in Finland and future prospects

Transcription

1 Current use of bioenergy from forests in Finland and future prospects NSFP- seminar: Forest regeneration and bioenergy , Vantaa M.Sc. Juha Laitila Joensuu Research Unit Metsäntutkimuslaitos Skogsforskningsinstitutet Finnish Forest Research Institute

2 Six K of forest energy from the forest technology point of view Korjuuketjut (supply chains) Kone- ja laitekehitys (machine & device development) Kertymät (Availability & accumulation of forest chips) Kustannukset (Costs) Klapi (Chopped firewood) Kansainvälisyys (Internationality, technology & know-how transfer) Juha Laitila

3 Use of wood fuels in Finland - Wood fuels are 20 % of primary energy production - Black liquor from pulp mills is the major source of wood fuels, 50 % - Major resources of solid wood fuels are debarking residues, forest chips and sawdust (process residues) - Forest chips are quite modest source of fuel, but is has growth potential. Current level 3,0 Mm³-2,6 Mm³ in large scale use and 0,4 Mm³ in small scale use + 8 Consumption of solid wood fuels 2005, Mm 3 6 Mm 3 per year 4 2 Bark 7.6 Goal 5 Mm³ by 2010 Forest chips 3.0 Sawdust 1.7 Industrial chips 1.0 Pellets etc. 0.7 Chopped firewood 5.7 in households 0 NOTE: Level of annual roundwood cuttings in Finland is 54 Mm³ & 15 Mm³ impoterted wood (2004) Juha Laitila

4 Border of the large scale and small scale use 2,6 Mm³ per year 0,4 Mm³ + about 5,7 Mm³ per year Large scale MW Municipality scale 1-50 MW Small scale kw Fireplace scale 5-20 kw LOW 70% 10% 5% Quality requirements for the forest fuels 15% HIGH Dry and homogenous raw material = stem wood chips, pellets Juha Laitila

5 Three main sources of forest fuels in the large scale use Logging residues from final fellings Stumps from final fellings -A side productof finalcuttings - Accumulation easy to estimate and locate - Integration with roundwood harvesting and regeneration - Harvesting costs are quite low - Selected stands are spruce dominanted 78 % = 1,66 + 0,38 Mm³ Small diameter trees from early thinnings - Harvesting costs are high - Cost difference to logging residue chips is about /m³ - Resources difficult to locate, measure and get to market - State subsidies enables harvesting activities (10-11 /m³) 22 % = 0,57 Mm³ Juha Laitila

6 Border of industrial roundwood and energywood in Finland Stumpage price of pulpwood /m³(birch,aspen,pine & spruce). Minimum top diameter 6-8 cm. Lenght of bolts between 3-5 meters Small trees from pre commercial thinnings Stumpage price 0-(4) /m³ (Pulpwood compensation) m³/ha Logging residues /ha m³/ha Stumpage price of logs /m³ (birch, spruce & pine). Minimum top diameter 15 cm. Lenght of bolts 3,1-5,5 meters Stump & root wood /ha + savings in the site preparation /ha m³/ha Juha Laitila

7 Harvesting of logging residues and stumps from spruce dominated clear cut areas Annual harvested area ha an estimation - Spruce stands, since the yield of logging residues is more than twice compared to pine and birch stands -The recovery rate is about 70 % when the biomass is harvested as fresh with needles (green chips) and 60 % after summer seasoning at stand (brown chips) - Logging residues consist of crown mass and stem wood loss - Short storage life. One year is maximum - Spruce stumps have a high wood content and stump is loosely in the ground - Stump harvesting is often combined with mounding (excavator & uprooting rake with mounding blade) - Dry and homogenous raw material. Storing improves the quality. Excellent control fuel in wintertime. -Stones & sand cause problems in comminution and in combustion - High investment costs to heavy crushers limits the use of stump wood = large scale fuel Annual harvested area 6000 ha an estimation Juha Laitila

8 Harvesting of small diameter trees from early thinnings -Due to the small stem volume (15-45 dm³) felling bunching costs are high -Energy wood accumulation per hectare is small -Number of remaining trees limits the productivity of the work The typical logging sites are overstocked hardwood or pine stands + Annual availability of small-sized energy wood is independent of harvesting of industrial roundwood + Young forests is the largest unutilized source of forest energy. Annual potential depending on stand selection criterias Mm³per year + Thinning of young stands has silvicultural benefits. + Chips quality is high. Excelent fuel for small plants. Long storage life? Harvesting is based on state subsidies Juha Laitila

9 Costs of slash piling, stumps uprooting & felling-bunching of thinning wood? Logging residue procurement - Slash piling to heaps is integrated into roundwood cutting - Piling cost to the heaps is 0,3 /m³ Stump & root wood procurement - Splitting & uprooting + site preparation time per stump is 1 minute (on average h/ha) - Stump volume in final fellings is dm³(spruce) - Cost of stump pulling is 4 6 /m³ Small trees from pre-commercial thinnings - Due to the small stem volume felling bunching costs are /m³ - Delimbing decreases productivity by % compared to the harvesting with branches (mechanized cutting) In the other phases of the procurement chain cost differences are rather small Juha Laitila

10 Cost of chips at plant Example calculation 35 Cost at the power plant, /m³ Trees from early thinnings Stumps Logging residues Juha Laitila

11 Future prospects -The use of forest fuels has been growing fast during the last years. - To promote the trend and use of forest energy we need more large, medium and small scale customers. - Forest energy is a local energy and plants should be located near resoursces. - The significance of stumps in energy production will increase in the future. Use of forest chips in large scale, m³ Trees from early thinnings Logging residues Stumps Total Year 2000 Year 2001 Year 2002 Year 2003 Year 2004 Year 2005 Source: Metla/Ylitalo Juha Laitila

12 Future prospects -In Finland the forest biomass is number one fuel in renewable energy production - Normal forest industries is not threatened by forest energy, on the contrary, it can give remarkable possibilities in the future - Integration of energy wood harvesting with roundwood harvesting in thinnings is a great challenge > Line between fibre and energy use will soften - Large scale biomass refineries, liquid fuels and wood gas are probable future technologies in forest fuel business Juha Laitila

13 Thank you for your attention Contact: Juha Laitila