AGROFORESTRY*SYSTEMS*OF*HIGH*NATURAL*AND*CULTURAL*VALUE*IN*EUROPE:* STRUCTURE,*MANAGEMENT,*GOODS*AND*SERVICES*

Transcription

1 AGROFORESTRY*SYSTEMS*OF*HIGH*NATURAL*AND*CULTURAL*VALUE*IN*EUROPE:* STRUCTURE,*MANAGEMENT,*GOODS*AND*SERVICES* MorenoG,AvironS,BergS,BurgessPJ,CaceresY,Crous7DuranJ,FaiasSP,FirminoPN,Fo<adisG,FrancaA,GarciadeJalonS,HartelT,Lind T,LópezBernalA,MantzanasK,MirckJ,PalmaJ,PanteraA,PauloJA,PapadopoulosA,PapanastasisV,PapaspyropoulosK,PopaR, PorquedduC,RákosyL,ReGA,SannaF,ThenailC,TsonkovaP,ValingerE,VargaA,ViaudV,VityiA

2 HNV*FARMS:Farmtypesandlandscapes*valuableforbiodiversity, Theyaremanagedatlow*intensity*andthatretainssemiInatural*vegetaLon. EUROPEANHNVAGROFORESTRYincludesgrazedwoodlands,woodpastures,andparklandsallthemassociatedwithlow7 intensitylivestockrearing.butitalsoincludesbocageandothermosaic7likefarmedlandscapes SEMINATURAL*LANDSCAPES,*but*farmed*

3 10 HNCV agroforestry systems were selected as representative of the different European biogeographical regions. From forest habitats that are barely farmed (e.g. extensive grazing with reindeers) to mixed farming (e.g. bocage). HGR* WP* WP* WP* WP* GF* WP* HGR* WP* WP* GF* 90%oftheterritoryofSardinianWood pasturesisconsideredasdisadvantagedareas (EUDirec<ve1257/99)

4 All ten HNCV agroforestry systems have been described in detail using a common template aimed at recording: (i) Distribution, extension and current trend; (ii) Structure and Components (iii) Management practices; (iv) Provisioning services (main marketable products); (v) Ecosystem services scientifically measured; and, where available, (vi) Assessment of economic value of these systems. (vii) New initiatives to boost HNCV agroforestry The description is based on the revison of international and local literature available for the ten selected HNVC agroforestry systems.

5 LOCATION EXTENSION 24,000,000ha (Forest7WoodPlanta<ons) (450,000ha) ha 183,000km over2.7millionsha (1,400,000ha) 47500ha (200,000ha) 8000ha (240,00ha) 7000ha (760,000ha) 800,000ha 940,000ha 3,500,000ha 4,700,000ha 113,000ha 950,000ha 30,000ha 950,000ha

6 OAK-BASED WOOD PASTURES FOR LIVESTOCK BREEDING Openoakwoodland,withscaeeredoaks(10760treesha 71 )andna<ve annualself7seedinggrasses.occasionallycerealandfoddercropsare cul<vated.alsomoreproduc<verich7legumepastures. Caele,sheep,goats,pigs( LUha 71 ) Dehesa,Spain Montado,Portugal Ini<althinning,periodicalpruningoftrees. Regulargrazing. Mowingmoreproduc<ve(wet)pastures)forhay/silage LESSFERTILSOILS:Shrubremovalfollowedbysoil cul<va<on(every10ormoreyears) MOREFERTILESOIL:Periodicalcrops(~every476y) Debarkingcorkoaksispresent(every10y) ACORNS*ARE*CONSUMED*BY*LIVESTOCK,*SPECIALLY*PIGS*IN*IBERIA*PENINSULE

