Mekong River Commission

Transcription

1 Mekong River Commission P.O. Box 6101, 184 Fa Ngoum Road, Unit 18, Ban Sithane Neua, Sikhottabong District, Vientiane 01000, Lao PDR Telephone: (856-21) Facsimile: (856-21) TERM OF REFERENCE 1. Consultancy Summary: Title Consultancy type Division National Expert on Wetland Ecosystem Assessment and Management (one from each MC) Special Service Agreement (SSA) Environmental Management Division (ED) Duration Starting from 1 st July st December 2020 Duty station Home based and at the MRC Secretariat in Vientiane, Lao PDR with the possibility to travel to other MRC Member Countries Reporting to Total number of days Required deliverables ED s Ecosystem and Wetland Specialist 173 working days (for one national expert) 14 main deliverables as follows; A list of different types of country wetland areas, including flooded forests and upland forests and their production prices; and prioritized and regional significant wetlands for regional or transboundary biodiversity management and protection Final report on the methodology and tool for country WEFASAM (including WBIA); Final presentation of the methodology and tool for country WEFASAM (including WBIA); Final report on reviewing country existing LMB wetland inventory (WI), and ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM), and wetland database (WdBase) system in 2017 Training course outline and proceeding on wetland inventory methodology; Field testing report of the inventory methodology at 4 selected wetland sites (one site in each MC) (in coordination with national expert team from each MC)*; Final field report on country wetland inventory at two selected pilot site (two each in Cambodia and Thailand) 1

2 or 3 sites each in Lao PDR and Viet Nam (total 10 selected wetland sites in 4 MCs) (in coordination with national expert team from each MC)*; A list of country prioritized wetland areas for the assessment and management; Final technical notes and guideline for country wetland inventory and prioritization; The outline of training package and training manual and proceedings related to the application of WEFASAM (including WBIA) methodologies and tools; Field testing report on country WEFASAM (including WBIA) at two selected pilot site (two each in Cambodia and Thailand) or 3 sites each in Lao PDR and Viet Nam (total 10 selected wetland sites in 4 MCs) (in coordination with national expert team from each MC)*; Final report on reviewing country wetland inventory (WI), and wetland database (WdBase) system (including the updated map) in 2019; Lessons learned country report on the capacity strengthening through exchange of experiences and study visits on wetland assessment and management practices; and Final reports covering the testing and application of the above methodologies, trainings, wetland database system development Remark: * Terms of Reference (ToR) for the establishment of national expert team from each MC will be developed by MRCS ED and submit to NMCs for approval prior to the commencement of testing and improvement of the methodology and tool of WI and WEFASAM (including WBIA) and conducting WI in 10 selected wetland sites from 4 MCs. Further details of the structure of national expert team, roles and responsibilities of team member, team management procedures, breakdown cost, etc., will be presented in ToR. 2. Background The Mekong River Commission (MRC) was established by the 1995 Agreement on Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin, between the governments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam. In accordance with this Agreement, the Mission of MRC is: To promote and coordinate sustainable management and development of water and related resources for the countries mutual benefit and the people s well-being by implementing strategic programmes and activities and providing scientific information and policy advice. The Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) contains a great number and diversity of wetlands which support a wealth of biodiversity and provide a wide range of ecological service functions and natural resources that support food security, livelihoods and a range of other important social, economic and cultural values. Wetlands and their associated biodiversity are becoming increasingly threatened and the loss of wetlands in the LMB has been enormous. Increasing local population numbers, resulting in more intensive use of wetlands and 2

