Fapesp week Washington DC, Oct Environmental services and technological tools. Humberto Rocha

Transcription

1 Fapesp week Washington DC, Oct 211 Environmental services and technological tools Humberto Rocha

2 A Decision Making process for Land Use projects Stakeholders Alternatives Hierarchy of solutions Quantify & value environmental services Economics and Biophysics models

3 Economics and Biophysics models

4 1. TROPICAL AMAZONIAN terra firme FOREST Santarem K67 Flona Tapajos 2. FLOODPLAIN (in FORESTSAVANNA transition areas Bananal Island) 3. CERRADO RESTRITO (Gleba Pé de Gigante) 4. ATLANTIC FOREST (Nucleo St Virginia Parque Estadual erra do Mar)

5 Measurements in the flux tower sites Climate Radiation and heat flux Evapotranspiration CO2 flux top Leaf area index Litterfall Soil moisture ground Data control Streamflow Efluxo CO2 do solo

6 Pc Pc -1 m ax Evapotranspiration and Productivity across a forestcerrado biome transition with flux tower observations Equatorial forests -1 m ax 1 Tropical seasonal forests Savanna & Pasture G EP G EP Evapotranspiration (fraction of max) Gross 3 6 Ecosystem Productivity (fraction of max) with days since start of dry season Equatorial forests Tropical seasonal forests Savanna & Pasture 3 6 N 9 1 o d a 37 y 3 3 s 6 s

7 The ability of forest vegetation to reach soil moisture and depend on its variability is a key step to understand the ecosystem resilience Soil moisture pumped from trees at different depths (% of daily totals) Wet season 68% at 3m Soil moisture measurement with Time Domain Reflectometry Dry season 84% at 7m

8 An increase in the canopy photosynthetic capacity after the 25 drought

9 Rainfall inhibition Previous modelling sudies suggested that large scale deforestation in Amazonia may lead to a reduction in rainfall and impact the biodiversity, but the impact of deforestation over small areas is still a less known matter. Deforestation strip Rainfall enhancement Changes varied from ± 1 to 3 %

10 Watershed modelling in the Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí rivers (PCJ) basin Cooperation with Sediment loss calculated: Invest Model (ton/ha/yr) Forest.13 Pasture 8.53 Sediment flux calculated: SWAT model (ton/km2/yr) Forest 12.1 Pasture 87.7 * São Paulo city The Piracicaba-CapivariJundiaí rivers watershed supply about ½ of water to São Paulo metropolitan city, a 16 million people centre near the threshold to run out of water Maximum daily peak discharge (mm per day) over land cover of Forest or Pasture calculated with the SWAT model

11 Geosensor Network in the Atlantic Forest cooperation with Microsoft Research, INPE, John Hopkins Univ A node-to-node wifi transmission over an hectare area Nov/Dec 29 25m height towers linked by Kevlar cables 42 x 4 x 39 x 19 x Air temperature and humidity measurements using 52 motes 156 thermometers 52 hygrometers ~ 5m

12 Canopy air temperature (ºC) day 2 Nov 12 : 6: 12: 18: Local Time : Calculated Moran Index with 3 classes of distance among stations: up to 4 m 4 to 8 m Moran Index 8 to 14 m Local Hour 21

13 Kessler et al (211) BMC Medicine, 9:9 (Harvard Univ & 18 countries, which includes Brasil) interviews with over 89, people, showed that Depression over lifetime affected 15% of the population from high-income countries 11% for low/middle-income countries * the Major Depressive Episode (MDE) fulfilled 5 out of nine criteria including sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, low energy and poor concentration. How does it feel to go for a walk in the woods? Have we ever valued this?

14 It was because of impatience that the humans were expelled from Paradise; it is because of indolence that they do not return. Franz Kafka (Praga )

15 Acknowledgements In Brasil Universidade de São Paulo H. Freitas, E. Brasilio, N. Neres, G. Costa, J.Tatsch, J. Mota, S. Saad, B. Cestaro, E. Gomes O. Cabral/Embrapa Meio Ambiente C. Joly/Unicamp, L. Martinelli/Cena-Usp; M. Aidar/IBt C. Nobre and R. Carneiro/INPE J. Salles/MSR-Brasil A. Araujo, J. Guimaraes/TNC-Brasil in USA : M. Goulden/UCI, S. Saleska/UoA, S. Miller/SUNY, S. Wofsy/ Harvard in Europe: J. Grace/UoE, E. Gloor/Uleeds, B. Kruijt/ Alterra