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8 OAK-BASED WOOD PASTURES FOR LIVESTOCK BREEDING WoodPastures+GrazedForest,Sardinia,Italy VerLcal*shortIdistance*transhumance* Valonianoaksilvopastures,Greece Openforestsofoldagetrees(40750%treecover;50760trees) (Q.ithaburensisandotherQuercus) +grassesandbushes +sheep,goats,pigs,cows(<1luha71). Oaksat77250treesha 71 +na<veself7seedinggrassunderstory +occasionalcrops(barleyoats)+shrubunderstory +livestock( LUha 71 ) Plan<ngand/ornaturalregenera<on,shrubcontrol,periodicalcroppingandregulargrazing. Sownofannualmixpasturesforgrazingand/orhay RegularGrazing/Mowing/Debarkingcorkoaks Dairysheepinmoreopenstandsandcaeleinmoredensestands.Alsogoatsinshrubs

9 DIFFERENTVIEWSoftheSARDINIANAGRO7SILVOPASTORALLANDSCAPES

10 OTHER WOOD PASTURES with Transylvanianwoodpastures,Romania Woodpasturesandparklands,UK Woodpastures,Hungary Trees(ooenpollardedinthepast) +Grazinglivestock +Understoreyofgrasslandand/or heathland. Thissystemisalmostabandoned Maintenance for recreation activities and Biodiversity conservation Sheep,caele,buffalo,goat.Mostlytradi<onalbreedsfortheRegion.~0.3LUha 71 IN: Mosaic of open grassland, wood pastures with ancient trees and forest. Treesarenotanymoremanaged IN: Natural grasslands with Quercus' robur,' Q.' petraea,' Pyrus' communis,' P.' pyraster' (frequent isolated veterantrees) Grazing is officially prohibited in forests, butlivestockusewoodyspeciesasfodder.

11 ROMANIA

12 HUNGARY

13 UK

14 HEDGEROWS SYSTEMS Hedgerowscontouringmeadows,Germany (example:spreewaldbiospherereserve) Bocage,Bretagne,France Lines of high7 and medium7stem trees (mul<specific; hardwoods) contouring crop fields (includedfoddercrops)andpastures. Hedgerowdensityvariesbetween16and94m.ha 71. Plan<nghedges,withorwithoutbank, Pruning,Thinning,Shreddingandharves<ng Treeandshrubshedgerows(na<vefloodplainspeciessuchas Alnusglu<nosaandothers)contouringmeadowsandfieldcrops. Inter7rowspacing~50m.Inter7rowspacing~50m. Meadowsaremowingandgrazingwithcaele(3perha)from MaytoOctober. Tradi<onallyregularharvestofhedgerowbiomassevery5715 yearsforfuelwood. Currentlythisprac<ceshasdisappearedbyeconomicreasons butalsoitisprohibitedbynatureconserva<onrules.

15 GERMANY FRANCE UK

16 GRAZED FORESTS ReindeerhusbandryinConifers+Birchforest: trees/ha Understoryrichinherbs,berriesandterrestrialandarboreallichens. Grazedbymigra<ngreindeerherds.Stokingrate<0.01ha 71 Soilscarifica<on,plan<ng/seeding,andnaturalregenera<on,with furthercleaning,thinningandclear7cut(cyclesof years)

17 BEYOND*EUROPE* TUNICIA California GALAZANI,Zagros,Kurdistan,Iran

18 BUT*AGRICULTURE*AND*LIVESTOCK*BREEDING*HAS*BEEN*A*MOTOR*OF*DEFORESTAION*EVERYWHERE* WHY*TREES*WERE*MANAGED*/*CONSERVED*IN*CERTAIN*REGIONS*/*SYSTEMS*

19 The*role*of*trees*in*pastoral*systems* PROVISIONING GOODS AND REGULATING SERVICES Multiple woody and non-woody products, High-quality food (e.g., Meat, Honey, Mushrooms) Energy (Firewood and charcoal) Materials (Cork) Recreational (e.g. Games) or Cultural Services Keystone structures (Ecosystems services) Carbon sequestration (Howllet et al., 2011) Soil fertilization (Moreno Obrador 2007) Microclimate amelioration (Moreno et al., 2007) Shelter for livestock (animal welfare) NOT EVALUATED YET Control of soil erosion (Moreno Pulido 2009) Control nutrient leaching (López-Díaz et al., 2011) Biodiversity maintenance (Marañon et al., 2009)