3 ultimately drainage and conversion to agricultural lands or urban settlements, combined with increasing flood protection, further threaten these valuable ecosystems. To prevent further loss or degradation of the Mekong wetlands, policy makers, wetland managers and local populations will be supported in managing their wetlands by providing tools and capacity development for wetland inventory and the assessment of wetland ecological functions and ecosystem services. The former MRC Environment Programme and the current MRC Environmental Management Division have been generating data, information and knowledge for decision making in order to balance economic development and environmental conservation. In addition to establishing systems for monitoring the Basin s environmental health, improving policies and legislation, and encouraging co-operation among the riparian countries, the implementation is also charged with increasing environmental awareness amongst the public. The Mekong River Commission Secretariat (MRCS) undertook LMB wetland activities since before the establishment of the 1995 Mekong Agreement. MRCS developed the MRC wetland classification system in 1993 and the LMB Wetland GIS data set in This data set was further updated in 2009, by MRCS Basin Development Programme (BDP), and has been used in varying degrees in the Member Countries (MCs). MRCS organized a number of wetland related training events at the national and regional level to build the capacity of MCs. To ensure the aquatic ecological health of the region, the former MRC Environment Programme and the current Environmental Management Division undertaken in every second year the Ecological Health Monitoring on 41 locations in the LMB. The former MRC EP supported the initiative of developing a wetland inventory methodology framework (WIMF) for the MRB aimed at application for inventorying of wetlands in the LMB Countries. Since 2011, EP has worked with KfW Development Bank to establish the LMB Wetlands Management and Conservation Programme which was a Joint MRC & German Development Cooperation Initiative on Wetland Ecosystem Services Delivery in the Lower Mekong Region. This task directly contributes to the achievement of MRC Annual Work Plan 2017 and MRC Strategic Plan ( ) particularly outcome 3 Guidance for the development and management of water and related projects and resources shared and applied by national planning and implementing agencies ; Output 3.9 Methodologies for sustainable use and management of wetlands developed and implementation supported and Activity Project preparation, inception and kick-off. This Output 3.9 is linked to Output 2.8 Strategy for basin-wide environmental management for prioritised environmental assets developed and approved. The MRC ED is now looking for National Experts on Wetland Ecosystem Assessment and Management, from each Member Country, to work closely with national expert team, ED national coordinator and implementing agencies of the LMB Countries and MRC ED on the wetland ecosystem service assessment and management. This present Terms of Reference are written for a national consultant in each of the MRC Member Countries, who would undertake this assignment in the assigned country (one consultant for each MC). 3

4 3. Objectives of the Consultancy: To review wetland related works and existing wetland database system of the LMB Countries on an intermittent basis with necessary inputs from the International Expert on Wetland Ecosystem Assessment and Management (International Expert on Wetland); To support the International Expert on Wetland to design and organize the training courses related to wetland inventory, assessment and management to improve knowledge and capacity of the LMB Countries; and To prepare and coordinate with national expert team for conducting field testing using the wetland inventory (WI), wetland ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM) (including WBIA) methodology and tool, and establish a list of country prioritized wetland sites in a participatory manner with technical support and inputs from the International Expert on Wetland 4. Responsibilities and Tasks: The key responsibilities and tasks of the incumbents are as follows: - Work closely with ED national coordinator to review existing national wetland activities (including wetland inventory (flooded and upland forests and their prices), assessment, management and database system, and stakeholder analyses, national and regional environmental hot spots, important wetland ecosystem services that maintain agroecological system and provide benefits to local people and communities), law, regulation and policy related to wetland management and conservation, as well as existing wetland classification and database system 1 of the LMB Countries, and prepare the report 2 covering the above mentioned aspects with necessary inputs from the International Expert on Wetland; - Identify/analyze gaps, issues and constrains, and give recommendations on actions to be taken to minimize those gaps and address the issues for sustainable wetland management in a respective country and basin wide; - Identify appropriate actions on how to use the results of wetland inventory (WI) and wetland ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM), including wetland biodiversity indicator assessment (WBIA) for sustainable wetland management; - Work closely with the International Expert on Wetland to design and organize the training on wetland inventory (WI), wetland ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM) (including WBIA) to strengthen and improve the knowledge and capacity of the national implementation team of the LMB Countries; - Prepare and coordinate with national expert team for conducting field testing using the wetland inventory (WI), wetland ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM) (including WBIA) methodology and tool, and establish a list of country prioritized wetland sites and areas for the assessment and management with technical support and inputs from the International Expert on Wetland. - Work closely with International Expert on Wetland and ED coordinator to prepare training proceedings and the field testing reports on wetland inventory (WI), wetland ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM) (including WBIA); 1 This collected data will be shared to Regional (Riparian) GIS and Database Consultant for further assessment. 2 This reviewing report will be sent to International Expert on Wetland to prepare a synthesis report. 4

