2013 Texas Agricultural Custom Rates

Transcription

1 2013 Texas Agricultural Custom Rates May 2013 Custom Rates Survey Conducted and Compiled by Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service Department of Agricultural Economics Survey Coordinator: Survey Development Team: Dr. Steven L. Klose Dr. Steve Amosson Dr. Jackie Smith Associate Professor and Extension Economist Stan Bevers Dr. Mark Waller Bill Thompson Mac Young Visit Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service at: Education programs conducted by The Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service serve people of all ages regardless of socioeconomic level, race, color, sex, religion, handicap or national origin.

2 Table of Contents Introduction... 1 Survey Map... 2 Survey Methodology... 3 Tractor Rental... 4 Land Tillage Operations... 5 Planting Operations... 8 Application of Fertilizer and Lime Application of Chemicals Cotton Harvesting/Ginning Peanut Harvesting Grain Harvesting/Hauling Hay Cutting and Baling Hay Hauling Silage Operations Farm or Ranch Land Improvements Fencing and Livestock Operations Livestock Operations Cattle Hauling Consulting Services... 29

3 Introduction The data presented in this publication represent the responses of a survey conducted in January through April of 2013 by the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service, Department of Agricultural Economics. Survey respondents include both providers and users of custom services, and data reflect the prices paid for typical farm and ranch custom operations. The 2013 survey was conducted and published similarly to the 2011 survey. Surveys including 2011 and more recent vary in survey methodology to pre 2011 Texas Custom Rate Statistics Reports, and may not be directly comparable. The survey data and publication include rates for tractor rental, row crop field operations, harvesting, hay baling, various land improvements, and livestock services. Inclusions and exclusions are noted in each section, but typically materials are not included in the rates listed. For each rate, five statistics are reported: number of responses, average rate, minimum, maximum, and most common. For rates where no common responses are recorded, the most common statistic will indicate N/A. Some custom rates are charged based on a set of factors rather than a single rate. For example, corn harvesting may be priced at a rate/acre + rate/bushel + overage charge for yield over a specified level. For these combination rates, we simply report the statistics of each individual factor. Reliability of rates and statistics reported are highly dependent on the number of responses in each category. Categories were left blank if fewer than three useable responses were collected. Data are presented on a regional and statewide level only. Geographic regions (North, East, West, and South) follow the administrative regions of the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service. The survey coordinating team extends its gratitude to the survey respondents that took the time to complete and return the survey, as well as the AgriLife Extension County Agents and Specialists that supported the survey process. Department of Agricultural Economics 1 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

4 Texas Custom Rates Survey Regions North Dallam Hartley Sherman Hansford Ochiltree Lipscomb Moore Hutchinson RobertsHemphill Oldham Potter Carson Gray Wheeler El Paso Hudspeth Deaf Smith Randall Armstrong DonleyCollingsworth Briscoe Hall Parmer Castro Swisher Bailey Lamb Hale Floyd Motley Cottle Childress Hardeman Foard WilbargerWichita Cochran HockleyLubbockCrosby Dickens King Knox Baylor Archer tague Cooke GraysonFannin Red River Clay Mon- Bowie Delta YoakumTerry Lynn Garza Kent HaskellThrockmorton Jack Wise Denton Collin Hunt Hopkins Titus Morris Stonewall Cass Camp Rockwall Rains Gaines DawsonBorden Palo Scurry Stephens Parker Tarrant Dallas Fisher Jones Shackelford Wood Marion Upshur Pinto KaufmannVan Harrison Gregg Hood Smith Andrews Martin Howard Mitchell Nolan Taylor Callahan Eastland Johnson Ellis ErathSomervell Henderson Rusk Panola Culberson Loving Winkler Ector MidlandGlass- cock ColemanBrown Sterling Coke Runnels Comanche Bosque Hill Navarro Anderson Cherokee Shelby Hamilton Ward McClennan Limestonstine Freestondoches Augu- Nacog- Crane Tom Mills Upton Reagan Reeves Irion Green Concho Coryell McCulloch Falls Leon Houston Angelina Sabine San Lampasas Trinity Bell Robertson Newton Saba Madison Polk Schleicher Tyler Menard Burnet Jasper Jeff Davis Pecos Milam Crockett Walker Mason Llano Williamson Brazos Grimes San Sutton Burleson Jacinto Kimble Hardin Terrell Gillespie Blanco Travis Lee Washington MontgomeryLiberty Orange Presidio Kerr Hays Bastrop Jefferson Brewster Val Verde Edwards Austin Kendall Fayette Harris Real Comal Caldwell Waller Chambers Bandera Colorado Guadalupe Fort Bend Bexar Kinney Gonzales Lavaca Galveston Uvalde Medina Wharton Wilson Brazoria Maverick DeWitt Jackson Zavala Frio Atascosa Karnes Victoria Matagorda Goliad Calhoun Dimmit McMullen Bee La Salle Live Refugio Oak Aransas San Jim Patricio Webb Wells Duval Nueces Kleberg West Zapata Jim Hogg Brooks Kenedy East South Starr Hidalgo Willacy Cameron Department of Agricultural Economics 2 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

