republic was able to make a more accurate assessment of the effect of Hurricane Georges. The government estimated the hurricane damage at US$1.2 billion. The government has asked other countries to allow its debt payments to be reduced so that the money can be used to rebuild the roads, dams and sugar mills destroyed by the hurricane. Agriculture was badly affected. Agriculture contributes over 10% to the wealth of the country. One third of the workers in the country are farmers. Many crops are exported which earns dollars for the import of machinery and manufactured goods. Sugar cane production has been reduced by at least 25%. Hurricane Georges swept into the south eastern part of the country where most of the sugar cane is grown and most sugar farms were seriously affected by high winds and flooding, leading to heavy soil erosion. The cocoa farms were almost as badly affected with over half the trees blown over in the storm. Coffee and citrus bushes were badly damaged or destroyed as well. (i) State two reasons why agriculture is important to the Dominican Republic and its people [2] (ii) Why does the government of the Dominican Republic need more money after Hurricane Georges? (iii) Why was it likely to gain less money from the export of cocoa, coffee and citrus not only in 1998, but also in 1999 and 2000 as well, as a result of Hurricane Georges?...[2]

17 (iv) 17 Sugar cane output in the Dominican Republic. (tonnes) Draw a bar graph to show sugar cane output below sugar cane output (tonnes) [4] [Turn over

18 (v) (vi) 18 Describe what was happening to sugar cane output in the Dominican Republic in the years before Hurricane Georges struck. Why were the farms growing sugar cane very badly affected? (f) (i) Name and describe two strategies for soil conservation which farmers in the Dominican Republic might use to protect their land against future soil erosion [4] (ii) Below is what two farmers in the Dominican Republic think about soil conservation. Farmer 1 Soil conservation measures are expensive. Farmer 2 Spending money here on soil conservation is just a waste of money. We have too many hurricanes. Give some of the arguments for and against sugar farmers in the Dominican Republic undertaking measures of soil conservation....[4] [Total : 40]

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20 20 Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1 (b) (c) (d) (e) Text & Map John Crace; Roots and Branch Reforms; The Guardian, Guardian Education, 30 March Question 2 (c) The Guardian, 13 October 1998 Cambridge International Examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.