5 - Assist the International Expert on Wetland in preparing technical notes and reports on country wetland inventory, wetland ecosystem functions, assets and services assessment and management (WEFASAM) and wetland prioritisation, including national and regional significant wetland for national transboundary biodiversity management and protection; - Work closely with the International Expert on Wetland to design and outline the training package and training manual related to the application of the developed methodologies and tools; - Prepare final reports covering the testing and application of the above methodologies, trainings, and wetland database system development; and - Work closely with ED national Coordinator, International Expert on Wetland, Regional (Riparian) GIS and Database Consultant, and MRCS ED to ensure successful outputs. 5. Expected Outputs The following outputs are expected: - The reports 3 on reviewing country activities and law/policies related to LMB wetland, inventory, and wetland ecosystem service assessment and management, and wetland database system developed (Remark: Specific required national LMB wetland data for the development of the MRC wetland database is presented in Annex 1 of this ToR); - The training on wetland inventory (WI), wetland ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM) (including WBIA) to strengthen capacity of the LMB Countries conducted, and field testing accomplished; - The field testing and application of methodologies and tools on wetland inventory (WI), and wetland ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM) (including WBIA) at 10 selected wetland sites in 4 MCs, carried out with the coordination of each national expert team from 4 MCs and reports prepared, and a list of country prioritized wetland sites and areas for the assessment and management established; - The training proceeding and the field testing reports on wetland inventory (WI), wetland ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM) (including WBIA) developed; - Training package and training manual related to the application of the developed methodologies and tools outlined; - Technical notes/reports on country wetland inventory (WI), wetland ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM) (including WBIA) and wetland prioritisation developed; and - Final reports covering the testing and application of the above methodologies, trainings, wetland database system development developed. 3 Within these reports, data gaps and overlapping activities, and the outlook/valuation on past and present status and future trend of wetlands within the time frame 5-10 years will be identified and analyzed, and the appropriate recommendations with suitable actions or flexibilities to be undertaken to positively cope with the wetland alterations arising from rapid changes and developments in the LMB and balance the local benefits and development plan should be provided. 5

6 6. Deliverables and Timelines: A tentative schedule is provided below. The exact schedule will depend on the timing of the contracting of the consultant, but it is anticipated that the assignment will commence in 1 st July 2017 until 31 st December No. Task Related Deliverables Number of Working Days Deadline 1 Develop the methodology and tool for country wetland ecosystem functions, assets and services assessment and management (WEFASAM) (including WBIA) and present at national and regional consultation workshops Final report on the methodology and tool for country WEFASAM (including WBIA) Final presentation the methodology and tool for country WEFASAM (including WBIA) - WEFASAM (including WBIA) training: 4 days - Reporting and desk work 6 days - Total: 10 days Jul-Sep Review country existing LMB wetland inventory (WI), and ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM), and wetland database (WdBase) system (including the updated map) in 2017* 3 Prepare and coordinate with national expert team to conduct field testing on of the inventory methodology at 4 selected wetland sites (one site in each MC) Review field testing report of the inventory methodology at 4 selected wetland sites (one site in each MC) 4 Prepare and coordinate with national expert team to conduct wetland inventory at two selected pilot sites (two sites each in Cambodia and Final report on reviewing country existing LMB wetland inventory (WI), and ecosystem, function, asset and services assessment and management (WEFASAM), and wetland database (WdBase) system (including the updated map) in A list of different types of country wetland areas, including flooded forests and upland forests and their production prices; and prioritized and regional significant wetlands for regional or transboundary biodiversity management and protection Field testing report of the inventory methodology at 4 selected wetland sites (one site in each MC) (in coordination with national expert team)** Final field report on country wetland inventory at two selected pilot site (two sites each in - Reviewing on country existing LMB WI, WEFASAM and WdBase in 2017: 7 days - Report writing: 6 days - Total: 13 days - Field works: 5 days (for each selected wetland site) - Report Reviewing: 10 days - Total: 15 days - Field works: 18 days - Report Reviewing 10 days - Total: 28 days Jul-Sep 2017 Sep-Dec 2017 Jan-Dec