5 Survey Methodology The Survey was developed to provide information regarding typical prices paid/charged for custom agricultural services or operations. The sampling of agricultural custom service providers and users was developed with the assistance of the entire Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service network across the State. On a county by county basis individuals were selected for their anticipated knowledge of custom rates in the area. A total of 1683 surveys were mailed to individuals covering 224 counties. A reminder postcard was sent two weeks after the first mailing. A second survey was mailed a month after the first to individuals that had not responded initially. Participants were asked to voluntarily provide information on only the custom rates with which they were familiar. A total of 260 usable responses were collected and analyzed for publication. Prior to publication, the survey data was reviewed and a minimal number of responses were eliminated to avoid unreasonable price ranges Texas Agricultural Custom Rates, Sample and Reports by Region Region Sample Size Useable Responses North East West South State Department of Agricultural Economics 3 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

6 TRACTOR RENTAL Tractor only, excluding cost of operator and fuel North East West South State Tractor Only: Less than 100 h.p. Responses Rate per Hour Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Tractor Only: 100 to 149 h.p. Responses Rate per Hour Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Tractor Only: 150 to 250 h.p. Responses Rate per Hour Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Tractor Only: More than 250 h.p. Responses Rate per Hour Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Department of Agricultural Economics 4 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

7 LAND TILLAGE OPERATIONS Including cost of operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Moldboard: Responses Shallow (less than 12 inches) Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Moldboard: Responses Deep (deeper than 12 inches) Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Surface chisel (3 to 8 inches) Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Deep chisel (deeper than 8 inches) Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Tandem disc Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common One way disc Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 5 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

8 LAND TILLAGE OPERATIONS Including cost of operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Offset disc Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Field cultivator Responses (spring tooth harrow) Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Rolling cultivator Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Listing Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Shaping beds Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Rod weeder Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 6 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

9 LAND TILLAGE OPERATIONS Including cost of operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Sand fighter Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Rotary hoe Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A 6.00 Row crop cultivator Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common 7.00 #N/A Stalk cutting/shredding Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Stalk pulling Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Strip Till Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 7 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

10 PLANTING OPERATIONS Including operator, machine and fuel; Excluding seed and materials North East West South State Planting Only Responses Row Crops Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Planting and Chemical Application Responses Row Crops Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Planting Only Responses peanuts Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Planting and Chemical Application Responses peanuts Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Planting Only Responses No till: Drilling Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Planting and Chemical Application Responses No till: Drilling Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A #N/A Department of Agricultural Economics 8 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

11 PLANTING OPERATIONS Including operator, machine and fuel; Excluding seed and materials North East West South State Planting Only Responses No till: Row crops Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Planting and Chemical Application Responses No till: Row crops Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Drilling: Small grains, sudan, grain Responses sorghum, ryegrass, soybeans, beans Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Drilling: Alfalfa and other legumes Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Grass seeding Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Sprigging bermuda grass Responses (does not include cost of sprigs) Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 9 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

12 APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER AND LIME Including operator, machine and fuel; Excluding materials North East West South State Anhydrous ammonia Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Dry mixed fertilizer Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Liquid fertilizer Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Aerial application of fertilizer Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Lime application Responses Rate per Ton Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Manure/compost spreading Responses Rate per Ton Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A 5.00 Department of Agricultural Economics 10 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

13 APPLICATION OF CHEMICALS Including operator, machine and fuel; Excluding materials North East West South State Insecticides and fungicides Responses Flat Rate Aerial Application Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A 6.00 Insecticides and fungicides Responses Flat Rate Ground Application Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Herbicides Responses Flat Rate Aerial Application Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A 6.00 Herbicides Responses Flat Rate Ground Application Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Plant growth regulators/defoliants Responses Flat Rate Aerial Application Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Plant growth regulators/defoliants Responses Flat Rate Ground Application Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 11 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

14 COTTON HARVESTING Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Stripping cotton Responses Rate per Lint Pound Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Picking cotton Responses Rate per Lint Pound Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Picking cotton Responses (with on board module building) Average Rate per Lint Pound Minimum Maximum Most Common Ginning cotton (one price) Responses Rate per CWT of Seed Cotton Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Two price cotton ginning Responses a. Ginning cotton Average Rate per CWT of Seed Cotton Minimum Maximum Most Common 1.85 #N/A 2.50 Two price cotton ginning Responses b. Bagging and ties Average Rate per Bale Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Department of Agricultural Economics 12 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