20 PROVISIONING SERVICES: FOODER*RESOURCES* Valonian*acorn*cups*is*used*for* tanning*in*kea*islands,*greece* Tree Fodder: Prunned Branches FORAGEBANKS

21 TREES*HAS*NEUTRAL*AND*POSITIVE*EFFECTS*ON*GRASSLANDS*

22 TREES*HAS*CLEAR*POSITIVE*EFFECTS*ON*GRASSLANDS* Protec<onforlivestock(shelter)andcrops/pastures(windbreaks)wererecognizedbylocalstakeholdersasan importantecosystemserviceofhncvagroforestry. 7 Shadeforlivestock(primaryrole,recognizedbythegreat majorityofstakeholders) 7 Bufferingthegrasslandagainstwindanddryness(recognized bysomestakeholders) HOW*MUCH*METABOLIC*ENERGY*(FOOD)* *IS*SAVED?*

23 PROVISIONING SERVICES: TIMBER ENERGY Tree Fodder: Prunned Branches Firewood Charcoal

24 PROVISIONING SERVICES: Material (e.g. Cork) Corkisthemainmarketable productsofportuguese montado,alsoimportantinspain andsardina InSardiniaCork:17,000720,000 tonnesperyeas(150,000,000 Euros)forcorkboelestoppers Othergoodsinclude,mulch,wildfruits(e.g.,syrupandjamfromrosehipsandmulberry),honey,mushrooms,wildedible, medicinalandaroma<cplants,andrecrea<onalac<vi<essuchashun<ngandfishing,educa<onandleisureac<vi<es.

25 PROVISIONING SERVICES: Other marketable products While high quality livestock7based foods (meat (lamb, beef ) and dairy products (cheese, milk), eggs) are common to most of the systems studied, some goods are regionallyspecific. Insomecases,specificlabelsareiden<fiedfortheproductsoftheHNCVagroforestry systems(e.g.iberianjam,sardiniancheeses:cheesessuchaspecorinoromanopdo, PecorinoSardoPDOandFioreSardoPDOI). Other goods include,mulch,wild fruits (e.g., syrup and jam from rosehips and mulberry), honey, mushrooms, wild edible, medicinal and aroma<c plants, and recrea<onalac<vi<essuchashun<ngandfishing,educa<onandleisureac<vi<es.

26 PROVISIONING SERVICES: Leisure activities SARDINIA:Highculturalvaluefortourism GERMANY:Highaesthe<candculturalvalueandisofimportancefortourism(2to2.2millionvisitorsbetweenMayand Septembereachyear)inSpreedwal SPAIN:Hun<ngismoreprofitablethanlivestockbreedingforsomedehesafarms(hillyareas) Birdwatchingisanimportantcommercialac<vityinthedehesaterritory

27 OTHERECOSYSTEMSERVICES

28 Trees increase soil carbon content SARDINIA SOM(lieer):10to22tha71inthedenseoak forestvs3to11tha71inthewoodedpasture FRENCHBOCAGE Soilorganiccarboncontentsmeasuredintopsoil underoldhedgerowscanbeupto2.5<meshigher thanthoseintheadjacentcropfield. IBERIAN DEHESA GERMANY ImportantCsequestra<onwiththeSpreewald systemencroach 137 G C kg -1 Suelo (Howleeetal2011.J.Env.Monit)

29 And Soil Fertility 25 N Ca Mg P K 250 2,5 IBERIANDEHESA Nutrient content (N, Ca, Mg), g / kg K content g / kg 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 P content g / kg Distance to the tree trunk, m 0,0 Moreno et al Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.