7 No. Task Related Deliverables Number of Working Days Deadline Thailand) 4 (or 3 sites each in Cambodia and Lao Lao PDR and Viet Nam) 5 (and PDR) (or 3 sites each total 10 selected wetland sites in 4 MCs) Review field report on country wetland inventory in Lao PDR and Viet Nam) (and total 10 selected wetland sites in 4 MCs) (in coordination with national expert team)** 5 Establish a list of country prioritized wetland sites Develop technical notes and reports on country wetland inventory and wetland prioritization 6 Prepare and coordinate with national expert team to conduct country field testing on WEFASAM (including WBIA) at 2 (two sites each in Cambodia and Thailand) or 3 selected wetland sites (3 sites each in Lao PDR and Viet Nam) (or total 10 selected wetland sites in 4 MCs) Review Field testing report on country WEFASAM (including WBIA 7 Prepare, review and finalise the training course outline on WI and WEFASAM (including WBIA) methodologies and tools Conduct the training course on country WI and WEFASAM (including WBIA) methodology and tool 8 Update and review country existing LMB wetland inventory (WI), and wetland database (WdBase) system (including the updated map) in A list of country prioritized wetland sites areas for the assessment and management Final technical notes and reports on country wetland inventory and wetland prioritisation Field testing report on country WEFASAM (including WBIA) at 2 (two sites each in Cambodia and Thailand) or 3 selected wetland sites (3 sites each in Lao PDR and Viet Nam) (or total 10 selected wetland sites in 4 MCs) (in coordination with national expert team)** The outline of training package and training manual and proceedings related to the application of WI and WEFASAM (including WBIA) methodologies and tools The revised and finalized WI and WEFASAM (including WBIA) methodologies and tools based on the results of testing and feedback from Member Countries Final report on reviewing country existing LMB wetland inventory (WI), and wetland database - Develop a country list of prioritised wetland sites for the assessment and management: 2 days - Develop technical notes and reports on country wetland inventory and prioritisation: 2 days - Report writing: 5 days - Total: 9 days - Field works: 20 days - Report Reviewing: 10 days - Total: 30 days - Developing, revising and finalizing the outline of the training package and training manual: 13 days (1 day for presenting workplan at regional technical meeting) - Training: 5 days - Total: 18 days - Reviewing country existing LMB WI and WdBase in 2019: 5 days - Reporting on country WI and WdBase in 2019: 4 Sep-Dec 2018 Jan-Dec 2018 Jul Dec 2018 and Jan-Oct 2020 Jan-Dec Total working day for two sites is 12 days. 5 Total working day for three sites is 18 days. 7

8 No. Task Related Deliverables Number of Working Days Deadline 2019* (WdBase) system (including the updated map) in days - Total: 9 days 9 Conduct the country capacity strengthening through exchange of experiences and study visits on wetland assessment and management practices 10 Develop, review and finalise final synthesis reports covering testing and application of the above methodologies, trainings, wetland database system development Lessons learned country report on the capacity strengthening through exchange of experiences and study visits on wetland assessment and management practices Final reports covering the testing and application of the above methodologies, trainings, wetland database system development - Capacity strengthening works: 20 days - Reporting: 6 days - Total 26 days Report writing: 15 days Total: 15 days Jan-Dec 2019 Nov-Dec 2020 Jul 2017-Dec Total 173 working days 2020 Remark: * Specific required national LMB wetland data for the development of the MRC wetland database is presented in Annex 1 of this ToR. ** Terms of Reference (ToR) for the establishment of national expert team from each MC will be developed by MRCS ED and submit to NMCs for approval prior to the commencement of testing and improvement of the methodology and tool of WI and WEFASAM (including WBIA) and conducting WI in 10 selected wetland sites from 4 MCs. Further details of the structure of national expert team, roles and responsibilities of team member, team management procedures, breakdown cost, etc., will be presented in ToR. 7. Nomination and Selection Processes: At least three (03) candidates suitable for this position will be identified and nominated by each NMC. The selection process will be carried out by MRCS ED according to Chapter 8: Hiring of Individual Consultants of MRC Procurement Manual. 8. Contracting and Working Arrangements: Once agreements on the remuneration rate and other contractual terms between the consultant and MRCS ED are reached, the consultant will be contracted directly with MRCS ED according to Chapter 8: Hiring of Individual Consultants of MRC Procurement Manual. Each party (MRCS ED and the Consultant) will hold one signed copy of the contract for reference. If negotiations with the top ranked consultant fail, a notification will be made to the requesting programme/division/section and the CEO and the second ranked candidate who meets the selection criteria (if any) will be considered. A similar process for negotiation of remuneration fee and for contract signature will be applied until an agreement is reached. The consultant will be working under the overall supervision of the Director of the Environmental Management Division (ED) and in close consultation with the Chief of Environmental Management Officer and ED s Ecosystem and Wetland Specialist. The work 8