15 COTTON HARVESTING AND PEANUT HARVESTING Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Module hauling Responses Rate per Module Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Module hauling Responses Rate per Loaded Mile Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Peanut harvesting Responses a. Dig and shake Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common Peanut harvesting Responses b. Combining & hauling Average Rate per Ton (field weight) Minimum Maximum Most Common Peanut harvesting Responses c. Peanut drying Average Rate per Ton (field weight) Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 13 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

16 FLAT RATE COMBINING AND HAULING GRAINS Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Combining and hauling: Responses Flat Rate (no extra charges) Average Corn Minimum Rate per Bushel Maximum Most Common 0.45 #N/A Combining and hauling: Responses Flat Rate (no extra charges) Average Grain sorghum Minimum Rate per Bushel Maximum Most Common #N/A Combining and hauling: Responses Flat Rate (no extra charges) Average Soybeans Minimum Rate per Bushel Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Combining and hauling: Responses Flat Rate (no extra charges) Average Wheat and other small grains Minimum Rate per Bushel Maximum Most Common 1.10 #N/A 0.75 Combining and hauling: Responses Flat Rate (no extra charges) Average Oats Minimum Rate per Bushel Maximum Most Common 1.10 #N/A 0.75 Hauling Only All Grain Responses Rate per Loaded Mile Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Department of Agricultural Economics 14 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

17 COMBINING AND HAULING CORN Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Combining and hauling Corn Reported as Combination of per Acre rate, hauling, plus overage a. Rate per Acre Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common b. Hauling per Bushel Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A 0.25 #N/A 0.25 c. Overage Rate per Bushel Responses Average 0.23 Minimum 0.10 Maximum 0.33 Most Common #N/A d. Overage charged on yields over: Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 15 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

18 COMBINING AND HAULING GRAIN SORGHUM Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Combining and hauling Grain Sorghum Reported as Combination of per Acre rate, hauling, plus overage a. Rate per Acre Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common b. Hauling per Bushel Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A 0.25 c. Overage Rate per Bushel Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common d. Overage charged on yields over: Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 16 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

19 COMBINING AND HAULING SOYBEANS Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Combining and hauling Soybeans Reported as Combination of per Acre rate, hauling, plus overage a. Rate per Acre Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common b. Hauling per Bushel Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common c. Overage Rate per Bushel Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common d. Overage charged on yields over: Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Department of Agricultural Economics 17 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

20 COMBINING AND HAULING WHEAT/OTHER SMALL GRAINS Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Combining and hauling Wheat and other small grains Reported as Combination of per Acre rate, hauling, plus overage a. Rate per Acre Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common b. Hauling per Bushel Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common c. Overage Rate per Bushel Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common 0.20 #N/A 0.20 d. Overage charged on yields over: Responses Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 18 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

21 HAY CUTTING AND BALING OPERATIONS Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Complete Haying Job (mow, condition, rake, and bale) For various type/size bales Excluding Hauling Small Square Bales Responses Twine or Wire Tie Average Rate per Bale Minimum Maximum Most Common Round Bales Responses Less than 1500 lbs Average Twine or Wire Tie Minimum Rate per Bale Maximum Most Common Round Bales Responses Over 1500 lbs Average Twine or Wire Tie Minimum Rate per Bale Maximum Most Common #N/A Round Bales Responses Less than 1500 lbs Average Full Wrap Minimum Rate per Bale Maximum Most Common Round Bales Responses Over 1500 lbs Average Full Wrap Minimum Rate per Bale Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 19 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

22 HAY BALING OPERATIONS Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Hay Baling Only For various type/size bales Excluding Hauling Small Square Bales Responses Twine or Wire Tie Average Rate per Bale Minimum Maximum Most Common Round Bales Responses Less than 1500 lbs Average Twine or Wire Tie Minimum Rate per Bale Maximum Most Common #N/A Round Bales Responses Over 1500 lbs Average Twine or Wire Tie Minimum Rate per Bale Maximum Most Common Round Bales Responses Less than 1500 lbs Average Full Wrap Minimum Rate per Bale Maximum Most Common Round Bales Responses Over 1500 lbs Average Full Wrap Minimum Rate per Bale Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 20 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

23 HAY HAULING Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Hauling hay (field to storage): Responses Small Square Bales Average Rate per Bale Minimum Maximum Most Common Hauling hay (field to storage): Responses Round Bales, less than 1500 lbs. Average Rate per Bale Minimum Maximum Most Common Hauling hay (field to storage): Responses Round Bales, over 1500 lbs. Average Rate per Bale Minimum Maximum Most Common Flat Rate Hay Hauling Responses Semi Trailer Average Rate per Loaded Mile Minimum Maximum Most Common Flat Rate Hay Hauling Responses Other Trailers Average Rate per Loaded Mile Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 21 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