30 Trees help to control Nitrate leaching Preventing N leaching cost 100 ha -1 y-1 in Spreedwald system compared to 400 ha -1 y -1 in more intensive grasslands in Germany Especial emphasis on the regulation of the nitrate and phosphorus pollution is done in Britany where hedgerows are designed to improve the groundwater quality. At a watershed scale, the nitrate flux brought by water surface decreased when the hedge tree density increased. Benhamou C, Salmon-Monviola J, Durand P, Grimaldi C, Merot P (2013) Modelling the interaction between fields and a surrounding hedgerow network and its impact on water and nitrogen flows of a small watershed. Agricultural Water Management 121: 62-72

31 Trees help to control Soil Erosion The capacity to improve water infiltration and prevent soil erosion is mentioned for Mediterranean case studies but also for the Continental Spreewald floodplain and the Atlantic bocage. Several studies demonstrated also the anti-erosive effect of hedgerows, with high spatial variability at the landscape scale. Parameter TreeCover 1 HTD MTD Treeless BC SoilCover,% Runoff,%rainfall 12 30,5 36,3 11,1 SoilErosionRate, g/m 2 /y TreeCover:HTD:HighTreeDensity;MDT:MediumTreeDensity;BC:BeneathCanopy

32 Agroforestry practices reduces the risk of wild fire Valuesofthepropaga<onprobability,rateofspreadandfirelineintensitycalculatedforgrazed(A,C,E) andungrazed(b,d,f)condi<onsinsardinia(italy)byfiresitesimulator

33 THEHIGHBIODIVERSITYOFHIGHNATURECULTURALVALUEAGROFORESTRY Someexamplesofwelldocumentedbenefitofagroforestryforbiodiversityinour10casestudy FRENCHBOCAGE Thediversityofbueerfliesinbocagewasfoundtobehigherinhedgerowbanksthanotherherbaceoushabitats,in rela<onshipswithahighdiversityofplantspecies. Thediversityofpollinatorssuchassolitarybeesincreasedwithhedgerowdensityinfarminglandscapes,duetothe highqualityofnectarandnes<ngresourcesintheseelements. Regardingthecommuni<esofnaturalenemiesofcroppests,thediversityofpredatorycarabidbeetles,ofladybugs andofaphidparasitoidsincerealsfieldswasfoundtobeposi<velyrelatedtothedensityofhedgerowsand/or theirproximitytocropsinthesurroundinglandscape. ROMANIANWOODPASTURES Inanancientoakwood7pasturefromRomaniaof133hectare,overall476speciesofvascularplants,121speciesof macromycetes,281speciesoflepidoptera,40speciesofxylophagousbeetles,27speciesofnes<ngbirdsand38 speciesofmammalswereiden<fied. Wood7pasturescontainmorebirdspeciesandfunc<onalgroupsthanhighforestsandopenpastures. Morerecentsurveyscarriedoutinamoderatelyintensivelygrazedwood7pasture(with1.1LU/hectare)revealed anexcep<onaldiversityofspidercommuni<esinsuchsystems,with140speciesandfournewspeciesofspiders forromania.

34 THEHIGHBIODIVERSITYOFHIGHNATURECULTURALVALUEAGROFORESTRY ApartinRomania,ancienttreesofBri<sh,Greek,Hungarianwoodpasturesareespeciallyrichinfungi,epiphyte, macroinvertebrates,batsandbirds. Acomprehensivebiodiversitysurveyona220hamontadofarminPortugaliden<fied264fungi,75bryophytes,304 vascularplantsand121vertebratespecieswererecorded. InSpanishdehesa,135speciesofplantsin0.1hainholmoakdehesasand60 100speciesper0.1haincorkoakstands havebeendescribed ANNEXIIofEUHABITATDIRECTIVE Woodpastureshavebeeniden<fiedasapriorityhabitatintheUK, ValonianoakforestinGreekandIberiandehesainSpainweredeclaredHabitatofCommunitary(European)Interest Thewillingnesstopaytopreservebiodiversityof HNCVgrasslandsinGermanyamountedto approximately10 permonth