9 station will be mainly home-based and occasionally at the MRC Secretariat in Vientiane, Lao PDR with the possibility to travel to other MRC Member Countries. 9. Qualifications and Requirements: - Must be the nationalities of four member countries (Cambodia or Lao PDR or Thailand or Viet Nam); - Master degree or higher in aquatic science, biology, ecology, natural science, environmental and natural resource management or similar with focus on wetland and aquatic ecosystems studies, research and management; - At least 10 years of relevant experience in wetland studies, wetland inventory and wetland prioritisation, economic valuation of wetlands, wetland management, conservation and governance in either government, non-government organizations and/or in academics. Preferably on both practical field experiences and academic research; - Knowledge and skills on wetland/aquatic biodiversity indicators assessment and monitoring, water resources and wetland management, livelihood assessment, stakeholder analyze, training package and manual development, wetland classification and database system development management, GIS and mapping techniques; - Demonstrated experience in project planning, management, implementation, reporting, and training course designing and organizing; - Comprehensive knowledge of wetland related issued of the Lower Mekong River Basin and experience in working in a multicultural and international multiple partner environment; - Research and communication skills for effective report analysis and writing, and interacting with the National Mekong Committees as well as field level stakeholders; and - Fluency in written and spoken English and at least one of MRC riparian languages is essential. 10. Condition of Payment: Payment will be made based on the actual number of working days with the MRC s daily timesheet template provided by the consultant. Travel and subsistence costs will be included in the working day rate of the consultant. Tasks will be assessed and technically endorsed and approved by the ED s Ecosystem and Wetland Specialist prior to payment. Main Tasks and Related Deliverables Percent of payment After signing of the contract and upon submitted of original invoice. 30 % After the completion and submission of related deliverables of task from 1 to 6 and ED/MRCS reviewed and approved. After the completion and submission of related deliverables of task from 7 to 9 and ED/MRCS reviewed and approved. After the completion and submission of related deliverables of task 10 and ED/MRCS reviewed and approved. 30 % 20 % 20 % 9

10 11. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Information, data, database, knowledge resources in the forms of briefings, reports, proceedings, articles, essays, etc. issued by and for the MRCS will be the MRCS property. Any utility, announcement and disclosure that are without MRCS highest levels of authority permission is considered illegal and will be charged by relevant local and international legal procedures. 12. Signature Block: Incumbent :.... Date: Name : Chief of Environmental Management Officer:. Date: Name : So Nam Director, ED Name :.... Date: : Tien Truong Hong 10

11 Annex 1: Specific Required National LMB Wetland Data for the Development of the MRC Wetland Database The following section presents the specific required national LMB wetland data for the development of the MRC wetland database from each MC. Each National Expert on Wetland Ecosystem Assessment and Management will coordinate with each NMC to collect and consolidate the national LMB wetland data. 1. Number of national LMB wetland sites in each MC; 2. Locations of all national LMB wetland sites in each MC which will consist of as follows; Site Name (both in English and local name) Province District Nearest City or Town and Distance to the wetland sites (km.) GPS Coordinates as Longitude UTM and Latitude UTM) Northern Point: Southern Point: Eastern Point: Western Point: Centroid: Northern Point: Southern Point: Eastern Point: Western Point: Centroid: 3. Conservation and management status of the national LMB wetlands: Name of Wetland Site Type of Conservation Area Yes/No/ Partially o Protected area (officially recognized by law) o Ramsar site o Communal protected area (spiritual site, community site) o Protected area (officially recognized by law) o Ramsar site o Communal protected area (spiritual site, community site) Remark: 1/ Comments on main management and conservation measures % of Surface (if partially) Comments 1/ 11

12 4. Nearest protected area to each wetland site and distance (if the wetland is not protected): Name of Wetland Site Nearest Protected Area Distance (km.) 5. Existing national instruments/ regulations/ plans for management/conservation of the wetland (including the comprehensive details of each national instruments/ regulations/ plans for management/conservation of the wetland) 6. Maps and Figures; 6.1 GIS Mapping: This map should include: - The site boundary; - Relevant administrative boundaries (Province, district); - The water level for dry season, wet season and higher water level known until now for the whole site; - Protected areas and Ramsar site boundary in and around the site; - Villages in the wetland; - Main habitats location in the wetland; - Main sacred site or touristic site in the wetland; - Connection to other water bodies (streams, springs ) and arrows showing the water flow in the wetland; and - Location of major threats identified Note: The map must be presented in Jpeg high resolution with the topo map layer (1/ if available) and aerial picture (Google earth, most recent picture available). 6.2 Cross section of the wetlands (if available): Note: Should present major difference of level in the wetland and topography 6.3 Picture of the wetland: Note: Should include general pictures of the wetland, any specific picture of habitats and threats. Pictures taken at different season would be an asset. 7. References and Annexes Note: References to any literature/data sources used 12