24 SILAGE OPERATIONS Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Silage Harvest Responses Rate per Ton Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Silage Hauling Responses Rate per Ton Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Complete Silage Job Responses (chop, haul, and pack) Average 8.50 Rate per Ton Minimum 7.00 Maximum Most Common #N/A Department of Agricultural Economics 22 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

25 FARM OR RANCH LAND IMPROVEMENT OPERATIONS Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Bulldozer, Land clearing Responses Rate per Hour Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Bulldozer, Root plowing Responses Rate per Hour Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Bulldozer, Rake and stack Responses Rate per Hour Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Bulldozer, Heavy offset plowing Responses Rate per Hour Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Terracing Responses Rate per Hour Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Leveling Responses Rate per Hour Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Department of Agricultural Economics 23 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

26 FARM OR RANCH LAND IMPROVEMENT OPERATIONS Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Grubbing (Approx. 40 small Responses trees/shrubs per acre) Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Pasture shredding Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Brush Spraying Responses Aerial Application Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A 5.00 Brush Spraying Responses Ground Application Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Brush Spraying Responses Individual Plant Treatment Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Pasture aeration Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 24 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

27 FARM OR RANCH LAND IMPROVEMENT OPERATIONS Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Stock tank construction Responses and/or maintenance Average Rate per Hour Minimum Maximum Most Common Excavator Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Department of Agricultural Economics 25 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

28 FENCING AND MISCELLANEOUS LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS Including operator, machine and fuel North East West South State Fence building (including materials) Responses to 6 wire with steel posts Average 8,485 9,576 11,246 8,932 9,883 Rate per Mile Minimum 5,280 5,000 3,696 4,000 3,696 Maximum 12,000 15,000 17,160 14,520 17,160 Most Common 8,000 13,200 10,000 #N/A 10,000 Fence building (including materials) Responses to 6 wire with wood posts Average 10,210 10,800 12,974 11,314 Rate per Mile Minimum 5,200 4,000 7,500 4,000 Maximum 17,160 14,000 19,272 19,272 Most Common #N/A 14,000 #N/A 10,000 Fence building (including materials) Responses to 6 wire, high tensile electric Average 10,667 8,356 with posts (any type) Minimum 6,000 4,500 Rate per Mile Maximum 16,000 16,000 Most Common #N/A #N/A Fence building (including materials) Responses Deer proof fencing Average 25,658 23,721 8 foot with steel posts Minimum 15,000 12,000 Rate per Mile Maximum 36,000 36,000 Most Common 30,000 30,000 Fence building (including materials) Responses Net wire Average 13,013 14,051 18,753 14,551 Rate per Mile Minimum 10,000 10,000 11,780 10,000 Maximum 15,840 18,222 26,000 26,000 Most Common #N/A 15,000 #N/A 15,000 Department of Agricultural Economics 26 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

29 LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS Including labor and equipment North East West South State Cattle Day Labor for weaning, Responses branding, etc. (Labor provides mount) Average Rate per Day Minimum Maximum Most Common Small grains, stocker cattle care Responses (including mount) Average Rate per Head per Month Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A 3.00 Cattle: Artificial Insemination Responses Rate per Head Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A Cattle: Pregnancy Testing Responses Rate per Head Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Cattle: Spraying Responses Rate per Head Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A 5.00 Cattle Processing (dehorning, branding, Responses castrating, vaccinating, deworming) Average Rate per Head Minimum Maximum Most Common 3.00 #N/A Department of Agricultural Economics 27 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

30 LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS Including labor and equipment North East West South State Sheep Shearing Responses Rate per Head Average Minimum Maximum Most Common Sheep Tagging Responses Rate per Head Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A CATTLE HAULING Including labor and equipment North East West South State Cattle hauling Responses Semi Truck & Trailer (18 wheeler) Average Rate per Loaded Mile Minimum Maximum Most Common Cattle hauling Responses All other Trucks and Trailers Average Rate per Loaded Mile Minimum Maximum Most Common Department of Agricultural Economics 28 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service

31 CONSULTING SERVICES North East West South State Use of Crop Production Consulting Responses Rate per Acre Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A 8.00 Use of Marketing Consulting Service Responses Rate per Acre Average 3.00 Minimum 1.00 Maximum 5.00 Most Common #N/A Use of Marketing Consulting Service Responses Flat Rate per Year Average Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A Use of Fee Based Predator Responses Management Service Average Rate per Acre Minimum Maximum Most Common #N/A #N/A 0.10 Department of Agricultural Economics 29 Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service