35 TREES*IN*WOOD*PASTURES*INCREASE*BIODIVERSITY*BECAUSE* Tree7basedgradients Addi<onalfoodresources Refugefornes<ng TREE7BASED(FINE)GRADIENTS

36 SPECIES*RICHNESS*INCREASE*IN*OPEN*WOOD*PASTURES* RESPECT*TO*OPEN*PASTURES*AND*TO*DENSE*FORESTS*

37 HABITAT*DIVERSITY*ALSO*MATTERS* Estimated)Number)of)Plant)Species Pastures PRODUCTIVE ALL Wood3Pastures NON3PRODUCTIVE PLANTS 0 Measured Chao23Estimated Coleman323Rarefied AlthoughhighbiodiversityvaluesfoundinIberiandehesascanbepartlyexplainedbytheexistenceofahabitat dominatedbyscaeeredtrees,thein<matemixoftreeandtreelesspasturesandmarginalhabitatshasalsoa significantrole(morenoetal2016)

38 SOME*DISSERVICES*OF*THE*HIGH*BIODIVERSITY*/*WILDLIFE*OF*HNCV*AGROFORESTRY* Forage*consumpLon* * Livestock*diseases* * 100 Acorns Browse Grass % of distinct fooders Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

39 HOWEVER HNCV AGROFORESTRY IS EUROPE IS MOSTLY MARGINAL (CURRENT TRENDS) Withtheexcep<onofIberiandehesasandmontados,andinsomewaytheSardinianagro7silvo7pastoral landscapes,therestofthehncvagroforestrysystemsstudiedexperiencedanimportantregressionand/or abandonmentofthefarmingprac<cesduringthe20 th century. Hedgesarenotmaintainedandtheir rejuvena<onishinderedbytrampling andgrazingbycaele,andtreedeseases (Phytophthora'alni'for'black'alder'and' Hymenoscyphus'fraxineus'for'ash). Deadwoodupto50%ofstandtrees InSpreewaldReserve. % of trees (Forest) Overageingoftreepopula<onin Iberiandehesas FOREST DEHESA % of trees (Dehesa) Size classes (Diameter of trunk, cm) Progressivelostof treesinromanian WoodPastures Greece:Steadydecline:lackofnatural regenerata<on(>80%ofsites)because overgrazing,shrubencroachmentandwildfire; switchingtoolivegrovesorarablecrops

40 INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY ThisslowdeclineofmostHNCVagroforestrysystemsinEuropehasledtoprogramstorestoretradi<onalfarming prac<ces. PORTUGAL(similarforcertainSPANISHREGIONS) Financialsupporttotheinstalla<onofnewHNCVareastroughPDR2020measures Financialsupporttothemaintenance,improvementofproduc<vecapacityandincreaseresilienceofexis<ngHNCV areastroughpdr2020measures Increaseknowledgeandknowledgetransferfromthescien<ficcommunitytoprac<<oners,onbestmanagement prac<ces(debarking)relatedtothesystemscomponents:tree,understoryandanimal HUNGARY formerlyabandonedareasarebeingfarmedagainaswoodpastures tosupplythedemandtheorganicandhighqualityfoods SWEEDEN Forestplansofintensive<mberplanta<onsarebeingadapted tocompa<bilist<mberproduc<onwiththereindeerhusbandry UK Pollardingandgrazingac<vi<esinoldabandonedwoodpasturesisre7introducedtomaintaintheculturallandscape mostlyusedforpublicrecrea<onalac<vi<es.