13 Annex 1-1: MRC Wetland Classification Coding Supporting Inventory MRC WETLAND CLASSIFICATION CODING_SUPPORTING INVENTORY MARINE ESTURINE RIVERINE FRESHWATER WETLANDS/VEGETATION Wetland types/habitats Wetland types/habitats (Level Wetland types/habitats Coding Coding (Level 2-5) 2-5) (Level 2-5) Coding Wetland types/habitats (Level 2-5) Coding subtidal/permanent flooding neutral/permanent flooding neutral/permanent flooding non-vegetated deep pool RRa wet grassland/marsh (nature) FW1 bare - rocky/consolidated MS1a bare - rocky/consolidated ES1a natural channel RRb wet grassland/marsh (manmade) FW1m bare - unconsolidated MS1b bare - unconsolidated ES1b artificial channel RRbm rice/agriculture (recession) FW2rr mariculture MS1dm mariculture ES1dm rapid/riffles RRc rice/agriculture (rainfed) FW2rf salt works MN1im salt works ES1im waterfall RRd rice/agriculture (irrigated) FW2i coral and vegetated thermal spring RRe swamp/woody scrub FW3 coral MS2a coral ES2a subterranean spring/stream RRf swamp/woody scrub (introduced/alien species) FW3m artificial coral MS2am artificial coral ES2am temporary flooding Emergent woody scrub FW3a seagrass MS2b seagrass ES2b deep pool RRta flooded forest (nature) FW4 seaweed MS2c seaweed ES2c natural channel RRtb flooded forest (plantation) FW4m seaweed farm MS2cm seaweed farm ES2cm artificial channel RRtbm other wet crops FW5 mariculture MS2dm aquaculture ES2hm rapid/riffles RRtc other wet crops (irrigated) FW5m watercourse MS3 watercourse ES3 waterfall RRtd peatlands: bryophytes/sedges/rushes FW6 intertidal/temporary flooding thermal spring RRte Peatlands: woody shrubs/trees FW6a non-vegetated subterranean spring/stream RRtf temporary flooding beach/sandy MI1c beach/sandy EI1c wet grassland/marsh (nature) FWt1 mudflat/silty MI1d mudflat/silty EI1d BEACH/BANK/BAR/ROCKY wet grassland/marsh (manmade) FWt1m cliff/rocky MI1f cliff/rocky EI1f beach/bank/bar RB rice/agriculture (recession) FWt2rr tidal pool MI1g tidal pool EI1g rocky outcrop RK rice/agriculture (rainfed) FWt2rf salt works MI1im salt works EI1im rice/agriculture (irrigated) FWt2i aquaculture MI1hm aquaculture EI1hm LAKE swamp/woody scrub FWt3 coral and vegetated Lake > 8 ha swamp/woody scrub (introduced/alien species) FWt3m coral MI2a coral EI2a neutral flooding Emergent woody scrub FW3at artificial coral MI2am artificial coral EI2am natural LL flooded forest FWt4 seagrass MI2b seagrass EI2b manmade LLm flooded forest (plantation) FWt4m seaweed MI2c seaweed EI2c temporary flooding other wet crops FWt5 seaweed farm MI2cm seaweed farm EI2cm LLt - natural LLt other wet crops (irrigated) FWt5m mangrove/forest MI2d mangrove/forest EI2d LLtm - manmade LLtm mangrove/plantation MI2dm mangrove/plantation EI2dm pond/lake < 8 ha saltmarsh/forbs MI2e saltmarsh/forbs EI2e neutral flooding agriculture MI2jm agriculture EI2jm natural LP Marine - lagoon ML other EI2k manmade LPm aquaculture LPma sewage treatment LPmb farm LPmc cooling LPmd borrow pit/quarry Lpme other LPmf temporary flooding natural LPt manmade LPtm Saline lake > 8 ha LS 13

14 Annex 1-2: Ramsar Wetland Classification 14