41 INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY GERMANY Aplanfortherejuvena<onoftheabandonedhedgerowsintheGermanSpreewaldfloodplainhasalsobeen ini<ated.theprogramcalled"spreewaldgrasslandshares"aimstos<mulatepublicinvolvementinmaintaining thetradi<onallandscapeofspreewald. BRITANY,FRANCE InBritanyinFrance,newhedgeplan<ngschemeshavebeenimplementedsincethe1990s.

42 INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY Ini<a<vestopromotethesocial7ecologicalvaluesofthewood7pasturesfromSouthernTransylvania. Mul<secularoakreserva<onatBreite 7projectaimedtopromotethevalueoftheBreiteancientwood7pasture. Buildingmilkcollec<ngcentersinvillages,promo<ngmarketsfortradi<onalproductsandmo<va<ngfarmerstousetheirWP. Theproject Conserva<onofbiodiversityintheBreiteancientoakreserve,Sighisoara. TheProject Theimplica<onofthelocalcommuni<esintheconserva<onofthewood7pasturehabitatsfromtheSaxonvillagesof SouthernTransylvania. Theprojects Findtheoldesttree and Oneoakforeverypupil werefirstofalleduca<onalandawarenessrisingprojects. Theoakday wasacommunityeventorganizedbymetinpartnershiptogetherwithover50ins<tu<onsandimportantpersons fromsighisoara. TheRemarkableTreesofRomania isanew,ci<zensciencebasedprojecttarge<ngthelarge,oldtreesofromania. ApproachingtheMinisteroftheEnvironmentofRomaniatodiscusspossibili<esforsocial7ecologicalsustainabilityofRomanian wood7pastures. HighlightoftheWPasvaluablelandscapesneedingprotec<oninthemanagementplanofalocalNatura2000siteof85,000ha Ini<a<onofapolicyseminarinBrussels(EuropeanCommission)inordertorecognizeEuropeanwood7pastureswithinthe CommonAgriculturalPolicy(17 th ofnovember,2015). Ini<a<onofar<s<cevent OldTrees inthreemajorci<esofromania,topopularizetheancienttrees. Eightpeer7reviewedscien<ficpapersaddressingtheecologicalandsocio7culturalvaluesandthreatsforwood7pasturesfrom SouthernTransylvania.

43 INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY ROMANIA

44 INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY GRAZINGWOODPASTURESASFIREBREAKS(SPAIN,SARDINIA)

45 INITIATIVES TO RESUCITE HNCV AGROFORESTRY Farmers in the frontier

46 CONCLUSIONS Most of the traditional HNCV agroforestry systems and associated agro-silvo-pastoral practices were under-valued in the XX century and the systems have either evolved in dense forests and shrublands or been deforested by the gradual loss of trees. Recently, HNCV agroforestry systems have acquired interest again for their ecological, cultural and recreational value, through the support of agri-environment programmes and the rising demand for high quality food. culturallandscapeofhighaesthe<cvalueandtheirassociatedtradi<onalknowledgeaspoten<alfortourism Numerous projects of rejuvenation or restoration have emerged to preserve ancient trees, hedgerows, tree cover, and practices such as grazing forest, pannage, and pollarding. currentwood7pasturesystemsislargelyresumedtotheherbaceouslayerwhilethetreesareinsharpdecline However, there is still important uncertainties on how to restore and maintain these systems, and ultimately to guarantee an economic and ecological sustainable management of these systems. incomefromagriculturalproductswhichooenhardlycompensateslabourcosts Research on the best agroforestry management practices to optimise more demanded public services and high quality and low-carbon-emission products are still needed.

47 FullreportsareaccessibleatAGFORWARDprojectportal( Acknowledgement** The AGFORWARD project (Grant Agreement N ) is co7funded by the European Commission, Directorate General for Research Innova<on, within the th FrameworkProgrammeofRTD,Theme7Biotechnologies,AgricultureFood.Theviewsandopinionsexpressedinthisreportarepurelythoseofthewritersand maynotinanycircumstancesberegardedassta<nganofficialposi<onoftheeuropeancommission.